Polarized Redundant-Baseline Calibration for 21 cm Cosmology Without Adding Spectral Structure

Abstract

21 cm cosmology is a promising new probe of the evolution of visible matter in our universe, especially during the poorly-constrained Cosmic Dawn and Epoch of Reionization. However, in order to separate the 21 cm signal from bright astrophysical foregrounds, we need an exquisite understanding of our telescopes so as to avoid adding spectral structure to spectrally-smooth foregrounds. One powerful calibration method relies on repeated simultaneous measurements of the same interferometric baseline to solve for the sky signal and for instrumental parameters simultaneously. However, certain degrees of freedom are not constrained by asserting internal consistency between redundant measurements. In this paper, we review the origin of these "degeneracies" of redundant-baseline calibration and demonstrate how they can source unwanted spectral structure in our measurement and show how to eliminate that additional, artificial structure. We also generalize redundant calibration to dual-polarization instruments, derive the degeneracy structure, and explore the unique challenges to calibration and preserving spectral smoothness presented by a polarized measurement.

arXiv comment12 pages, 3 figures, updated to match the published MNRAS version

References in corpus (54)

• Cosmology at Low Frequencies: The 21 cm Transition and the High-Redshift Universe
• 21-cm cosmology
• Reionization and Cosmology with 21 cm Fluctuations
• Cosmological Parameter Estimation Using 21 cm Radiation from the Epoch of Reionization
• Baryon Acoustic Oscillation Intensity Mapping as a Test of Dark Energy
• Bright Source Subtraction Requirements For Redshifted 21 cm Measurements
• What Next-Generation 21 cm Power Spectrum Measurements Can Teach Us About the Epoch of Reionization
• A simulation calibrated limit on the HI power spectrum from the GMRT Epoch of Reionization experiment
• A Per-Baseline, Delay-Spectrum Technique for Accessing the 21cm Cosmic Reionization Signature
• Four Fundamental Foreground Power Spectrum Shapes for 21 cm Cosmology Observations
• Multifrequency analysis of 21 cm fluctuations from the Era of Reionization
• Upper limits on the 21-cm Epoch of Reionization power spectrum from one night with LOFAR
• How accurately can 21 cm tomography constrain cosmology?
• The Epoch of Reionization Window: I. Mathematical Formalism
• New Limits on 21cm EoR From PAPER-32 Consistent with an X-Ray Heated IGM at z=7.7
• Foreground simulations for the LOFAR - Epoch of Reionization Experiment
• PAPER-64 Constraints on Reionization: The 21cm Power Spectrum at z=8.4
• Imaging the Epoch of Reionization: limitations from foreground confusion and imaging algorithms
• Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) Pathfinder
• The Epoch of Reionization Window: II. Statistical Methods for Foreground Wedge Reduction
• A Sensitivity and Array-Configuration Study for Measuring the Power Spectrum of 21cm Emission from Reionization
• Overcoming real-world obstacles in 21 cm power spectrum estimation: A method demonstration and results from early Murchison Widefield Array data
• All-Sky Interferometry with Spherical Harmonic Transit Telescopes
• Calibration Requirements for Detecting the 21 cm Epoch of Reionization Power Spectrum and Implications for the SKA
• Foregrounds for observations of the cosmological 21 cm line: I. First Westerbork measurements of Galactic emission at 150 MHz in a low latitude field
• A Method for 21cm Power Spectrum Estimation in the Presence of Foregrounds
• Coaxing Cosmic 21cm Fluctuations from the Polarized Sky using m-mode Analysis
• A study of fundamental limitations to statistical detection of redshifted HI from the epoch of reionization
• Initial deep LOFAR observations of Epoch of Reionization windows: I. The North Celestial Pole
• Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations in 21cm Emission: A Probe of Dark Energy out to High Redshifts
• Realistic Simulations of the Galactic Polarized Foreground: Consequences for 21-cm Reionization Detection Experiments
• The Scale of the Problem : Recovering Images of Reionization with GMCA
• Precision Calibration of Radio Interferometers Using Redundant Baselines
• CHIPS: The Cosmological HI Power Spectrum Estimator
• Empirical Covariance Modeling for 21 cm Power Spectrum Estimation: A Method Demonstration and New Limits from Early Murchison Widefield Array 128-Tile Data
• The Epoch of Reionization
• The Impact of Modeling Errors on Interferometer Calibration for 21 cm Power Spectra
• First Limits on the 21 cm Power Spectrum during the Epoch of X-ray heating
• MITEoR: A Scalable Interferometer for Precision 21 cm Cosmology
• Low frequency observations of linearly polarized structures in the interstellar medium near the south Galactic pole
• The Epoch of Reionization
• A Fast Method for Power Spectrum and Foreground Analysis for 21 cm Cosmology
• Mapmaking for Precision 21 cm Cosmology
• Scintillation noise in widefield radio interferometry
• Optimized Beam Sculpting with Generalized Fringe-Rate Filters
• Foreground removal for Square Kilometre Array observations of the Epoch of Reionization with the Correlated Component Analysis
• Polarization leakage in epoch of reionization windows: III. Wide-field effects of narrow-field arrays
• Brute-Force Mapmaking with Compact Interferometers: A MITEoR Northern Sky Map from 128 MHz to 175 MHz
• Constraining Polarized Foregrounds for EOR Experiments II: Polarization Leakage Simulations in the Avoidance Scheme
• New Limits on Polarized Power Spectra at 126 and 164 MHz: Relevance to Epoch of Reionization Measurements
• Redundancy Calibration of Phased Array Stations
• Calibration of Quasi-Redundant Interferometers
• Detecting primordial gravitational waves with circular polarization of the redshifted 21 cm line: I. Formalism
• Reduced Ambiguity Calibration for LOFAR

Cited by in corpus (35)

• Data Analysis for Precision 21 cm Cosmology
• Deep multi-redshift limits on Epoch of Reionisation 21cm Power Spectra from Four Seasons of Murchison Widefield Array Observations
• First Results from HERA Phase I: Upper Limits on the Epoch of Reionization 21 cm Power Spectrum
• Improved Constraints on the 21 cm EoR Power Spectrum and the X-Ray Heating of the IGM with HERA Phase I Observations
• A simplified, lossless re-analysis of PAPER-64
• First Season MWA Phase II EoR Power Spectrum Results at Redshift 7
• Fundamental Limitations on the Calibration of Redundant 21 cm Cosmology Instruments and Implications for HERA and the SKA
• Mitigating the Effects of Antenna-to-Antenna Variation on Redundant-Baseline Calibration for 21 cm Cosmology
• Inflation and Early Dark Energy with a Stage II Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment
• Redundant-Baseline Calibration of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array
• Comparing Redundant and Sky Model Based Interferometric Calibration: A First Look with Phase II of the MWA
• Gaussian Process Foreground Subtraction and Power Spectrum Estimation for 21 cm Cosmology
• Absolute Calibration Strategies for the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array and Their Impact on the 21 cm Power Spectrum
• Understanding the HERA Phase I receiver system with simulations and its impact on the detectability of the EoR delay power spectrum
• A Unified Calibration Framework for 21 cm Cosmology
• Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) Phase II Deployment and Commissioning
• Foreground modelling via Gaussian process regression: an application to HERA data
• Detecting Cosmic Reionization using Bi-Spectrum Phase
• A Map of Diffuse Radio Emission at 182 MHz to Enhance Epoch of Reionization Observations in the Southern Hemisphere
• Detection of Cosmic Structures using the Bispectrum Phase. II. First Results from Application to Cosmic Reionization Using the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array
• Measuring HERA's primary beam in-situ: methodology and first results
• The Impact of Beam Variations on Power Spectrum Estimation for 21-cm Cosmology I: Simulations of Foreground Contamination for HERA
• Observing the Reionization : Effect of Calibration and Position Errors on Realistic Observation Conditions
• On the use of temporal filtering for mitigating galactic synchrotron calibration bias in 21 cm reionization observations
• Detection of Cosmic Structures using the Bispectrum Phase. I. Mathematical Foundations
• Redundant interferometric calibration as a complex optimization problem
• Delay-Weighted Calibration: Precision Calibration for 21 cm Cosmology with Resilience to Sky Model Error
• Ionospheric effect on the synthetic Epoch of Reionization observations with the SKA1-Low
• Calibration Schemes with $\mathcal{O}(N\log N)$ Scaling for Large-N Radio Interferometers Built on a Regular Grid
• Impact of Calibration and Position Errors on Astrophysical Parameters of the HI 21cm Signal
• Exploring One-point Statistics in HERA Phase I Data: Effects of Foregrounds and Systematics on Measuring One-Point Statistics
• Mitigating gain calibration errors from EoR observations with SKA1-Low AA*
• Generalized Redundant Calibration of Radio Interferometers
• A Bayesian approach to high fidelity interferometric calibration I: mathematical formalism
• The Correlation Calibration of PAPER-64 data