Redundant Array Configurations for 21 cm Cosmology

Abstract

Realizing the potential of 21 cm tomography to statistically probe the intergalactic medium before and during the Epoch of Reionization requires large telescopes and precise control of systematics. Next-generation telescopes are now being designed and built to meet these challenges, drawing lessons from first-generation experiments that showed the benefits of densely packed, highly redundant arrays--in which the same mode on the sky is sampled by many antenna pairs--for achieving high sensitivity, precise calibration, and robust foreground mitigation. In this work, we focus on the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) as an interferometer with a dense, redundant core designed following these lessons to be optimized for 21 cm cosmology. We show how modestly supplementing or modifying a compact design like HERA's can still deliver high sensitivity while enhancing strategies for calibration and foreground mitigation. In particular, we compare the imaging capability of several array configurations, both instantaneously (to address instrumental and ionospheric effects) and with rotation synthesis (for foreground removal). We also examine the effects that configuration has on calibratability using instantaneous redundancy. We find that improved imaging with sub-aperture sampling via "off-grid" antennas and increased angular resolution via far-flung "outrigger" antennas is possible with a redundantly calibratable array configuration.

19 pages, 11 figures. Revised to match the accepted ApJ version

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Cited by in corpus (57)

• Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA)
• The Phase II Murchison Widefield Array: Design Overview
• Data Analysis for Precision 21 cm Cosmology
• First Results from HERA Phase I: Upper Limits on the Epoch of Reionization 21 cm Power Spectrum
• Improved Constraints on the 21 cm EoR Power Spectrum and the X-Ray Heating of the IGM with HERA Phase I Observations
• HERA Phase I Limits on the Cosmic 21-cm Signal: Constraints on Astrophysics and Cosmology During the Epoch of Reionization
• The Impact of Modeling Errors on Interferometer Calibration for 21 cm Power Spectra
• Emulating Simulations of Cosmic Dawn for 21cm Power Spectrum Constraints on Cosmology, Reionization, and X-ray Heating
• Fundamental Limitations on the Calibration of Redundant 21 cm Cosmology Instruments and Implications for HERA and the SKA
• Mitigating Internal Instrument Coupling II: A Method Demonstration with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array
• Characterizing Signal Loss in the 21 cm Reionization Power Spectrum: A Revised Study of PAPER-64
• Mitigating the Effects of Antenna-to-Antenna Variation on Redundant-Baseline Calibration for 21 cm Cosmology
• Comparing Redundant and Sky Model Based Interferometric Calibration: A First Look with Phase II of the MWA
• Redundant-Baseline Calibration of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array
• Fuzzy Dark Matter and the 21cm Power Spectrum
• Spherical Harmonic Analyses of Intensity Mapping Power Spectra
• Recovering the Wedge Modes Lost to 21-cm Foregrounds
• HI 21cm Cosmology and the Bi-spectrum: Closure Diagnostics in Massively Redundant Interferometric Arrays
• Understanding the HERA Phase I receiver system with simulations and its impact on the detectability of the EoR delay power spectrum
• Absolute Calibration Strategies for the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array and Their Impact on the 21 cm Power Spectrum
• Exploring 21cm - Lyman Alpha emitter synergies for SKA
• The Bias and Uncertainty of Redundant and Sky-Based Calibration under Realistic Sky and Telescope Conditions
• A Unified Calibration Framework for 21 cm Cosmology
• Patterns of primary beam non-redundancy in close-packed 21 cm array observations
• Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) Phase II Deployment and Commissioning
• A high resolution foreground model for the MWA EoR1 field: model and implications for EoR power spectrum analysis
• Brute-Force Mapmaking with Compact Interferometers: A MITEoR Northern Sky Map from 128 MHz to 175 MHz
• Foreground modelling via Gaussian process regression: an application to HERA data
• Validation of the HERA Phase I Epoch of Reionization 21 cm Power Spectrum Software Pipeline
• Probing ultra-light axions with the 21-cm Signal during Cosmic Dawn
• Design of the New Wideband Vivaldi Feed for the HERA Radio-Telescope Phase II
• Detecting Cosmic Reionization using Bi-Spectrum Phase
• Detection of Cosmic Structures using the Bispectrum Phase. II. First Results from Application to Cosmic Reionization Using the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array
• The HERA-19 Commissioning Array: Direction Dependent Effects
• Measuring HERA's primary beam in-situ: methodology and first results
• Imaging sensitivity of a linear interferometer array on lunar orbit
• The Impact of Beam Variations on Power Spectrum Estimation for 21-cm Cosmology I: Simulations of Foreground Contamination for HERA
• Bayesian Model Selection with Future 21cm Observations of The Epoch of Reionisation
• Fundamental uncertainty levels of 21cm power spectra from a delay analysis
• A Bayesian approach to high fidelity interferometric calibration II: demonstration with simulated data
• Probing Compensated Isocurvature with the 21-cm Signal during Cosmic Dawn
• Forecasts and Statistical Insights for Line Intensity Mapping Cross-Correlations: A Case Study with 21cm x [CII]
• Sensitivity of the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array and its Build-out Stages to One-point Statistics from Redshifted 21 cm Observations
• Implications of the $z>5$ Lyman-$\alpha$ forest for the 21-cm power spectrum from the epoch of reionization
• Redundant interferometric calibration as a complex optimization problem
• Direct Optimal Mapping for 21cm Cosmology: A Demonstration with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array
• Unlocking Sensitivity for Visibility-based Estimators of the 21 cm Reionization Power Spectrum
• Search for the Epoch of Reionisation with HERA: Upper Limits on the Closure Phase Delay Power Spectrum
• Automated Detection of Antenna Malfunctions in Large-N Interferometers: A Case Study with the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array
• Statistical estimation of full-sky radio maps from 21cm array visibility data using Gaussian constrained realizations
• Calibration Schemes with $\mathcal{O}(N\log N)$ Scaling for Large-N Radio Interferometers Built on a Regular Grid
• Exploring One-point Statistics in HERA Phase I Data: Effects of Foregrounds and Systematics on Measuring One-Point Statistics
• Impact of Calibration and Position Errors on Astrophysical Parameters of the HI 21cm Signal
• The impact of lunar topography on the 21-cm power spectrum for grid-based arrays : Insights for the Dark-ages EXplorer (DEX)
• A Bayesian approach to high fidelity interferometric calibration I: mathematical formalism
• Generalized Redundant Calibration of Radio Interferometers
• Imaging and Modeling Data from the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array