Three-electron spin qubits

Abstract

The goal of this article is to review the progress of three-electron spin qubits from their inception to the state of the art. We direct the main focus towards the resonant exchange (RX) qubit and the exchange-only qubit, but we also discuss other qubit implementations using three electron spins. For each three-spin qubit we describe the qubit model, the physical realization, the implementations of single-qubit operations, as well as the read-out and initialization schemes. Two-qubit gates and decoherence properties are discussed for the RX qubit and the exchange-only qubit, thereby, completing the list of requirements for a viable candidate qubit implementation for quantum computation. We start with describing the full system of three electrons in a triple quantum dot, then discuss the charge-stability diagram and restrict ourselves to the relevant subsystem, introduce the qubit states, and discuss important transitions to other charge states. Introducing the various qubit implementations, we begin with the exchange-only qubit, followed by the spin-charge qubit, the hybrid qubit, and the RX qubit, discussing for each the single-qubit operations, read-out, and initialization methods, whereas the main focus will be on the RX qubit, whose single-qubit operations are realized by driving the qubit at its resonant frequency in the microwave range similar to electron spin resonance. Two different types of two-qubit operations are presented for the exchange-only and the RX qubit which can be divided into short-ranged and long-ranged interactions. Both of these interaction types can be expected to be necessary in a large-scale quantum computer. We also take into account the decoherence of the qubit through the influence of magnetic noise as well as dephasing due to charge noise.

42 pages, 13 figures

References in corpus (68)

• Surface codes: Towards practical large-scale quantum computation
• Single-shot read-out of an individual electron spin in a quantum dot
• Driven coherent oscillations of a single electron spin in a quantum dot
• Coherent control of a single electron spin with electric fields
• An addressable quantum dot qubit with fault-tolerant control fidelity
• Quantum information processing with circuit quantum electrodynamics
• Electrically driven single electron spin resonance in a slanting Zeeman field
• Demonstration of Entanglement of Electrostatically Coupled Singlet-Triplet Qubits
• Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics with a Spin Qubit
• Hyperfine interaction in a quantum dot: Non-Markovian electron spin dynamics
• Prospects for Spin-Based Quantum Computing
• Universal quantum control of two-electron spin quantum bits using dynamic nuclear polarization
• Electrometry Using Coherent Exchange Oscillations in a Singlet-Triplet-Qubit
• Single-shot readout of electron spin states in a quantum dot using spin-dependent tunnel rates
• Scalable gate architecture for densely packed semiconductor spin qubits
• Coherent spin manipulation in an exchange-only qubit
• Strong Coupling Cavity QED with Gate-Defined Double Quantum Dots Enabled by a High Impedance Resonator
• Using Sideband Transitions for Two-Qubit Operations in Superconducting Circuits
• Spin-echo of a single electron spin in a quantum dot
• Spin-Electric Coupling in Molecular Magnets
• An electrostatically defined serial triple quantum dot charged with few electrons
• Singlet-triplet decoherence due to nuclear spins in a double quantum dot
• Bound states and magnetic field-induced valley splitting in gate-tunable graphene quantum dots
• Hyperfine-mediated gate-driven electron spin resonance
• A high-sensitivity gate-based charge sensor in silicon
• Exact Results on Dynamical Decoupling by $\pi$-Pulses in Quantum Information Processes
• Strong coupling of a spin qubit to a superconducting stripline cavity
• Spin relaxation and anticrossing in quantum dots: Rashba versus Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling
• Ultra-long distance interaction between spin qubits
• A Reconfigurable Gate Architecture for Si/SiGe Quantum Dots
• Nuclear Spins in Nanostructures
• Universal pulse sequence to minimize spin dephasing in the central spin decoherence problem
• Sideband Transitions and Two-Tone Spectroscopy of a Superconducting Qubit Strongly Coupled to an On-Chip Cavity
• Physical mechanisms of interface-mediated intervalley coupling in Si
• Concatenated Control Sequences based on Optimized Dynamic Decoupling
• Measurement of valley splitting in high-symmetry Si/SiGe quantum dots
• Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics Architecture for Gate-Defined Quantum Dots in Silicon
• Theory of electric dipole spin resonance in quantum dots: Mean field theory with Gaussian fluctuations and beyond
• Dynamical suppression of telegraph and 1/f noise due to quantum bistable fluctuator
• The 3D transport diagram of a triple quantum dot
• In situ reduction of charge noise in GaAs/AlGaAs Schottky-gated devices
• Spin dynamics in a strongly driven system: very slow Rabi oscillations
• The Exchange Gate in Solid State Spin Quantum Computation: The Applicability of the Heisenberg Model
• Spin interactions, relaxation and decoherence in quantum dots
• Dispersive readout of valley splittings in cavity-coupled silicon quantum dots
• Quantum gates between capacitively coupled double quantum dot two-spin qubits
• Coupling of three-spin qubits to their electric environment
• Exchange-based two-qubit gate for singlet-triplet qubits
• Qubit relaxation from evanescent-wave Johnson noise
• The asymmetric resonant exchange qubit under the influence of electrical noise
• Anisotropy of spin splitting and spin relaxation in lateral quantum dots
• Compact silicon double and triple dots realized with only two gates
• Three-electron anisotropic quantum dots in variable magnetic fields: exact results for excitation spectra, spin structures, and entanglement
• Microscopic models for charge-noise-induced dephasing of solid-state qubits
• Characterization and Suppression of Low-frequency Noise in Si/SiGe Quantum Point Contacts and Quantum Dots
• Hyperfine-Induced Decay in Triple Quantum Dots
• Decoherence of an exchange qubit by hyperfine interaction
• Photon assisted long-range tunneling
• Two-Qubit Pulse Gate for the Three-Electron Double Quantum Dot Qubit
• Directly accessible entangling gates for capacitively coupled singlet-triplet qubits
• Universal quantum computing with correlated spin-charge states
• Relaxation in quantum dots due to evanescent-wave Johnson noise from a metallic backgate
• Non-invasive detection of molecular bonds in quantum dots
• Read-out and Dynamics of the Qubit Built on Three Quantum Dots
• Coherent rotations of a single spin-based qubit in a single quantum dot at fixed Zeeman energy
• Towards hybrid circuit quantum electrodynamics with quantum dots
• Charge-noise tolerant exchange gates of singlet-triplet qubits in asymmetric double quantum dots
• Mapping the Chemical Potential Landscape of a Triple Quantum Dot

Cited by in corpus (63)

• Semiconductor Qubits In Practice
• Coherent spin-qubit photon coupling
• Superconductor-semiconductor hybrid cavity quantum electrodynamics
• Nanomaterials for Quantum Information Science and Engineering
• Operating semiconductor quantum processors with hopping spins
• Quantifying error and leakage in an encoded Si/SiGe triple-dot qubit
• A flexible design platform for Si/SiGe exchange-only qubits with low disorder
• Colloquium: Advances in automation of quantum dot devices control
• Coherent long-distance spin-qubit-transmon coupling
• Spin shuttling in a silicon double quantum dot
• Dissipative preparation of W states in trapped ion systems
• A quadrupolar exchange-only spin qubit
• Is all-electrical silicon quantum computing feasible in the long term?
• Strong photon coupling to the quadrupole moment of an electron in solid state
• Spin of a multielectron quantum dot and its interaction with a neighboring electron
• Robust quantum gates using smooth pulses and physics-informed neural networks
• Measurements of capacitive coupling within a quadruple quantum dot array
• Resonant Exchange Operation in Triple-Quantum-Dot Qubits for Spin-Photon Transduction
• Electric Dipole Spin Resonance of 2D Semiconductor Spin Qubits
• Robust electric dipole transition at microwave frequencies for nuclear spin qubits in silicon
• CMOS Quantum Computing: Toward A Quantum Computer System-on-Chip
• Molecular formations and spectra due to electron correlations in three-electron hybrid double-well qubits
• A tunable hybrid qubit in a triple quantum dot
• Transmission lines and resonators based on quantum Hall plasmonics: electromagnetic field, attenuation and coupling to qubits
• Highly tunable exchange-only singlet-only qubit in a GaAs triple quantum dot
• Wigner molecules and hybrid qubits
• Leakage and sweet spots in triple-quantum-dot spin qubits: A molecular-orbital study
• Coherent long-range transfer of two-electron states in ac-driven triple quantum dots
• Anisotropic $g$-tensors in hole quantum dots: The role of the transverse confinement direction
• High-fidelity non-adiabatic cutting and stitching of a spin chain via local control
• Optimal control of hybrid qubits: implementing the quantum permutation algorithm
• Valleytronic full configuration-interaction approach: An application to the excitation spectra of Si double-dot qubits
• Theory of valley-resolved spectroscopy of a Si triple quantum dot coupled to a microwave resonator
• Generation of Schrödinger cat states through photon-assisted Landau-Zener-Stückelberg interferometry
• Democratizing Spin Qubits
• Dark states in spin-polarized transport through triple quantum dot molecules
• Protected Solid-State Qubits
• Hyperfine-induced dephasing in three-electron spin qubits
• Quantum Simulation and Optimization in Hot Quantum Networks
• Approximate exchange-only entangling gates for the three-spin-$1/2$ decoherence-free subsystem
• Charge noise suppression in capacitively coupled singlet-triplet spin qubits under magnetic field
• Efficient Two-Qubit Pulse Sequences Beyond CNOT
• Tunable charge qubit based on barrier-controlled triple quantum dots
• Hybrid Exchange Measurement-Based Qubit Operations in Semiconductor Double Quantum Dot Qubits
• Dynamical second-order noise sweetspots in resonantly driven spin qubits
• Leveraging Off-the-Shelf Silicon Chips for Quantum Computing
• Accurate and efficient description of interacting carriers in quantum nanostructures by selected configuration interaction and perturbation theory
• A spinless spin qubit
• Nonmonotonic buildup of spin-singlet correlations in a double quantum dot
• Leakage and dephasing in ${}^{28}$Si-based exchange-only spin qubits
• Two-qubit logical operations in three quantum dots system
• Quantum Computation by Spin Parity Measurements with Encoded Spin Qubits
• Two-qubit sweet spots for capacitively coupled exchange-only spin qubits
• Fast optical control of a coded qubit in a triple quantum dot
• Parity-protected superconducting qubit based on topological insulators
• Bandwidth-limited and noisy pulse sequences for single qubit operations in semiconductor spin qubits
• Coherent time-dependent oscillations and temporal correlations in triangular triple quantum dots
• Transport-induced suppression of nuclear field fluctuations in multi-quantum-dot systems
• Jenga-Krotov algorithm: Efficient compilation of multi-qubit gates for exchange-only qubits
• Robust Tripartite Entanglement Generation via Correlated Noise in Spin Qubits
• Kramers-protected hardware-efficient error correction with Andreev spin qubits
• Artificial versus Natural Atoms: The uncanny capability of the many-body Schrödinger equation to produce emergent behavior
• Tunable anisotropic quantum Rabi model via a magnon--spin-qubit ensemble