Further Defining Spectral Type "Y" and Exploring the Low-mass End of the Field Brown Dwarf Mass Function

Abstract

We present the discovery of another seven Y dwarfs from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). Using these objects, as well as the first six WISE Y dwarf discoveries from Cushing et al., we further explore the transition between spectral types T and Y. We find that the T/Y boundary roughly coincides with the spot where the J-H colors of brown dwarfs, as predicted by models, turn back to the red. Moreover, we use preliminary trigonometric parallax measurements to show that the T/Y boundary may also correspond to the point at which the absolute H (1.6 um) and W2 (4.6 um) magnitudes plummet. We use these discoveries and their preliminary distances to place them in the larger context of the Solar Neighborhood. We present a table that updates the entire stellar and substellar constituency within 8 parsecs of the Sun, and we show that the current census has hydrogen-burning stars outnumbering brown dwarfs by roughly a factor of six. This factor will decrease with time as more brown dwarfs are identified within this volume, but unless there is a vast reservoir of cold brown dwarfs invisible to WISE, the final space density of brown dwarfs is still expected to fall well below that of stars. We also use these new Y dwarf discoveries, along with newly discovered T dwarfs from WISE, to investigate the field substellar mass function. We find that the overall space density of late-T and early-Y dwarfs matches that from simulations describing the mass function as a power law with slope -0.5 < alpha < 0.0; however, a power-law may provide a poor fit to the observed object counts as a function of spectral type because there are tantalizing hints that the number of brown dwarfs continues to rise from late-T to early-Y. More detailed monitoring and characterization of these Y dwarfs, along with dedicated searches aimed at identifying more examples, are certainly required.

91 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

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• Deep $z$-band observations of the coolest Y dwarf
• Component masses of young, wide, non-magnetic white dwarf binaries in the SDSS DR7
• Beyond the Local Volume. II. Population Scaleheights and Ages of Ultracool Dwarfs in Deep HST/WFC3 Parallel Fields
• 2MASS J154043.42-510135.7: a new addition to the 5 pc population
• Discovery of 16 New Members of the Solar Neighborhood using Proper Motions from CatWISE2020
• The Occurrence Rate of Quiescent Radio Emission for Ultracool Dwarfs using a Generalized Semi-Analytical Bayesian Framework
• WISEA J064750.85-154616.4: a new nearby L/T transition dwarf
• A low-mass triple system with a wide L/T transition brown dwarf component: NLTT 51469AB/SDSS 2131-0119
• Search for Brown Dwarfs in IC 1396 with Subaru HSC: Interpreting the Impact of Environmental Factors on Sub-stellar Population
• The TRENDS High-contrast Imaging Survey. VIII. Compendium of Benchmark Objects
• Prospects for Life on Temperate Planets Around Brown Dwarfs
• Evaluation of the Vertical Scale Height of L dwarfs in the Galactic Thin Disk
• Discovery of the Binarity of Gliese 229B, and Constraints on the System's Properties
• Properties of the solar neighbor WISE J072003.20-084651.2
• Radio Emission from Ultra-Cool Dwarfs
• Parallaxes and Infrared Photometry of three Y0 dwarfs
• HST survey of the Orion Nebula Cluster in the H${}_2$O 1.4 $\mu$m absorption band: III. The population of sub-stellar binary companions
• CFBDSIR 2149-0403: young isolated planetary-mass object or high-metallicity low-mass brown dwarf??
• A focus on L dwarfs with trigonometric parallaxes
• LSST Survey Strategies and Brown Dwarf Parallaxes
• Indications of M-dwarf Deficits in the Halo and Thick Disk of the Galaxy
• Understanding Fomalhaut as a Cooper pair
• Testing the existence of optical linear polarization in young brown dwarfs
• Discovery of Young Methane Dwarfs in the Rho Ophiuchi L 1688 Dark Cloud
• MINDS. Strong oxygen depletion in the inner regions of a very low-mass star disk?
• Discovery of an M-type Companion to the Herbig Ae Star V1787 Ori
• Exoplanet Atmosphere Measurements from Direct Imaging
• WISE J061213.85-303612.5: a new T-dwarf binary candidate
• Optical constraints on the coldest metal-poor population
• Spectro-photometric characterization of high proper motion sources from WISE
• First CH${}_3$D detection in Class 0/I proto-brown dwarfs: constraints on CH${}_4$ abundances
• Large Scale Searches for Brown Dwarfs and Free-Floating Planets
• Fast Photometric Variability of Very Low Mass Stars in IC 348: Detection of Superflare in an M-dwarf
• Probing Late-type T dwarf J-H Color Outliers for Signs of Age
• M dwarf spectral indices at moderate resolution: accurate $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and [Fe/H] for 178 southern stars
• Companions of Stars: From Other Stars to Brown Dwarfs to Planets: The Discovery of the First Methane Brown Dwarf
• A review on substellar objects beyond the deuterium burning mass limit: planets, brown dwarfs or what?
• Atmospheric model-trained machine learning selection and classification of ultracool TY dwarfs
• A Mass Transferring Brown Dwarf Binary on a 57 Minute Orbit
• SMC-Last Mosaic Images
• Binary frequency of planet-host stars at wide separations: A new brown dwarf companion to a planet-host star
• Metal-Depleted Brown Dwarfs
• The Perkins INfrared Exosatellite Survey (PINES) I. Survey Overview, Reduction Pipeline, and Early Results
• Trigonometric parallaxes of two T dwarfs with Keck and ShaneAO astrometry
• Ross 19B: An Extremely Cold Companion Discovered via the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Project
• Using Old and New Approaches: Determining Physical Properties of Brown Dwarfs with Empirical Relations and Machine Learning Models