Tests of general relativity from timing the double pulsar

Abstract

The double pulsar system, PSR J0737-3039A/B, is unique in that both neutron stars are detectable as radio pulsars. This, combined with significantly higher mean orbital velocities and accelerations when compared to other binary pulsars, suggested that the system would become the best available testbed for general relativity and alternative theories of gravity in the strong-field regime. Here we report on precision timing observations taken over the 2.5 years since its discovery and present four independent strong-field tests of general relativity. Use of the theory-independent mass ratio of the two stars makes these tests uniquely different from earlier studies. By measuring relativistic corrections to the Keplerian description of the orbital motion, we find that the ``post-Keplerian'' parameter s agrees with the value predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity within an uncertainty of 0.05%, the most precise test yet obtained. We also show that the transverse velocity of the system's center of mass is extremely small. Combined with the system's location near the Sun, this result suggests that future tests of gravitational theories with the double pulsar will supersede the best current Solar-system tests. It also implies that the second-born pulsar may have formed differently to the usually assumed core-collapse of a helium star.

Appeared in Science Express, Sept. 14, 2006. Includes supporting material

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• Post-Newtonian parameters $\gamma$ and $\beta$ of scalar-tensor gravity for a homogeneous gravitating sphere
• Least-action perihelion precession
• Properties of scalar wave emission in a scalar-tensor theory with kinetic screening
• Model-independent constraints on r^-3 extra-interactions from orbital motions
• The Discovery of Six Recycled Pulsars from the Arecibo 327-MHz Drift-Scan Pulsar Survey
• Extracting the three- and four-graviton vertices from binary pulsars and coalescing binaries
• Binary Pulsar J0737-3039: Evidence for a new core collapse and neutron star formation mechanism
• Revisiting the Galactic Double Neutron Star merger and LIGO detection rates
• Binary Pulsars in Magnetic Field versus Spin Period Diagram
• Probing gravitation with pulsars
• Radio pulsar populations
• Conservative evaluation of the uncertainty in the LAGEOS-LAGEOS II Lense-Thirring test
• On the gravitational redshift
• Multi-epoch searches for relativistic binary pulsars and fast transients in the Galactic Centre
• Detection of the magnetar XTE J1810-197 at 150 and 260 GHz with the NIKA2 Kinetic Inductance Detector camera
• Feasibility of measuring the Shapiro time delay over meter-scale distances
• Modeling Mergers of Known Galactic Systems of Binary Neutron Stars
• The birth mass function of neutron stars
• Searching for Millisecond Pulsars: Surveys, Techniques and Prospects
• The very soft X-ray spectrum of the Double Pulsar System J0737-3039
• Coherent Search for Binary Pulsars across all Five Keplerian Parameters in Radio Observations using the template-bank algorithm
• PSR J0737-3039B: A probe of radio pulsar emission heights
• Testing space-time geometries and theories of gravity at the Galactic Center with pulsar's time delay
• I-Love-$⟨c_s^2⟩$: Approximately universal relations for the average neutron star stiffness
• Using Pulsar Parameter Drifts to Detect Sub-Nanohertz Gravitational Waves
• Pulsar timing and its applications
• The Apertif Radio Transient System (ARTS): Design, Commissioning, Data Release, and Detection of the first 5 Fast Radio Bursts
• Revisiting profile instability of J1022+1001
• A new well behaved class of charge analogue of Adler's relativistic exact solution
• Constraining models of modified gravity with the double pulsar PSR J0737-3039A/B system
• Radio Emission Region Exposed: Courtesy of the Double Pulsar
• New constraints on the kinematic, relativistic and evolutionary properties of the PSR J1757$-$1854 double neutron star system
• Radio pulsars: testing gravity and detecting gravitational waves
• Probing gravity with redshift-space distortions: effects of tracer bias and sample selection
• Probing Noncommutative Gravity with Gravitational Wave and Binary Pulsar Observations
• Revisiting the 2PN pericentre precession in view of possible future measurements of it
• Improved binary pulsar constraints on the parameterized post-Einsteinian framework
• The orbital-decay test of general relativity to the 2% level with 6-year VLBA astrometry of the double neutron star PSR J1537+1155
• Quantifying the evidence against a mass gap between black holes and neutron stars
• Testing General Relativity with the Doppler magnification effect
• Measuring the Lense-Thirring Orbital Precession and the Neutron Star Moment of Inertia with Pulsars
• Constraints on conformal ultralight dark matter couplings from the European Pulsar Timing Array
• Understanding and improving the timing of PSR J0737-3039B
• How can LISA probe a population of GW190425-like binary neutron stars in the Milky Way?
• Efficiency of ETV diagrams as diagnostic tools for long-term period variations. II. Non-conservative mass transfer, and gravitational radiation
• PSR J0737-3039: Interacting Pulsars in X-Rays
• Kinematic constraints on the ages and kick velocities of Galactic neutron star binaries
• Twin peak quasi-periodic oscillations and the kinematics of orbital motion in a curved space-time
• Neutron star pulse profile observations as extreme gravity probes
• Analysis of the ionized interstellar medium and orbital dynamics of PSR~J1909-3744 using scintillation arcs
• Rapid alerts for following up gravitational wave event candidates
• Identification of the white dwarf companion to millisecond pulsar J2317+1439
• Realistic Modeling of the Pulse Profile of PSR J0737-3039A
• Stringent Tests of Gravity with Highly Relativistic Binary Pulsars in the Era of LISA and SKA
• Parametrized tests of general relativity using eccentric compact binaries
• Optimization of NANOGrav's Time Allocation for Maximum Sensitivity to Single Sources
• Shining Light on Quantum Gravity with Pulsar-Black Hole Binaries
• A Bayesian method for pulsar template generation
• The Square Kilometer Array: cosmology, pulsars and other physics with the SKA
• A new technique for timing the double pulsar system
• New constraints on the Bray conservation-of-momentum natal kick model from multiple distinct observations
• A relativistic description of MOND using the Palatini formalism in an extended metric theory of gravity
• On tests of general relativity with binary radio pulsars
• Gravitomagnetic effects in Kerr-de Sitter space-time
• Predicting the relativistic periastron advance of a binary without curving spacetime
• Prospects of constraining the dense matter equation of state from the timing analysis of pulsars in double neutron star binaries: the cases of PSR J0737-3039A and PSR J1757-1854
• Beyond general relativity: designing a template-based search for exotic gravitational wave signals
• Analysis of Multi-Hour Continuous Observations of Seven Millisecond Pulsars
• A Study in Frequency-Dependent Effects on Precision Pulsar Timing Parameters with the Pulsar Signal Simulator
• Tests of conservation laws in post-Newtonian gravity with binary pulsars
• Scalar emission from neutron star-black hole binaries in scalar-tensor theories with kinetic screening
• The dynamics of Galactic centre pulsars: constraining pulsar distances and intrinsic spin-down
• Gravitational radiation from binary systems in $f(R)$ gravity: A semi-classical approach
• The structure of hybrid neutron star in Einstein-$\Lambda$ gravity
• Analytical coordinate time at first post-Newtonian order
• Gravitational Radiation from Eccentric Binary Black Hole System in Dynamical Chern-Simons Gravity
• A MeerKAT view of the double pulsar eclipses -- Geodetic precession of pulsar B and system geometry
• Model-Independent Comparisons of Pulsar Timings to Scalar-Tensor Gravity
• Observational Constraints on the Completeness of Space near Astrophysical Objects
• A HERO for general relativity
• 50 Years of Pulsars!
• Tests of Relativistic Gravity in Space: Recent Progress and Future Directions
• Multi-messenger observations of double neutron stars in Galactic disk with gravitational and radio waves
• Gravito-Magnetism in one-body and two-body systems: Theory and Experiments
• The Relativistic Spin Precession in the Compact Double Neutron Star System PSR~J1946+2052
• Higher-order corrections to the relativistic perihelion advance and the mass of binary pulsars
• The Search for Extra-Galactic Intelligence Signal Synchronized with a Binary Neutron Star Merger
• Testing the rotating lighthouse model with the double pulsar system PSR J0737-3039A/B
• New limits on the local Lorentz invariance violation of gravity in the Standard-Model Extension with pulsars
• Angular momentum sensitivities in scalar-tensor theories
• What can be learned from a proto-neutron star's mass and radius?
• Cooling of neutron stars and hybrid stars with a stiff hadronic EoS
• Radio Millisecond pulsars
• The masses of neutron stars
• Two efficient, new techniques for detecting dispersed radio pulses with interferometers: The Chirpolator and The Chimageator
• Unveiling the architecture of a pulsar - binary black-hole triple system with pulsar arrival time analysis
• Measuring a gravitomagentic effect with the triple pulsar PSR J0337+1715
• A direct measurement of sense of rotation of PSR J0737$-$3039A
• Instantaneous interaction in massive gravity
• The PALFA Survey: Going to great depths to find radio pulsars
• Efficient method for measuring the parameters encoded in a gravitational-wave signal
• When the anomalistic, draconitic and sidereal orbital periods do not coincide: the impact of post-Keplerian perturbing accelerations
• Constraining some $r^{-n}$ extra-potentials in modified gravity models with LAGEOS-type laser-ranged geodetic satellites
• Constraints on Quasi-dilaton Massive Gravity
• Pulsar Timing Arrays
• In what sense a neutron star-black hole binary is the holy grail for testing gravity?
• Moment of Inertia for Axisymmetric Neutron Stars in the Standard-Model Extension
• Improving pulsar-timing solutions through dynamic pulse fitting
• Gravitational waves from quasielliptic compact binaries in scalar-tensor theory to one-and-a-half post-Newtonian order
• Strong lensing interferometry for compact binaries
• Periastron Advance in Neutron Star - Black Hole Binaries
• Detection of 16 small glitches in 9 pulsars
• Weighing stars from birth to death: mass determination methods across the HRD
• Simulation of the orbit and spin period evolution of the double pulsars PSR J0737-3039 from their birth to coalescence induced by the gravitational wave radiation
• Testing the Accretion-induced Field-decay and Spin-up Model for Recycled Pulsars
• Gravitomagnetism in superconductors and compact stars
• Associations Between Scattering Screens and Interstellar Medium Filaments
• Orbital variation of the X-ray emission from the double neutron star binary J1537+1155
• Constraining A String Gauge Field by Galaxy Rotation Curves and Perihelion Precession of Planets
• Gravitational-wave astronomy: Observational results and their impact
• Tests of General Relativity: A Review
• Detections of millisecond pulsars with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• Constraints on fourth order gravity from binary pulsar and gravitational waves
• Fastest spinning millisecond pulsars: indicators for quark matter in neutron stars?
• Review on tests of General Relativity And Modified Gravity Using Pulsar Timing
• Rotation and Spin in Physics
• Methods for relativistic self-gravitating fluids: From binary neutron stars to black hole-disks and magnetized rotating neutron stars
• Helically twisted spacetime: study of geometric and wave optics, and physical analysis
• Triggering Electron Capture Supernovae: Dark Matter Effects in Degenerate White-Dwarf-like Cores of Super-Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars
• Influence of gravitational waves on circular moving particles
• Long Term Study of the Double Pulsar J0737-3039 with XMM-Newton: pulsar timing
• On Some Critical Issues of the LAGEOS-Based Tests of the Lense-Thirring Effect
• Black Hole and Neutron Star Binaries: Theoretical Challenges
• Probabilistic learning for pulsar classification
• The Effects of Finite Emission Height in Precision Pulsar Timing
• Constraining the optical emission from the double pulsar system J0737-3039
• The impact of the spin-orbit misalignment and of the spin of B on the Lense-Thrirring orbital precessions of the Double Pulsar PSR J0737-3039A/B
• Apparently ultra-long period radio sources from self-lensed pulsar-black hole binaries
• Peripheral, ultrarelativistic production of particles in heavy ion collisions
• Stellar rotation as a new observable to test general relativity in the Galactic Center
• Post-Newtonian orbital effects induced by the mass quadrupole and spin octupole moments of an axisymmetric body
• Constraining light fermionic dark matter with binary pulsars
• Tests of Classical Gravity with Radio Pulsars
• Might the 2PN perihelion precession of Mercury become measurable in the next future?
• An optimal envelope ejection efficiency for merging neutron stars
• Gravitational Wave Strain and Orbital Dynamics of Binary Pulsars from LIGO-Virgo to LISA
• A deep search for radio pulsations from the 1.3 M${}_{\odot }$ compact-object binary companion of young pulsar PSR J1906+0746
• Gravitational rotation of polarization: Clarifying the gauge dependence and prediction for double pulsar
• Geometrical vs wave optics under gravitational waves
• Are we close to put the anomalous perihelion precessions from Verlinde's emergent gravity to the test?
• Pulsars as Fantastic Objects and Probes
• The hunt for new pulsars with the Green Bank Telescope
• Precision Predictions
• Gravitational radiation from binary systems in Unimodular gravity
• Rapidly Spinning Massive Pulsars as an Indicator of Quark Deconfinement
• New Constraints on Preferred Frame Effects from Binary Pulsars
• The fan beam model for the pulse evolution of PSR J0737-3039B
• Long-term study of the Double Pulsar J0737-3039 with XMM-Newton: spectral analysis
• Statistical Analyses for NANOGrav 5-year Timing Residuals
• The High Time Resolution Universe surveys for pulsars and fast transients
• Current Status of LHC Physics: Precision Theory View
• Enabling pulsar and fast transient searches using coherent dedispersion
• Radio polarization of millisecond pulsars with multipolar magnetic fields
• Compact binary system dynamics at the second post-Newtonian order: analytical formula of the coordinate time for eccentric and circular orbits
• General gravitational properties of neutron stars: curvature invariants, binding energy, and trace anomaly
• Analytical coordinate time at the second post-Newtonian order
• Tackling artefacts in the timing of relativistic pulsar binaries: towards the SKA
• On the Euler-type gravitomagnetic orbital effects in the field of a precessing body
• Pulsar timing array projects
• Bare Collapse, Formation of Neutron Star Binaries and Fast Optical Transients
• Independent discovery of a nulling pulsar with unusual sub-pulse drifting properties with the Murchison Widefield Array
• A study of 10 Rotating Radio Transients using Parkes radio telescope
• The Unique Blazar OJ 287 and its Massive Binary Black Hole Central Engine
• Nethotrons: exploring the possibility of measuring relativistic spin precessions, from Earth's satellites to the Galactic Centre
• Scalar Cherenkov radiation from high-energy cosmic rays
• Probing fundamental physics with pulsars
• Light, delayed: The Shapiro Effect and the Newtonian Limit
• Timing Gravity with Pulsars in the Strong Field
• Testing the Non-circularity of the Spacetime around Sagittarius A* with Orbiting Pulsars
• Shedding Light on the EOS-Gravity Degeneracy and Constraining the Nuclear Symmetry Energy from the Gravitational Binding Energy of Neutron Stars
• Characterizing Pulsar Distances Using HI Kinematics
• Mode changing in J1909$-$3744: the most precisely timed pulsar
• Forming Double Neutron Stars using Detailed Binary Evolution Models with POSYDON: Comparison to the Galactic Systems
• Testing No slip model with pulsar timing arrays: NANOGrav and IPTA
• Probing the properties of the pulsar wind via studying the dispersive effects in the pulses from the pulsar companion in a double neutron-star binary system
• Fast and Fewrious: Stochastic binary perturbations from fast compact objects
• Monte Carlo study of NLO correction to QCD evolution kernel induced by the change of the factorization scale
• Pulsar-driven Jets in Supernovae, Gamma-Ray Bursts, and the Universe