The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. VI. Isophotal Analysis and the Structure of Early-Type Galaxies

Abstract

(Abridged) We present a detailed analysis of the morphology, isophotal parameters and surface brightness profiles for 100 early-type members of the Virgo Cluster, from dwarfs (M_B = -15.1 mag) to giants (M_B = -21.8 mag). Each galaxy has been imaged in two filters, closely resembling the Sloan g and z passbands, using the Advanced Camera for Surveys on board the Hubble Space Telescope. Dust and complex morphological structures are common, with kiloparsec-scale stellar disks, bars, and nuclear stellar disks seen in 60% of galaxies with intermediate luminosity (-20 < M_B < -17), and dust seen in 42% of galaxies brighter than M_B = -18.9 mag. Dust morphologies range from faint wisps and patches on tens of parsec scales, to regular, highly organized kpc-scale dust disks, often showing evidence of recent star formation. Surface brightness profiles and isophotal parameters are derived typically within 8 kpc from the center for the brightest galaxies, and 1.5 kpc for the faintest systems, with a resolution (FWHM) of 7 pc. Based on a parametrization of the surface brightness profiles in terms of a Sersic or core-Sersic model, we find that 1) there is no evidence of a bimodal behavior of the slope, gamma, of the profile in the innermost regions; 2) although the brightest galaxies have shallow inner profiles, the shallowest profiles (lowest gamma values) are found in faint dwarf systems; 3) the widely adopted separation of early-type galaxies between "core" and "power-law" types, which had originally been prompted by the claim of a clear bimodal distribution of gamma values, is untenable; and 4) there is no evidence of a structural dichothomy between dwarf and regular ellipticals.

Accepted by The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. This submission contains low resolution figures; we strongly recommend downloading the original version of the paper from the ACSVCS project website: http://www.cadc.hia.nrc.gc.ca/community/ACSVCS/publications.html#acsvcs6

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• Early-type dwarf galaxies in clusters: a mixed bag with various origins?
• Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies - I. Bulge luminosities from dedicated near-infrared data
• Implications for the origin of dwarf early-type galaxies: a detailed look at the isolated rotating dwarf early-type galaxy CG 611, with ramifications for the Fundamental Plane's (S_K)^2 kinematic scaling and the spin-ellipticity diagram
• Formation channels of slowly rotating early-type galaxies
• Galaxy populations in the Antlia cluster. II. Compact elliptical galaxy candidates
• The SLUGGS Survey: Globular cluster system kinematics and substructure in NGC 4365
• The bright end of the colour-magnitude relation of cluster galaxies
• LEDA 074886: A remarkable rectangular-looking galaxy
• Specific Frequencies and Luminosity Profiles of Cluster Galaxies and Intracluster Light in Abell 1689
• THE NEXT GENERATION VIRGO CLUSTER SURVEY. XIV. Shell feature early-type dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster
• The Evolutionary History of Galactic Bulges: Photometric and Spectroscopic Studies of Distant Spheroids in the GOODS Fields
• Formation of central massive objects via tidal compression
• Defining the (Black Hole)-Spheroid Connection with the Discovery of Morphology-Dependent Substructure in the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$--${\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{sph}}$ and $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$--${\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{e},\mathrm{sph}}$ Diagrams: New Tests for Advanced Theories and Realistic Simulations
• The effect of dry mergers on the color-magnitude relation of early-type galaxies
• Mapping the galaxy NGC 4486 (M87) through its Globular Cluster System
• A New Empirical Method to Infer the Starburst History of the Universe from Local Galaxy Properties
• Formation and Evolution of Early-Type Galaxies. III Star formation history as a function of mass and over-density
• A VLA radio-survey of early-type galaxies in the Virgo cluster
• Evidence for the disky origin of luminous Virgo dwarf ellipticals from the kinematics of their globular cluster systems
• $R_{\mathrm{e}}$. I. Understanding galaxy sizes, associated luminosity densities, and the artificial division of the early-type galaxy population
• The Nature of Blue Early-Type Galaxies in the Goods Fields
• An extensive catalogue of early-type galaxies in the nearby Universe
• Globular cluster systems as tracers of environmental effects on Virgo early-type dwarfs
• Two-phase model for Black Hole feeding and feedback
• The MASSIVE Survey -- XV. A Stellar Dynamical Mass Measurement of the Supermassive Black Hole in Massive Elliptical Galaxy NGC 1453
• A deep view on the Virgo cluster core
• A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE).V. Properties of the ionised gas filament of M87
• Solo dwarfs II: The stellar structure of isolated Local Group dwarf galaxies
• Stellar masses, sizes, and radial profiles for 465 nearby early-type galaxies: an extension to the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S${}^4$G)
• Inward Bound: The incredible journey of massive black holes as they pair and merge; I. The effect of mass ratio in flattened rotating galactic nuclei
• An isolated, compact early-type galaxy with a diffuse stellar component: merger origin?
• Solo Dwarfs I: Survey introduction and first results for the Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy
• Young stellar populations in early-type dwarf galaxies; occurrence, radial extent and scaling relations
• On the relation between the mass of Compact Massive Objects and their host galaxies
• The Optical Colors of Giant Elliptical Galaxies and their Metal-Rich Globular Clusters Indicate a Bottom-Heavy Initial Mass Function
• Gravitational Stability of Circumnuclear Disks in Elliptical Galaxies
• Morphological evolution in situ: Disk-dominated cluster red sequences at z ~ 1.25
• Tests of Gravity Theories Using Supermassive Black Holes
• AMUSE-Field II. Nucleation of early-type galaxies in the field vs. cluster environment
• An optical/NIR survey of globular clusters in early-type galaxies. I. Introduction and data reduction procedures
• The Build-Up of Nuclear Stellar Cusps in Extreme Starburst Galaxies and Major Mergers
• Multiband photometric decomposition of nuclear stellar disks
• The Toomre Sequence Revisited with HST/NICMOS: Nuclear Brightness Profiles and Colors of Interacting and Merging Galaxies
• MUSE stares into the shadows: the high-resolution dust attenuation curve of NGC 5626
• Galaxy populations in the Antlia cluster - III. Properties of faint early-type galaxies
• The globular clusters-stellar haloes connection in early type galaxies
• The SLUGGS survey: Probing the supermassive black hole connection with bulges and haloes using red and blue globular cluster systems
• Mass distribution and orbital anisotropy of early-type galaxies: constraints from the Mass Plane
• The quest for the largest depleted galaxy core: supermassive black hole binaries and stalled in-falling satellites
• Star formation quenching imprinted on the internal structure of naked red nuggets
• A Non-Parametric Estimate of Mass 'Scoured' in Galaxy Cores
• The host galaxy/AGN connection. Brightness profiles of early-type galaxies hosting Seyfert nuclei
• Morphological evolution of cluster red sequence galaxies in the past 9 Gyr
• Understanding the Unique Assembly History of Central Group Galaxies
• Probing the Central Regions of Nearby Compact Elliptical Galaxies
• Dual Halos and Formation of Early-Type Galaxies
• Ultramassive black holes in the most massive galaxies: $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-\sigma$ versus $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-R_{\mathrm{b}}$
• Analytical Galaxy Profiles for Photometric and Lensing Analysis
• Scaling relations for globular cluster systems in early-type galaxies
• I- A hydrodynamical CLONE of the Virgo cluster of galaxies to confirm observationally-driven formation scenarios
• Dissolved Massive Metal-Rich Globular Clusters Can Cause the Range of UV Upturn Strengths Found among Early-type Galaxies
• A consistency-test for determining whether ultra-compact dwarf galaxies could be the remnant nuclei of threshed galaxies
• Dust within the old nuclear star cluster in the Milky Way
• Complex central structures suggest complex evolutionary paths for barred S0 galaxies
• The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XVII. The Spatial Alignment of Globular Cluster Systems With Early-Type Host Galaxies
• Spitzer IRS Spectral Mapping of the Toomre Sequence: Spatial Variations of PAH, Gas, and Dust Properties in Nearby Major Mergers
• Early-type galaxies at large galactocentric radii - I. Stellar kinematics and photometric properties
• Shape, shear & flexion: An analytic flexion formalism for realistic mass profiles
• Globular cluster systems in fossil groups: NGC6482, NGC1132 and ESO306-017
• An Environmental Study of the Ultraluminous X-ray Source Population in Early-type Galaxies
• A Search for the Most Massive Galaxies. III. Global and Central Structure
• Evolution of growing black holes in axisymmetric galaxy cores
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. VIII. Reproducing Color Distributions of Individual Globular Cluster Systems in the Virgo and Fornax Galaxy Clusters
• Scaling relations for globular cluster systems in early-type galaxies. II. Is there an environmental dependence?
• The red extended structure of IC10, the nearest blue compact galaxy
• Photometric Properties of the Most Massive High-Redshift Galaxies
• The nuclear activity and central structure of the elliptical galaxy NGC 5322
• AGN Activity in Nucleated Galaxies as Measured by Chandra
• Relating basic properties of bright early-type dwarf galaxies to their location in Abell 901/902
• Compact elliptical galaxies in different local environments: a mixture of galaxies with different origins?
• Nuclear star cluster formation in energy-space
• The Fornax 3D project: dust mix and gas properties in the center of early-type galaxy FCC 167
• Hot gaseous atmospheres of rotating galaxies observed with XMM-Newton
• The kinematic signature of the inspiral phase of massive binary black holes
• Measuring Dark Matter in Galaxies: The Mass Fraction Within 5 Effective Radii
• The properties of the kinematically distinct components in NGC 448 and NGC 4365
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey XVI. The Angular Momentum of Dwarf Early-Type Galaxies from Globular Cluster Satellites
• Probing the inner kpc of massive galaxies with strong gravitational lensing
• Early-type galaxies in the Antlia Cluster: A deep look into scaling relations
• Spatial Structures In the Globular Cluster Distribution of the Ten Brightest Virgo Galaxies
• A Virtual Observatory Census to Address Dwarfs Origins. AVOCADO - I. Science goals, sample selection and analysis tools
• Abundance ratios in dwarf elliptical galaxies
• GALFIT-CORSAIR: implementing the core-Sersic model into GALFIT
• Brought to Light II: Revealing the Origins of Cloaked Spiral Features in Cluster Passive Dwarf Galaxies
• Inverted metallicity gradients in two Virgo cluster star-forming dwarf galaxies: evidence of recent merging?
• Globular Clusters: DNA of Early-Type galaxies?
• An extremely low gas-to-dust ratio in the dust-lane lenticular galaxy NGC 5485
• A Wide-field Photometric Survey of Globular Clusters in the Peculiar Early-type Galaxy M85
• Core shapes and orientations of core-Sersic galaxies
• Potential Black Hole Seeding of the Spiral Galaxy NGC 4424 via an Infalling Star Cluster
• The first gigayear of bulge star formation in Virgo ellipticals: constraints from their globular cluster systems
• Surface Brightness and Intrinsic Luminosity of Ellipticals
• About the linearity of the color-magnitude relation of early-type galaxies in the Virgo cluster
• Too big to be real? No depleted core in Holm 15A
• NGC4370: a case study for testing our ability to infer dust distribution and mass in nearby galaxies
• Supermassive black hole spin-flip during the inspiral
• A possible signature of the influence of tidal perturbations in dwarf galaxy scaling relations
• Bulgeless galaxies in the COSMOS field: environment and star formation evolution at $z<1$
• Tidal Stripping of Globular Clusters in the Virgo Cluster
• The scaling relations of early-type dwarf galaxies across a range of environments
• The Abell 85 BCG: a nucleated, core-less galaxy
• Resolved Stellar Mass Maps of Galaxies in the Hubble Frontier Fields: Evidence for Mass Dependency in Environmental Quenching
• The size--mass and other structural parameter ($n,{\mu }_z,R_z$) relations for local bulges/spheroids from multicomponent decompositions
• The Observational and Theoretical Tidal Radii of Globular Clusters in M87
• Young Globular Clusters in an old S0: Clues to the Formation History of NGC 4570
• Tilted outer and inner structures in edge-on galaxies?
• Chandra Detection of Intra-cluster X-ray sources in Virgo
• The ACS Fornax Cluster Survey. XII. Diffuse Star Clusters in Early-type Galaxies
• Magnetically Induced Anisotropies in the Arrival Directions of Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays from Nearby Radio Galaxies
• Gemini/GMOS Spectroscopy of Globular Clusters in the Merger Remnant Galaxy M85
• Impact of Galaxy Mergers on Stellar Population Profiles of Early-type Galaxies
• Brought to Light I: Quantification of Disk Substructure in Dwarf Early-Type Galaxies
• Globular Cluster Systems of Massive Compact Elliptical Galaxies in the Local Universe: Evidence for Relic Red Nuggets?
• Galaxy Core Formation by Supermassive Black Hole Binaries: the Importance of Realistic Initial Conditions and Galaxy Morphology
• Galaxy populations in groups and clusters: evidence for a characteristic stellar mass scale at $M_{\ast }\sim 10^{9.5}{M}_{\odot }$
• An Unexplained Origin for the Unusual Globular Cluster System in the Ultra-diffuse Galaxy FCC 224
• Central X-ray point-sources found to be abundant in low-mass, late-type galaxies predicted to contain an intermediate-mass black hole
• Mirages in galaxy scaling relations
• Hubble Space Telescope Near Infrared Snapshot Survey of 3CR radio source counterparts III: Radio galaxies and quasars in context
• An Explanation for the Slopes of Stellar Cusps in Galaxy Spheroids
• How non-linear scaling relations unify dwarf and giant elliptical galaxies
• The complex globular cluster system of the S0 galaxy NGC 4382 in the outskirts of the Virgo Cluster
• The Herschel Virgo Cluster Survey. XV. Planck submillimetre sources in the Virgo Cluster
• The Nuker model for galactic nuclei
• Can a Satellite Galaxy Merger Explain the Active Past of the Galactic Center?
• The XMM-Newton Bright Survey sample of absorbed quasars: X-ray and accretion properties
• Supermassive binary black hole mergers
• Early Type Galaxy Core Phase Densities
• Normal Globular Cluster Systems in Massive Low Surface Brightness Galaxies
• X-ray Constraints on the Hot Gas Content of Early-type Galaxies in Virgo
• Young Nuclei in Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies
• Stellar Relaxation Processes Near the Galactic Massive Black Hole
• Modelling dust rings in early-type galaxies through a sequence of radiative transfer simulations and 2D image fitting
• Evolutionary properties of the low-luminosity galaxy population in the NGC5044 Group
• Trends in Dwarf Early-Type Kinematics with Cluster-centric Radius Driven By Tidal Stirring
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XXXIII. Stellar Population Gradients in the Virgo Cluster Core Globular Cluster System
• Wide-field study of the peculiar globular cluster system hosted by the field lenticular NGC 1172
• Down but not out: properties of the molecular gas in the stripped Virgo Cluster early-type galaxy NGC4526
• A Supra-galactic Conundrum: The Globular Clusters Colour Pattern in Virgo Galaxies
• Arp 116: Interacting System or Chance Alignment?
• Mass Modelling with Minimum Kinematic Information
• The Starburst-AGN connection: The role of stellar clusters in AGNs
• AMUSE-VIRGO. III: mid-infrared photometry of early-type galaxies and limits on obscured nuclear emission
• The Properties of Nuclear Star Clusters and their Host Galaxies
• Another look at the size of the low-surface brightness galaxy VCC 1661 in the Virgo Cluster
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey. XVII. A Search for Planetary Nebulae in Virgo Cluster Globular Clusters
• Constraints on the Inner Regions of Lensing Galaxies from Central Images using a Recent AGN Offset Distribution
• Early-type galaxies in the Antlia Cluster: Catalogue and isophotal analysis
• Accretion and nuclear activity in Virgo early-type galaxies
• LeMMINGs. VI. Connecting nuclear activity to bulge properties of active and inactive galaxies: radio scaling relations and galaxy environment
• The tidal filament of NGC 4660
• Growth of A Massive Black Hole Via Tidal Disruption Accretion
• Mysterious Globular Cluster System of the Peculiar Massive Galaxy M85
• A catalogue of nuclear stellar velocity dispersions of nearby galaxies from H$\alpha$ STIS spectra to constrain supermassive black hole masses
• Renormalized 2PN spin contributions to the accumulated orbital phase for LISA sources
• Detecting Intermediate-Mass Black Holes out to 20 Mpc with ELT/HARMONI: The Case of FCC 119
• Reorientation Rates of Structural and Kinematic Axes in Simulated Massive Galaxies and the Origins of Prolate Rotation
• The Color Gradients of the Globular Cluster Systems in M87 and M49
• Modeling Tidal Streams and Tidal Tails around Galaxies Using Deep Wendelstein Imaging Data
• The Spectroscopy and H-band Imaging of Virgo cluster galaxies (SHIVir) Survey: Data Catalogue and Kinematic Profiles
• Elliptical (E) and ellicular (ES) galaxies in the M_bh-M_*,sph diagram, and a merger-driven explanation for the origin of ES galaxies, anti-truncated stellar discs in lenticular galaxies, and the Sersicification of E galaxy light profiles
• Dwarf galaxies in the MATLAS Survey: Hubble Space Telescope observations of nuclear star clusters
• The fragility of thin discs in galaxies -- II. Thin discs as tracers of the assembly history of galaxies
• Connecting the dots: Tracing the evolutionary pathway of Polar Ring Galaxies in the cases of NGC 3718, NGC 2685, and NGC 4262
• A continuum of structure and stellar content from Virgo cluster early-type dwarfs to giants?
• The Halos and Environments of Nearby Galaxies (HERON) Survey
• LeMMINGs. V. Nuclear activity and bulge properties: a detailed multi-component decomposition of $e$-MERLIN Palomar galaxies with $HST$
• Past, present and Future of the Scaling Relations of Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). XL. The Morphological Classification of Virgo Cluster Galaxies
• Deep photometry of galaxies in the VEGAS survey: the case of NGC 4472
• DOPING: a New Non-parametric Deprojection Scheme
• Renormalized spin coefficients in the accumulated orbital phase for unequal mass black hole binaries
• Connections between Central Intensity Ratio and hot gas properties of early-type galaxies
• An Assessment of the In-Situ Growth of the Intracluster Light in the High Redshift Galaxy Cluster SpARCS1049+56
• A thick-disk galaxy model and simulations of equal-mass galaxy pair collisions
• AGN jets and a fanciful trio of black holes in the Abell 85 Brightest Cluster Galaxy
• Massive black hole formation in dense stellar environments: Enhanced X-ray detection rates in high velocity dispersion nuclear star clusters
• The most massive galaxies with large depleted cores: structural parameter relations and black hole masses
• Brought to Light III: Colors of Disk and Clump Substructures in Dwarf Early-Type Galaxies of the Fornax Cluster
• The kinematics of Core and Cusp galaxies: comparing HST imaging and integral-field observations
• An Extended, Physically Calibrated FP for Elliptical Galaxies
• Non-solar abundance ratios trends of dEs in Fornax Cluster using newly defined high resolution indices