The Stellar Population Histories of Early-Type Galaxies. II. Controlling Parameters of the Stellar Populations

Abstract

We analyze single-stellar-population (SSP) equivalent parameters for 50 local elliptical galaxies as a function of their structural parameters. These galaxies fill a two-dimensional plane in the four-dimensional space of [Z/H], log t, log $\sigma$, and [E/Fe]. SSP age and velocity dispersion can be taken as the two independent parameters that specify a galaxy's location in this ``hyperplane.'' The hyperplane can be decomposed into two sub-relations: (1) a ``Z-plane,'' in which [Z/H] is a linear function of log $\sigma$ and log t; and (2) a relation between [E/Fe] and $\sigma$ in which [E/Fe] is larger in high-$\sigma$ galaxies. Cluster and field ellipticals follow the same hyperplane, but their ($\sigma$,t) distributions within it differ. Nearly all cluster galaxies are old; the field ellipticals span a large range in SSP age. The tight Mg--$\sigma$ relations of these ellipticals can be understood as two-dimensional projections of the metallicity hyperplane showing it edge-on; the tightness of these relations does not necessarily imply a narrow range of ages at fixed $\sigma$. The relation between [E/Fe] and $\sigma$ is consistent with a higher effective yield of Type II SNe elements at higher $\sigma$. The Z-plane is harder to explain and may be a powerful clue to star formation in elliptical galaxies if it proves to be general. Present data favor a ``frosting'' model in which low apparent SSP ages are produced by adding a small frosting of younger stars to an older base population. If the frosting abundances are close to or slightly greater than the base population, simple two-component models run along lines of constant $\sigma$ in the Z-plane, as required. This favors star formation from well-mixed pre-enriched gas rather than unmixed low-metallicity gas from an accreted object. (Abridged)

To be published in the June 2000 issue of the Astronomical Journal. 28 pages, 13 figures, uses emulateapj

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• Detailed abundance analysis of globular clusters in the Local Group: NGC 147, NGC 6822, and Messier 33
• The Effect of Environment on Discs and Bulges
• The Deepest HST Color-Magnitude Diagram of M32: Evidence for Intermediate-Age Populations
• Kinematic and chemical evolution of early-type galaxies
• Anatomy of a post-starburst minor merger: a multi-wavelength WFC3 study of NGC 4150
• The BaLROG project - II. Quantifying the influence of bars on the stellar populations of nearby galaxies
• The near-IR Ca II triplet - sigma relation for bulges of spiral galaxies
• Far-Ultraviolet Imaging of the Hubble Deep Field North: Star Formation in Normal Galaxies at z<1
• The Ages of Elliptical Galaxies from Mid-Infrared Emission
• Spectroscopic aperture biases in inside-out evolving early-type galaxies from CALIFA
• Evidence for intermediate-age stellar populations in early-type galaxies from K-band spectroscopy
• Structural analysis of star-forming blue early-type galaxies: Merger-driven star formation in elliptical galaxies
• Gravitational Potential and Surface Density Drive Stellar Populations -- II. Star-Forming Galaxies
• The jet and counterjet of 3C 270 (NGC 4261) viewed in the X-ray with Chandra
• Metallicity and age gradients in round elliptical galaxies
• Massive elliptical galaxies in X-rays: the role of late gas accretion
• The Origin of Blue Cores in Hubble Deep Fields E/S0 galaxies
• Hobby-Eberly Telescope Observations of the Dark Halo in NGC 821
• The BPT Diagram in Cosmological Galaxy Formation Simulations: Understanding the Physics Driving Offsets at High-Redshift
• Radial measurements of IMF-sensitive absorption features in two massive ETGs
• Using Galaxy Pairs to Probe Star Formation During Major Halo Mergers
• Dissecting the Red Sequence. IV. The Role of Truncation in the Two-Dimensional Family of Early-Type Galaxy Star Formation Histories
• Photo-chemical evolution of elliptical galaxies II. The impact of merging-induced starbursts
• An Ancient Metal-Poor Population in M32, and Halo Satellite Accretion in M31, Identified by RR Lyrae Stars
• Galaxy populations in massive z=0.2-0.9 clusters: I. Analysis of spectroscopy
• Colors of Ellipticals from GALEX to Spitzer
• A preserved high-z compact progenitor in the heart of NGC3311 revealed with MUSE 2D stellar population analysis
• Stellar populations of galaxies in the ALHAMBRA survey up to $z\sim 1$. IV. Properties of quiescent galaxies on the stellar mass$-$size plane
• IC 4200: a gas-rich early-type galaxy formed via a major merger
• An Isochrone Database and a Rapid Model for Stellar Population Synthesis
• Optical and near infra-red colours as a discriminant of the age and metallicity of stellar populations
• Less than 1% of Core-Collapse Supernovae in the local universe occur in elliptical galaxies
• Still at Odds with Conventional Galaxy Evolution: The Star Formation History of Ultra-Diffuse Galaxy Dragonfly 44
• The Optical Colors of Giant Elliptical Galaxies and their Metal-Rich Globular Clusters Indicate a Bottom-Heavy Initial Mass Function
• A correlation between light profile and [Mg/Fe] abundance ratio in early-type galaxies
• Modelling the UV spectrum of SDSS-III/BOSS galaxies: hints towards the detection of the UV upturn at high-z
• A few StePS forward in unveiling the complexity of galaxy evolution: light-weighted stellar ages of intermediate redshift galaxies with WEAVE
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: the drivers of gas and stellar metallicity differences in galaxies
• Chandra ACIS Survey of X-ray Point Sources in Nearby Galaxies. II. X-ray Luminosity Functions and Ultraluminous X-ray Sources
• Star formation history in early-type galaxies. I. The line absorption indices diagnostics
• From Carbon to Cobalt: Chemical compositions and ages of $z\sim 0.7$ quiescent galaxies
• The Mg-sigma Relation and the Genesis of Early-Type Galaxies
• Testing the presence of multiple photometric components in nearby early-type galaxies using SDSS
• Age and Metallicities of Cluster Galaxies: A1185 and Coma
• Testing the Modern Merger Hypothesis via the Assembly of Massive Blue Elliptical Galaxies in the Local Universe
• Stellar mass-loss, rotation and the chemical enrichment of early type galaxies
• Radial velocities and stellar population properties of 56 MATLAS dwarf galaxies observed with MUSE
• Evidence for Blue Straggler Stars Rejuvenating the Integrated Spectra of Globular Clusters
• Biases and systematics in the observational derivation of galaxy properties: comparing different techniques on synthetic observations of simulated galaxies
• Age and Metallicity Estimation of Globular Clusters from Stromgren Photometry
• How well can we determine ages and chemical abundances from spectral fitting of integrated light spectra?
• The SAMI galaxy survey: galaxy size can explain the offset between star-forming and passive galaxies in the mass-metallicity relationship
• The Color-Magnitude Relation in Coma: Clues to the Age and Metallicity of Cluster Populations
• Decoding the spectra of SDSS early-type galaxies: New indicators of age and recent star formation
• The dark side of galaxy stellar populations I: The stellar-to-halo mass relation and the velocity dispersion - halo mass relation
• The evolution of the scatter of the cosmic average color-magnitude relation: Demonstrating consistency with the ongoing formation of elliptical galaxies
• Stellar mass, not dynamical mass nor gravitational potential, drives the mass-metallicity relationship
• Galaxy Evolution in Local Group Analogs. I. A GALEX study of nearby groups
• Blue Horizontal Branch Stars in Old, Metal-Rich Stellar Systems
• Total mass density slopes of early-type galaxies using Jeans dynamical modelling at redshifts $0.29<z<0.55$
• Enhancement of alpha-Elements in Dynamical Models of Elliptical Galaxies
• New insights into the star formation histories of candidate intermediate-age early-type galaxies from K'-band imaging of globular clusters
• Are Dry Mergers Dry, Moist, or Wet?
• The Hydra I cluster core. I. Stellar populations in the cD galaxy NGC 3311
• Galaxy populations in the Antlia cluster - III. Properties of faint early-type galaxies
• UV-bright nearby early type galaxies observed in the mid-infrared: evidence for a multi-stage formation history by way of WISE and GALEX imaging
• The Eclipsing ULX in NGC 3379
• Stellar population properties of individual massive early-type galaxies at 1.4 < z < 2
• Mid-Infrared Emission from Elliptical Galaxies: Sensitivity to Stellar Age
• Chemical abundances in the nuclear region of nearby galaxies from the Palomar Survey
• Galaxy Structure, Stellar Populations, and Star Formation Quenching at 0.6 $\lesssim$ $z$ $\lesssim$ 1.2
• Is NGC 3108 transforming itself from an early to late type galaxy -- an astronomical hermaphrodite?
• Direct Detections of Young Stars in Nearby Elliptical Galaxies
• The Influence of Galaxy Environment on the Stellar Initial Mass Function of Early-Type Galaxies
• Star formation quenching imprinted on the internal structure of naked red nuggets
• On breaking the age-metallicity degeneracy in early-type galaxies: infall versus star formation efficiency
• Detection of Surface Brightness Fluctuations in Elliptical Galaxies imaged with the Advanced Camera for Surveys. B- and I-band measurements
• Demographics of Isolated Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence
• The Stellar Populations of Bright Coma Cluster Galaxies
• Oxygen Metallicity Determinations from Optical Emission Lines in Early-type Galaxies
• RXJ0142.0+2131: I. The galaxy content of an X-ray-luminous galaxy cluster at z=0.28
• The Age of Cluster Galaxies from Continuum Colors
• The Abundance Pattern in the Hot ISM of NGC 4472: Insights and Anomalies
• Self-consistent population spectral synthesis with FADO - I. The importance of nebular emission in modelling star-forming galaxies
• Nitrogen Overabundance: Globular Cluster and Halo Formation
• Ionized gas disks in elliptical and S0 galaxies at $z<1$
• The stellar populations of early-type galaxies -- II. The effects of environment and mass
• Revealing the nature of star forming blue early-type galaxies at low redshift
• The SAMI-Fornax Dwarfs Survey III: Evolution of [$\alpha$/Fe] in dwarfs, from Galaxy Clusters to the Local Group
• X-ray spectroscopy of the hot has in the M31 bulge
• Type Ia supernovae and the formation history of early-type galaxies
• Environments and Morphologies of Red Sequence Galaxies with Residual Star Formation in Massive Clusters
• Fingerprints of Stellar Populations in the Near-Infrared: An Optimised Set of Spectral Indices in the JHK-Bands
• Age, metallicity and star formation history of spheroidal galaxies in cluster at z~1.2
• The Upper Asymptotic Giant Branch of the Elliptical Galaxy Maffei 1, and Comparisons with M32 and NGC 5128
• Strontium and Barium In Early-Type Galaxies
• Line-of-Sight Reddening Predictions: Zero Points, Accuracies, the Interstellar Medium, and the Stellar Populations of Elliptical Galaxies
• NUV-IR colours of red sequence galaxies in local clusters
• BUDDI-MaNGA II: The Star-Formation Histories of Bulges and Discs of S0s
• The anatomy of the NGC 5044 group - I. Group membership and dynamics
• AKARI Observation of the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) Supercluster at z = 0.087: mid-infrared view of transition galaxies
• The star formation histories of early-type galaxies: insights from the rest-frame ultra-violet
• The statistical properties of stars at redshift, z=5, compared with the present epoch
• Composite star formation histories of early-type galaxies from minor mergers: prospects for WFC3
• A tale of a rich cluster at z$\sim$0.8 as seen by the Star Formation Histories of its ETGs
• Globular Clusters as Testbeds for Type Ia Supernovae
• The effects of stellar populations on galaxy scaling relations in the 6dF Galaxy Survey
• A possible solution to the [alpha/Fe]-sigma problem in early type galaxies within a hierarchical galaxy formation model
• Comparison of Alpha-Element Enhanced Simple Stellar Population Models with Milky Way Globular Clusters
• Properties of Luminous Red Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The anatomy of the NGC 5044 group -- II. Stellar populations and star-formation histories
• The star formation history and the nature of the mass-metallicity relation of passive galaxies at 1.0<z<1.4 from VANDELS
• More is better: Strong constraints on the stellar properties of LEGA-C z ~ 1 galaxies with Prospector
• The Gemini/HST Cluster Project: Structural and Photometric Properties of Galaxies in Three z =0.28-0.89 Clusters
• The Signature of Single-Degenerate Accretion Induced Collapse
• Recovering age-metallicity distributions from integrated spectra: validation with MUSE data of a nearby nuclear star cluster
• Morphology-dependent trends of galaxy age with environment in Abell 901/902 seen with COMBO-17
• Stellar Population and Elemental Abundance Gradients of Early-type Galaxies
• Early-Type Galaxy Star Formation Histories in Different Environments
• Kinematic Properties and Stellar Populations of Faint Early-Type Galaxies: II. Line-Strength Measurements of Central Coma Galaxies
• Capture Rates of Compact Objects by Supermassive Black Holes
• Chemical Abundances of Globular Clusters in NGC 5128 (Centaurus A)
• Keck Spectroscopy of Globular Clusters in the Virgo Cluster Dwarf Elliptical VCC 1386
• Colors of Luminous Bulges in Cluster MS1054-03 and Field Galaxies at Redshifts z ~ 0.83
• Variation of the low-mass end of the stellar initial mass function with redshift and metallicity
• Composite Stellar Populations and Element by Element Abundances in the Milky Way Bulge and Elliptical Galaxies
• About the linearity of the color-magnitude relation of early-type galaxies in the Virgo cluster
• The miniJPAS survey: The galaxy populations in the most massive cluster in miniJPAS, mJPC2470-1771
• An In-Depth Study of the Abundance Pattern in the Hot Interstellar Medium in NGC 4649
• Accurate Atmospheric Parameters at Moderate Resolution Using Spectral Indices: Preliminary Application to the MARVELS Survey
• Stellar kinematics of X-ray bright massive elliptical galaxies
• Stellar populations of massive elliptical galaxies in very rich clusters
• Temperature Profiles of Hot Gas In Early Type Galaxies
• The Age of Ellipticals and the Color-Magnitude Relation
• Analysing Globular Cluster observations - Models and Analysis Tools for Lick/IDS indices
• Outflows in Sodium Excess Objects
• Ellipticals at z=0 from Self-Consistent Hydrodynamical Simulations: Clues on Age Effects in their Stellar Populations
• VIMOS mosaic integral-field spectroscopy of the bulge and disk of the early-type galaxy NGC 4697
• Modeling Increased Metal Production in Galaxy Clusters with Pair-Instability Supernovae
• The Fundamental Plane of cluster spheroidal galaxies at z$\sim 1.3$. Evidence for mass-dependent evolution
• The stellar populations of early-type galaxies -- I. Observations, line-strengths and stellar population parameters
• The dark side of galaxy stellar populations II: The dependence of star formation histories on halo mass and on the scatter of the main sequence
• Cosmological formation and chemical evolution of an elliptical galaxy
• On Disentangling IMF Degeneracies in Integrated Light
• COSMOS Brightest Group Galaxies -- III: Evolution of stellar ages
• Variation of Mid and Far-IR Luminosities among Early-Type Galaxies: Relation to Stellar Metallicity and Cold Dust
• X-ray Properties of Young Early Type Galaxies: II. Abundance Ratio in the Hot ISM
• Panchromatic Averaged Stellar Populations: PaasP
• Demographics of Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxies along the Hubble sequence
• Colors of Dwarf Ellipticals from GALEX to WISE
• The red sequence of Abell X-ray underluminous clusters
• Black hole feedback and the evolution of massive early-type galaxies
• Stellar velocity dispersion and initial mass function gradients in dissipationless galaxy mergers
• The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS). XII. Spatially Resolved Galaxy Star Formation Histories and True Evolutionary Paths at z > 1
• Expanding on the Fundamental Metallicity Relation in Dwarf Galaxies with MUSE
• Near-infrared spectroscopic indices for unresolved stellar populations. II. Index measurements
• Quasar Radio-Loudness and the Elliptical Core Problem
• Age and Metallicity of galaxies in different environments of the Coma supercluster
• Binary Stellar Population Synthesis Study of Elliptical Galaxies
• Cluster Populations in Abell 2125 and 2218
• The Initial Mass Function and Other Stellar Properties Across the Core of the Hydra I Cluster
• The stellar content of low redshift radio galaxies from near-infrared spectroscopy
• Stellar nuclei and inner polar disks in lenticular galaxies
• Morphology, color-magnitude and scaling relations of galaxies in Abell 426
• The external origin of the polar gaseous disk of the S0 galaxy IC 5181
• Properties of Stellar Populations in Isolated Lenticular Galaxies
• Individual element sensitivity for stellar evolutionary isochrones
• Eight luminous early-type galaxies in nearby pairs and sparse groups I. Stellar populations spatially analysed
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Trends in [α/Fe] as a Function of Morphology and Environment
• Stellar populations of bulges at low redshift
• [Mg/Fe] and variable initial mass function: Revision of [$\alpha$/Fe] for massive galaxies
• Testing a prediction of the merger origin of early-type galaxies: a correlation between stellar populations and asymmetry
• Extending PLE models into the mid-IR, far-IR & sub-mm
• Stellar metallicity from optical and UV spectral indices: Test case for WEAVE-StePS
• Infrared variable stars in the compact elliptical galaxy M32
• Multiple populations within globular clusters in Early-type galaxies Exploring their effect on stellar initial mass function estimates
• The impact of binary star yields on the spectra of galaxies
• The hyperplane of early-type galaxies: using stellar population properties to increase the precision and accuracy of the fundamental plane as a distance indicator
• The origin of the nuclear star-forming ring in NGC 3182
• Spectral Energy Distribution Mapping of Two Elliptical Galaxies on sub-kpc scales
• Hierarchical Bayesian inference of the Initial Mass Function in Composite Stellar Populations
• Ionized gas kinematics of massive elliptical galaxies in CALIFA and in cosmological zoom-in simulations
• Synchronous Evolution of Galaxies in Groups: NGC 524 Group
• Recent Formation of a Spiral Disk Hosting Progenitor Globular Clusters at the center of the Perseus Brightest Cluster Galaxy: I. Spiral Disk
• Mapping the distribution of luminous and dark matter in strong lensing galaxies
• Radio continuum detection in blue early-type weak emission line galaxies
• Nonlinear Color-Metallicity Relations of Globular Clusters. X. Subaru/FOCAS Multi-object Spectroscopy of M87 Globular Clusters
• Star Formation Histories of Nearby Elliptical Galaxies. II. Merger Remnant Sample
• Three candidate clusters around high redshift radio-loud sources: MG1 J04426+0202, 3C 068.2, MS 1426.9+1052
• The star formation timescale of elliptical galaxies -- Fitting [Mg/Fe] and total metallicity simultaneously
• The effects of binary interactions on parameter determinations for early-type galaxies
• LEGA-C stellar populations scaling relations. I: Chemo-archaeological downsizing trends at z~0.7
• The Stellar Chemical Abundances of Simulated Massive Galaxies at $z=2$
• LEGA-C stellar populations scaling relations. II: Dissecting mass-complete archaeological trends and their evolution since z~0.7 with LEGA-C and SDSS
• The LEGA-C and SAMI Galaxy Surveys: Quiescent Stellar Populations and the Mass-Size Plane across 6 Gyr
• Relations between ISM tracers in galaxies
• Using the XMM Optical Monitor to Study Cluster Galaxy Evolution
• The Mitchell Spectrograph: Studying Nearby Galaxies with the VIRUS Prototype
• SPAN: A cross-platform Python GUI software for optical and near-infrared spectral analysis
• 3D spectroscopy of dwarf elliptical galaxies
• Ages and metallicities of faint red galaxies in the Shapley Supercluster
• Evidence for merging or disruption of red galaxies from the evolution of their clustering
• A MaNGA about the Legacy I: Connecting the Assembly of Stellar Halo with the Average Star Formation History in Low-Redshift Massive Galaxies
• Non-solar abundance ratios trends of dEs in Fornax Cluster using newly defined high resolution indices
• The Slow Growth of Massive Galaxies in Rapidly Growing Dark Matter Halos
• Challenges in Stellar Population Studies