Small scale problems of the $\Lambda$CDM model: a short review

Abstract

The $\Lambda$CDM model, or concordance cosmology, as it is often called, is a paradigm at its maturity. It is clearly able to describe the universe at large scale, even if some issues remain open, such as the cosmological constant problem , the small-scale problems in galaxy formation, or the unexplained anomalies in the CMB. $\Lambda$CDM clearly shows difficulty at small scales, which could be related to our scant understanding, from the nature of dark matter to that of gravity; or to the role of baryon physics, which is not well understood and implemented in simulation codes or in semi-analytic models. At this stage, it is of fundamental importance to understand whether the problems encountered by the $\Lambda$DCM model are a sign of its limits or a sign of our failures in getting the finer details right. In the present paper, we will review the small-scale problems of the $\Lambda$CDM model, and we will discuss the proposed solutions and to what extent they are able to give us a theory accurately describing the phenomena in the complete range of scale of the observed universe.

arXiv comment48pp 19 figs, invited review, accepted by Galaxies

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• Non-relativistic limit of embedding gravity as General Relativity with dark matter
• Dark Matter Searches with Levitated Sensors
• The AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. V: Satellite Galaxy Populations In A Cosmological Zoom-in Simulation of A Milky Way-mass Halo
• Constraints on self-interacting Bose-Einstein condensate dark matter using large-scale observables
• Weak-field limit of $f(R)$ gravity to unify peculiar white dwarfs
• Dark Stars Powered by Self-Interacting Dark Matter
• Ejection of supermassive black holes and implications for merger rates in fuzzy dark matter haloes
• Gravitational Lensing in Kerr-Newman Anti de Sitter Spacetime
• New Dissipation Mechanisms from Multi-level Dark Matter Scattering
• Cosmic structures from a mathematical perspective 1. Dark matter halo mass density profiles
• Cosmological simulations of self-interacting Bose-Einstein condensate dark matter
• Dynamical friction in Bose-Einstein condensed self-interacting dark matter at finite temperatures, and the Fornax dwarf spheroidal
• Gravitational waves from binary black holes in a self-interacting scalar dark matter cloud
• An analytic model for the sub-galactic matter power spectrum in fuzzy dark matter halos
• Gravitational orbits in the expanding universe revisited
• Core formation from self-heating dark matter
• Normalized additional velocity distribution: testing the radial profile of dark matter halos and MOND
• Dynamical aspects for scalar fields coupled to cubic contractions of the Riemann tensor
• Bayesian analysis of CCDM Models
• Cosmic Web Dissection in Fuzzy Dark Matter Cosmologies
• The diversity of spiral galaxies explained
• The principle of maximum entropy explains the cores observed in the mass distribution of dwarf galaxies
• Constraining Self-interacting Scalar Field Dark Matter From the Black Hole Shadow of the Event Horizon Telescope
• Mitigating Foreground Bias to the CMB Lensing Power Spectrum for a CMB-HD Survey
• Dynamical analysis in regularized $4D$ Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity with non-minimal coupling
• Detecting dark matter oscillations with gravitational waveforms
• Cosmological Constraints on Scalar Field Dark Matter
• Gravitational Waves and Degrees of Freedom in Higher Derivative Gravity
• Gravitational Collapse of Baryonic and Dark matter
• Universal scaling laws and density slope for dark matter haloes
• Conformal gravity: light deflection revisited and the galactic rotation curve failure
• Numerical simulations of dark matter haloes produce polytropic central cores when reaching thermodynamic equilibrium
• Cooling Process of White Dwarf Stars in Palatini $f(R)$ Gravity
• Evaluating Lyman-$\alpha$ Constraints for General Dark-Matter Velocity Distributions: Multiple Scales and Cautionary Tales
• Scope of strongly self-interacting thermal WIMPs in a minimal $U(1{)}_D$ extension and its future prospects
• Will-Nordtvedt PPN formalism applied to renormalization group extensions of general relativity
• Covariant formulation of refracted gravity
• Accretion of Self-interacting Scalar Field Dark Matter Onto a Reissner-Nordström Black Hole
• Probing Velocity Dependent Self-Interacting Dark Matter with Neutrino Telescopes
• The Isaac Newton Telescope Monitoring Survey of Local Group Dwarf Galaxies. VI. The Star Formation History and Dust Production in Andromeda IX
• Virialized Profiles and Oscillations of Self-interacting Fuzzy Dark Matter Solitons
• On the dwarf galaxies rotation curves diversity problem
• The dynamics of three nearby E0 galaxies in refracted gravity
• The proper motion of stars in dwarf galaxies: distinguishing central density cusps from cores
• Maximum entropy distributions of dark matter in $\Lambda$CDM cosmology
• Enhanced spectrum of primordial perturbations, galaxy formation and small scale structure
• Dynamics of dwarf galaxies in $f(R)$ gravity
• Modeling Post-Reionization HI Distributions in Fuzzy Dark Matter Cosmologies Using Conditional Normalizing Flows
• Probing the nature of Dark Matter through the metal enrichment of the intergalactic medium
• A dynamical system analysis of bouncing cosmology with spatial curvature
• Single and merger soliton dynamics in scalar field dark matter with and without self-interactions
• Non-linear spherical collapse in tachyon models, and a comparison of collapse in tachyon and quintessence models of dark energy
• Can tides explain the low dark matter density in Fornax?
• Dark matter as a gravitational effect in the embedding theory approach
• Analytic approach to astrometric perturbations of critical curves by substructures
• Gravitational waves from binary black holes as probes of the structure formation history
• Gravitational Potential from small-scale clustering in action space: Application to Gaia DR2
• Calibrating galaxy formation effects in galactic tests of fundamental physics
• Dwarf galaxies with central cores in modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) gravity
• Signatures of Fuzzy Dark Matter Inside Radial Critical Curves
• Formation of solitons and their transitions in scalar-field dark matter models with a non-polynomial self-interaction potential
• Gravitational wave lensing: probing Fuzzy Dark Matter with LISA
• Why did the dark matter hypothesis supersede modified gravity in the 1980s?
• Collapse of spherical overdensities in superfluid models of dark matter
• Time dilation observed in Type Ia supernova light curves and its cosmological consequences
• Dark Coincidences: Small-Scale Solutions with Refracted Gravity and MOND
• Perspectives on fundamental cosmology from Low Earth Orbit and the Moon
• Analytical analysis of the origin of core-cusp matter density distributions in galaxies
• Analytical warm dark matter power spectrum on small scales
• Halo heating from fluctuating gas in a model dwarf
• New Cold Dark Matter Crisis Revealed by Multiscale Cluster Lensing
• kSZ Pairwise Velocity Reconstruction with Machine Learning
• Vortices and rotating solitons in ultralight dark matter
• Collective Excitations of Self-Gravitating Bose-Einstein Condensates: Breathing Mode and Appearance of Anisotropy under Self-Gravity
• Velocity dispersion of dark matter deficient ultra-diffuse galaxies: A case for modified gravity
• Consistent cosmological structure formation on all scales in relativistic extensions of MOND
• Barions and $\Lambda$CDM Model Problems
• 3D Vortices and rotating solitons in ultralight dark matter
• Kinetic recoupling of dark matter
• Constraining light fermionic dark matter with binary pulsars
• Distribution of Phantom Dark Matter in Dwarf Spheroidals
• Scaling relations, dynamical heating and tidal disruption in spin $s$ ultralight dark matter models
• Distinguishing thermal histories of dark matter from structure formation
• Constraints on dark matter models from the stellar cores observed in ultra-faint dwarf galaxies: Self-interacting dark matter
• The Effective Field Theory of Large Scale Structures of a Fuzzy Dark Matter Universe
• Super-resolution simulation of the Fuzzy Dark Matter cosmological model
• Renzo's rule revisited: A statistical study of galaxies' baryon - dark matter coupling
• Modified Cosmology or Modified Galaxy Astrophysics is Driving the z>6 JWST Results? CMB Experiments can discover the Origin in the Near Future
• Constraining the Nature of Dark Matter from Tidal Radii of Cluster Galaxy Subhalos
• A Natural Explanation of the VPOS from Multistate Scalar Field Dark Matter
• Constraining the shape of dark matter haloes using only starlight. I. A new technique and its application to the galaxy Nube
• Refracted Gravity Solutions from Small to Large Scales
• Dynamics of Dwarf Galaxies in Scalar-Tensor-Vector-Gravity
• On a critical acceleration scale of dark matter in Lambda-CDM and dynamical dark energy
• Nearest neighbour analysis as a new probe for fuzzy dark matter
• New vistas on the Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector
• Cosmological effect of coherent oscillation of ultralight scalar fields in a multicomponent universe
• Cosmological structure formation in complex scalar field dark matter versus real ultralight axions: a comparative study using CLASS
• Physically motivated fit to mass surface density profiles observed in galaxies
• What is the amount of baryonic dark matter in galaxies?
• Exploring delaying and heating effects on the 21-cm signature of fuzzy dark matter
• Quintessence-Chameleon transitions in anisotropic Kiselev model of neutron stars
• A Fuzzy Situation Eased: Cold Dark Matter with Multipoles Can Explain The Double Radio Quad Lens HS 0810+2554
• Modeling dark matter as self-bound quantum liquid droplets
• Matter-antimatter asymmetry in a rotating universe: Dirac spinors in axisymmetric Bianchi IX cosmology
• Mass functions from the excursion set model