Cluster Lenses

Abstract

Clusters of galaxies are the most recently assembled, massive, bound structures in the Universe. As predicted by General Relativity, given their masses, clusters strongly deform space-time in their vicinity. Clusters act as some of the most powerful gravitational lenses in the Universe. Light rays traversing through clusters from distant sources are hence deflected, and the resulting images of these distant objects therefore appear distorted and magnified. Lensing by clusters occurs in two regimes, each with unique observational signatures. The strong lensing regime is characterized by effects readily seen by eye, namely, the production of giant arcs, multiple-images, and arclets. The weak lensing regime is characterized by small deformations in the shapes of background galaxies only detectable statistically. Cluster lenses have been exploited successfully to address several important current questions in cosmology: (i) the study of the lens(es) - understanding cluster mass distributions and issues pertaining to cluster formation and evolution, as well as constraining the nature of dark matter; (ii) the study of the lensed objects - probing the properties of the background lensed galaxy population - which is statistically at higher redshifts and of lower intrinsic luminosity thus enabling the probing of galaxy formation at the earliest times right up to the Dark Ages; and (iii) the study of the geometry of the Universe - as the strength of lensing depends on the ratios of angular diameter distances between the lens, source and observer, lens deflections are sensitive to the value of cosmological parameters and offer a powerful geometric tool to probe Dark Energy. In this review, we present the basics of cluster lensing and provide a current status report of the field.

About 120 pages - Published in Open Access at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/j183018170485723/ . arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:astro-ph/0504478 and arXiv:1003.3674 by other authors

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• Weak lensing mass map and peak statistics in Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Stripe 82 survey
• Galaxy Clusters from the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys. I. Cluster Detection
• Young Galaxy Candidates in the Hubble Frontier Fields - III. MACSJ0717.5+3745
• Measurement of the halo bias from stacked shear profiles of galaxy clusters
• Fast Calculation of Gravitational Lensing Properties of Elliptical Navarro-Frenk-White and Hernquist Density Profiles
• The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS). IV. Mass reconstruction of the lensing cluster Abell 2744 from frontier field imaging and GLASS spectroscopy
• Mass and Concentration estimates from Weak and Strong Gravitational Lensing: a Systematic Study
• The Distribution of Ultra-Diffuse and Ultra-Compact Galaxies in the Frontier Fields
• Self-Interacting Dark Matter and Small-Scale Gravitational Lenses in Galaxy Clusters
• Growing a `Cosmic Beast': Observations and Simulations of MACS J0717.5+3745
• A PCA-based automated finder for galaxy-scale strong lenses
• Testing light-traces-mass in Hubble Frontier Fields Cluster MACS-J0416.1-2403
• Lensed Type Ia Supernovae as Probes of Cluster Mass Models
• How robustly can we constrain the low-mass end of the $z\sim 6-7$ stellar mass function? -- The limits of lensing models and stellar population assumptions in the Hubble Frontier Fields
• Star formation histories, extinction, and dust properties of strongly lensed z~1.5-3 star-forming galaxies from the Herschel Lensing Survey
• MUSE observations of the lensing cluster SMACSJ2031.8-4036: new constraints on the mass distribution in the cluster core
• Line-of-Sight Structure Toward Strong Lensing Galaxy Clusters
• First Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing Measurement of Satellite Halo Mass in the CFHT Stripe-82 Survey
• A persistent excess of galaxy-galaxy strong lensing observed in galaxy clusters
• The probability of galaxy-galaxy strong lensing events in hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy clusters
• The merger history of the complex cluster Abell 1758: a combined weak lensing and spectroscopic view
• Weak Lensing Calibrated M-T Scaling Relation of Galaxy Groups in the COSMOS Field
• Galaxy cluster strong lensing cosmography: cosmological constraints from a sample of regular galaxy clusters
• Model-Free Multi-Probe Lensing Reconstruction of Cluster Mass Profiles
• Measuring subhalo mass in redMaPPer clusters with CFHT Stripe 82 Survey
• Constraining the galaxy mass content in the core of A383 using velocity dispersion measurements for individual cluster members
• Dark matter dynamics in Abell 3827: new data consistent with standard Cold Dark Matter
• Constraints on a $\varphi$CDM model from strong gravitational lensing and updated Hubble parameter measurements
• A new method to assign galaxy cluster membership using photometric redshifts
• The core of the massive cluster merger MACS J0417.5-1154 as seen by VLT/MUSE
• Detecting Dark Matter Cores in Galaxy Clusters with Strong Lensing
• MUSE observations of the lensing cluster Abell 1689
• An Evaluation of 10 Lensing Models of the Frontier Fields Cluster MACSJ0416.1-2403
• The science of short exposures: Hubble SNAPshot observations of massive galaxy clusters
• PICS: Simulations of Strong Gravitational Lensing in Galaxy Clusters
• Disentangling dark sector models using weak lensing statistics
• ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: a strongly lensed multiply imaged dusty system at $z\ge$6
• Joining X-ray to lensing: an accurate combined analysis of MACS J0416.1$-$2403
• Towards a census of high-redshift dusty galaxies with $Herschel$: A selection of "500 $\mu$m-risers"
• RELICS: Strong Lensing analysis of the galaxy clusters Abell S295, Abell 697, MACS J0025.4-1222, and MACS J0159.8-0849
• Gravitational Lens Recovery with GLASS: Measuring the mass profile and shape of a lens
• Quantified diffuse light in compact groups of galaxies
• The Strongest Cluster Lenses: An Analysis of the Relation Between Strong Gravitational Lensing Strength and the Physical Properties of Galaxy Clusters
• The shape of galaxy dark matter halos in massive galaxy clusters: Insights from strong gravitational lensing
• The discovery of lensed radio and X-ray sources behind the Frontier Fields cluster MACS J0717.5+3745 with the JVLA and Chandra
• The Effect of Large-Scale Structure on the Magnification of High-Redshift Sources by Cluster-Lenses
• A versatile tool for cluster lensing source reconstruction. I. methodology and illustration on sources in the Hubble Frontier Field Cluster MACS J0717.5+3745
• X-ray analysis of JWST's first galaxy cluster lens SMACS J0723.3-7327
• The flat density profiles of massive, and relaxed galaxy clusters
• Systematic vs. Statistical Uncertainties in Masses and Magnifications of the Hubble Frontier Fields
• Galaxy cluster cores as seen with VLT/MUSE: new strong-lensing analyses of RX J2129.4+0009, MS 0451.6-0305 & MACSJ2129.4-0741
• Strongly lensed cluster substructures are not in tension with $\Lambda$CDM
• The ALMA Frontier Fields Survey - IV. Lensing-corrected 1.1 mm number counts in Abell 2744, MACSJ0416.1-2403 and MACSJ1149.5+2223
• MARS: A New Maximum Entropy-Regularized Strong Lensing Mass Reconstruction Method
• Reconciling galaxy cluster shapes, measured by theorists vs observers
• Fully stripped? The dynamics of dark and luminous matter in the massive cluster collision MACSJ0553.4$-$3342
• Separating Galaxies from the Cluster Dark Matter Halo in Abell 611
• Beyond the Ultra-deep Frontier Fields And Legacy Observations (BUFFALO): a high-resolution strong + weak-lensing view of Abell 370
• Automated Lensing Learner: Automated Strong Lensing Identification with a Computer Vision Technique
• A MUSE view of the massive merging galaxy cluster ACT-CL J0102-4915 (El Gordo) at z = 0.87: robust strong lensing model and data release
• The strongest gravitational lenses: II. Is the large Einstein radius of MACS J0717.5+3745 in conflict with LCDM?
• hybrid-Lenstool: A self-consistent algorithm to model galaxy clusters with strong- and weak-lensing simultaneously
• Generalized multi-plane gravitational lensing: time delays, recursive lens equation, and the mass-sheet transformation
• Exploring Effects on Magnifications due to Line-of-Sight Galaxies in the Hubble Frontier Fields
• Galaxy-galaxy lensing in the outskirts of CLASH clusters: constraints on local shear and testing mass-luminosity scaling relation
• Multiwavelength Analysis of A1240, the Double Radio Relic Merging Galaxy Cluster Embedded in a ~80 Mpc-long Cosmic Filament
• The distribution of dark matter and gas spanning six megaparsecs around the post-merger galaxy cluster MS0451-03
• X-ray Spectroscopy of Clusters of Galaxies
• Effects of center offset and noise on weak-lensing derived concentration-mass relation of dark matter halos
• Further support for a trio of mass-to-light deviations in Abell 370: free-form Grale lens inversion using BUFFALO strong lensing data
• VLT/Magellan spectroscopy of 29 strong lensing selected galaxy clusters
• Self-Interacting Dark Matter, Core Collapse and the Galaxy-Galaxy Strong Lensing Discrepancy
• A combined X-ray, optical and radio view of the merging galaxy cluster MACS J0417.5-1154
• Cosmology through arc statistics I: sensitivity to ${\Omega }_m$ and ${\sigma }_8$
• A Long Stream of Metal-Poor Cool Gas around a Massive Starburst Galaxy at z = 2.67
• The Milky Way, Coming into Focus: Precision Astrometry Probes its Evolution, and its Dark Matter
• The SOAR Gravitational Arc Survey - I: Survey overview and photometric catalogs
• The DES Bright Arcs Survey: Candidate Strongly Lensed Galaxy Systems from the Dark Energy Survey 5,000 Sq. Deg. Footprint
• The importance of secondary halos for strong lensing in massive galaxy clusters across redshift
• The rates and time-delay distribution of multiply imaged supernovae behind lensing clusters
• Detection of Strongly Lensed Arcs in Galaxy Clusters with Transformers
• Mass-Velocity Dispersion Relation in HIFLUGCS Galaxy Clusters
• New metrics to probe the dynamical state of galaxy clusters
• Improving parametric mass modelling of lensing clusters through a perturbative approach
• Hubble Frontier Field Clusters and their Parallel Fields: Photometric and Photometric Redshift Catalogs
• Finding Singularities in Gravitational Lensing
• Model-Independent Mass Reconstruction of the Hubble Frontier Field Clusters with MARS Based on Self-Consistent Strong Lensing Data
• Gaia GraL: Gaia DR2 Gravitational Lens Systems. IV. Keck/LRIS spectroscopic confirmation of GRAL113100-441959 and model prediction of time-delays
• Lessons from the first multiply imaged supernova II: A parametric strong-lensing model for the galaxy cluster MACS J1149.5+2223
• MIFAL: fully automated Multiple-Image Finder ALgorithm for strong-lens modelling -- proof of concept
• Combining Strong Lensing and Dynamics in Galaxy Clusters: integrating MAMPOSSt within LENSTOOL I. Application on SL2S J02140-0535
• AStroLens: Automatic Strong-Lens Modeling of X-ray Selected Galaxy Clusters
• Efficient Mass Estimate at the Core of Strong Lensing Galaxy Clusters Using the Einstein Radius
• Intracluster light is a biased tracer of the dark matter distribution in clusters
• The Supersonic Project: The eccentricity and rotational support of SIGOs and DM GHOSts
• An excursion into the core of the cluster lens Abell 1689
• The strongest gravitational lenses: III. The order statistics of the largest Einstein radii
• Strong Lensing Analysis of the Powerful Lensing Cluster MACS J2135.2-0102 ($z$=0.33)
• Gravitational lensing effects of supermassive black holes in cluster environments
• Joint HST, VLT/MUSE and XMM-Newton observations to constrain the mass distribution of the two strong lensing galaxy clusters: MACS J0242.5-2132 & MACS J0949.8+1708
• Detecting Low-Mass Perturbers in Cluster Lenses using Curved Arc Bases
• Assessing Mass Loss and Stellar-to-Halo Mass Ratio of Satellite Galaxies: A Galaxy-Galaxy Lensing Approach Utilizing DECaLS DR8 Data
• Joint Strong and Weak Lensing Analysis of the Massive Cluster Field J0850+3604
• Euclid preparation LXX. Forecasting detection limits for intracluster light in the Euclid Wide Survey
• Setting the scene for BUFFALO: A study of the matter distribution in the HFF galaxy cluster MACS J0416.1-2403 and its parallel field
• relensing: Reconstructing the mass profile of galaxy clusters from gravitational lensing
• Direct measurement of lensing amplification in Abell S1063 using a strongly lensed high redshift HII Galaxy
• BUFFALO Wild Wings: A High Precision Free-Form Lens Model of MACSJ0416 with Constraints on Dark Matter from Substructure and Highly Magnified Arcs
• A Strong-Lensing Model for the WMDF JWST/GTO Very Rich Cluster Abell 1489
• A new method to break the mass sheet degeneracy using aperture moments
• Weak gravitational lensing as a probe of physical properties of substructures in dark matter halos
• Exotic Image Formation in Strong Gravitational Lensing by Clusters of Galaxies. I: Cross-Section
• Neutral hydrogen lensing simulations in the Hubble Frontier Fields
• The KALEIDOSCOPE survey : A new strong and weak gravitational lensing view of the massive galaxy cluster MACS J1423.8+2404
• CHEX-MATE: Multi-probe analysis of Abell 1689
• A Multiply-Imaged z $\sim$ 6.3 Lyman Alpha Emitter candidate behind Abell 2261
• The Einstein ring GAL-CLUS-022058s: a Lensed Ultrabright Submillimeter Galaxy at z=1.4796
• Probing Satellite Halos with Weak Gravitational Lensing
• A full reconstruction of two galaxy clusters intra-cluster medium with strong gravitational lensing
• New Cold Dark Matter Crisis Revealed by Multiscale Cluster Lensing
• Exotic Image Formation in Strong Gravitational Lensing by Clusters of Galaxies -- II: Uncertainties
• Mapping dark matter and finding filaments: calibration of lensing analysis techniques on simulated data
• HI in and behind the Hubble Frontier Field Clusters: A Deep MeerKAT Pilot Search out to $z\sim 0.5$
• High Performance Computing for gravitational lens modeling: single vs double precision on GPUs and CPUs
• Wave Effects in Double-Plane Lensing
• COOL-LAMPS. VII. Quantifying Strong-lens Scaling Relations with 177 Cluster-scale Strong Gravitational Lenses in DECaLS
• The Kaleidoscope Survey: Strong Gravitational Lensing in Galaxy Clusters with Radial Arcs
• Constraints from the Giant Arc in Abell 370. A New Framework for Understanding Systematic Errors in Cluster Lens Modeling. IV. Constraints from the Giant Arc in Abell 370
• Systematic search for lensed X-ray sources in the CLASH fields
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of Two X-ray Diffuse and Massive Galaxy Clusters at Low Redshift
• Constraining the Nature of Dark Matter from Tidal Radii of Cluster Galaxy Subhalos
• A Gravitational Lens Model for the Lya Emitter, LAE 221724+001716 at z=3.1 in the SSA 22 Field
• Dissecting the Strong-lensing Galaxy Cluster MS 0440.5+0204. I. The Mass Density Profile
• Using strong gravitational lensing to probe the post reionization \HI power spectrum
• MrMARTIAN: A Multi-resolution Mass Reconstruction Algorithm Combining Free-form and Analytic Components
• Understanding the predication mechanism of deep learning through error propagation among parameters in strong lensing case
• Exotic Image Formation in Strong Gravitational Lensing by Clusters of Galaxies -- III: Statistics with HUDF
• A Spectroscopic View of the JWST/GTO Strong Lensing Cluster A1489
• Forecasting the FRB Population Observed Through Galaxy Cluster Lenses
• Gravitational Lensing By a Massive Object in a Dark Matter Halo. I. Critical Curves and Caustics
• Core Mass Estimates in Strong Lensing Galaxy Clusters: a Comparison Between Masses Obtained from Detailed Lens Models, Single-Halo Lens Models, and Einstein Radii
• Galaxies in the central regions of simulated galaxy clusters
• Merging Galaxy Clusters and the Search for New Physics of Dark Matter: A Review
• Multi-scale weak lensing detection of galaxy clusters with source redshift tomography
• Possible Ongoing Merger Discovered by Photometry and Spectroscopy in the Field of the Galaxy Cluster PLCK G165.7+67.0