Experimental evidence for a surface distribution of two-level systems in superconducting lithographed microwave resonators

Abstract

We present measurements of the temperature-dependent frequency shift of five niobium superconducting coplanar waveguide microresonators with center strip widths ranging from 3 $\mu$m to 50 $\mu$m, taken at temperatures in the range 100-800 mK, far below the 9.2 K transition temperature of niobium. These data agree well with the two-level system (TLS) theory. Fits to this theory provide information on the number of TLS that interact with each resonator geometry. The geometrical scaling indicates a surface distribution of TLS, and the data are consistent with a TLS surface layer thickness of order a few nm, as might be expected for a native oxide layer.

3 figures, submitted to APL

References in corpus (6)

• Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics: Coherent Coupling of a Single Photon to a Cooper Pair Box
• Decoherence in Josephson Qubits from Dielectric Loss
• Coherent quantum state storage and transfer between two phase qubits via a resonant cavity
• Microwave Dielectric Loss at Single Photon Energies and milliKelvin Temperatures
• Noise Properties of Superconducting Coplanar Waveguide Microwave Resonators
• Temperature Dependence of the Frequency and Noise of Superconducting Coplanar Waveguide Resonators

Cited by in corpus (179)

• Observation of high coherence in Josephson junction qubits measured in a three-dimensional circuit QED architecture
• Coherent Josephson qubit suitable for scalable quantum integrated circuits
• Quantum squeezing of motion in a mechanical resonator
• Controlling the spontaneous emission of a superconducting transmon qubit
• Towards understanding two-level-systems in amorphous solids -- Insights from quantum circuits
• State Transfer Between a Mechanical Oscillator and Microwave Fields in the Quantum Regime
• A quantum memory with near-millisecond coherence in circuit QED
• Surface participation and dielectric loss in superconducting qubits
• Efficient and robust analysis of complex scattering data under noise in microwave resonators
• High Kinetic Inductance Superconducting Nanowire Resonators for Circuit QED in a Magnetic Field
• An analysis method for asymmetric resonator transmission applied to superconducting devices
• Improved superconducting qubit coherence using titanium nitride
• Materials loss measurements using superconducting microwave resonators
• Reducing intrinsic loss in superconducting resonators by surface treatment and deep etching of silicon substrates
• Origins of diamond surface noise probed by correlating single spin measurements with surface spectroscopy
• Study of loss in superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators
• Surface loss simulations of superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators
• Reaching 10 ms single photon lifetimes for superconducting aluminum cavities
• Low Loss Superconducting Titanium Nitride Coplanar Waveguide Resonators
• Number fluctuations of sparse quasiparticles in a superconductor
• Nanomechanical Resonators: Toward Atomic Scale
• Three-dimensional superconducting resonators at $T<20$ mK with the photon lifetime up to $\tau =2$ seconds
• Two-resonator circuit QED: A superconducting quantum switch
• Microwave response of vortices in superconducting thin films of Re and Al
• Evidence for interacting two-level systems from the 1/f noise of a superconducting resonator
• Analysis and mitigation of interface losses in trenched superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators
• Improving the Coherence Time of Superconducting Coplanar Resonators
• Determining interface dielectric losses in superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators
• A semi-empirical model for two-level system noise in superconducting microresonators
• Quantum information processing with bosonic qubits in circuit QED
• A readout for large arrays of Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors
• Minimal resonator loss for circuit quantum electrodynamics
• Fabrication and Characterization of Aluminum Airbridges for Superconducting Microwave Circuits
• High Kinetic Inductance NbN Nanowire Superinductors
• A three-wave mixing kinetic inductance traveling-wave amplifier with near-quantum-limited noise performance
• A superconducting focal plane array for ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared astrophysics
• Surface acoustic wave resonators in the quantum regime
• NIKA: A millimeter-wave kinetic inductance camera
• Characterization and reduction of microfabrication-induced decoherence in superconducting quantum circuits
• Magnetic field resilient superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators for hybrid cQED experiments
• Understanding Quality Factor Degradation in Superconducting Niobium Cavities at Low Microwave Field Amplitudes
• Generalized Tunneling Model for TLS in amorphous materials and its predictions for their dephasing and the noise in superconducting microresonators
• Operation of a titanium nitride superconducting microresonator detector in the nonlinear regime
• Contribution of dielectrics to frequency and noise of NbTiN superconducting resonators
• A kilo-pixel imaging system for future space based far-infrared observatories using microwave kinetic inductance detectors
• Fabrication and heating rate study of microscopic surface electrode ion traps
• Microwave attenuators for use with quantum devices below 100 mK
• Superconducting cavity qubit with tens of milliseconds single-photon coherence time
• Energy decay and frequency shift of a superconducting qubit from non-equilibrium quasiparticles
• Inductive-detection electron-spin resonance spectroscopy with $65$spins$/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ sensitivity
• Reducing quantum-regime dielectric loss of silicon nitride for superconducting quantum circuits
• Improving the Quality Factor of Microwave Compact Resonators by Optimizing their Geometrical Parameters
• Losses in coplanar waveguide resonators at millikelvin temperatures
• A coaxial line architecture for integrating and scaling 3D cQED systems
• Etch Induced Microwave Losses in Titanium Nitride Superconducting Resonators
• Direct identification of dilute surface spins on Al${}_2$O${}_3$: Origin of flux noise in quantum circuits
• Decoherence spectroscopy with individual two-level tunneling defects
• Bulk and surface loss in superconducting transmon qubits
• DARKNESS: A Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector Integral Field Spectrograph for High-Contrast Astronomy
• Low-loss superconducting resonant circuits using vacuum-gap-based microwave components
• On the properties of superconducting planar resonators at mK temperatures
• Loss Dependence on Geometry and Applied Power in Superconducting Coplanar Resonators
• Wide-band Parametric Amplifier Readout and Resolution of Optical Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors
• Large-format platinum silicide microwave kinetic inductance detectors for optical to near-IR astronomy
• Fluctuations From Edge Defects in Superconducting Resonators
• Ground-state Pulsed Cavity Electro-optics for Microwave-to-optical Conversion
• Dielectric surface loss in superconducting resonators with flux-trapping holes
• Reduced frequency noise in superconducting resonators
• Al/Ti/Al phonon-mediated KIDs for UV-VIS light detection over large areas
• Horn-Coupled, Commercially-Fabricated Aluminum Lumped-Element Kinetic Inductance Detectors for Millimeter Wavelengths
• Loss channels affecting lithium niobate phononic crystal resonators at cryogenic temperature
• Suspending superconducting qubits by silicon micromachining
• Thin film dielectric microstrip kinetic inductance detectors
• Gate-Tunable Transmon Using Selective-Area-Grown Superconductor-Semiconductor Hybrid Structures on Silicon
• Molybdenum-Rhenium alloy based high-$Q$ superconducting microwave resonators
• Geometric Scaling of Two-Level-System Loss in Superconducting Resonators
• Two-Level System Damping in a Quasi-One-Dimensional Optomechanical Resonator
• Strongly quadrature-dependent noise in superconducting micro-resonators measured at the vacuum-noise limit
• Landau-Zener population control and dipole measurement of a two level system bath
• High Quality Factor Platinum Silicide Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors
• Magnons at low excitations: Observation of incoherent coupling to a bath of two-level-systems
• Long-lived, radiation-suppressed superconducting quantum bit in a planar geometry
• The Quantum Capacitance Detector: A concept for a pair-breaking radiation detector based on the single Cooper-pair box
• Revealing the nonlinear response of a tunneling two-level system ensemble using coupled modes
• Evidence for hydrogen two-level systems in atomic layer deposition oxides
• Slow noise processes in superconducting resonators
• Acoustic spectral hole-burning in a two-level system ensemble
• Quantum information processing with trapped electrons and superconducting electronics
• Second Generation Readout For Large Format Photon Counting Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors
• Working principle and demonstrator of microwave-multiplexing for the HOLMES experiment microcalorimeters
• Multi-mode architectures for noise-resilient superconducting qubits
• Universal dielectric loss in amorphous solids from simultaneous bias and microwave field
• X-ray photon detection using superconducting resonators in thermal quasi-equilibrium
• Planar Superconducting Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators
• Coplanar cavity for strong coupling between photons and magnons in van der Waals antiferromagnet
• Nonlinearity and Parametric Amplification of Superconducting Nanowire Resonators in Magnetic Field
• Analytical determination of participation in superconducting coplanar architectures
• Spatially resolved surface dissipation over metal and dielectric substrates
• Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for millimeter-wave detection
• Isotropic plasma-thermal atomic layer etching of superconducting TiN films using sequential exposures of molecular oxygen and SF${}_6/$H${}_2$ plasma
• Near-Field Terahertz Nanoscopy of Coplanar Microwave Resonators
• Vacuum-Gap Capacitors for Low-Loss Superconducting Resonant Circuits
• Fabrication and surface treatment of electron-beam evaporated niobium for low-loss coplanar waveguide resonators
• Microwave characterization of tantalum superconducting resonators on silicon substrate with niobium buffer layer
• Effects of surface treatments on flux tunable transmon qubits
• Characterization of low loss microstrip resonators as a building block for circuit QED in a 3D waveguide
• Thin-film superconducting resonator tunable to the ground-state hyperfine splitting of ${}^{87}$Rb
• Quantum paraelectricity probed by superconducting resonators
• Fabrication of airbridges with gradient exposure
• Low loss hybrid Nb/Au superconducting resonators for quantum circuit applications
• Characterization of low-temperature microwave loss of thin aluminum oxide formed by plasma oxidation
• Ultraviolet, Optical, and Near-IR Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector Materials Developments
• Low temperature dipolar echo in amorphous dielectrics: Significance of relaxation and decoherence free two level systems
• Shape optimization of superconducting transmon qubit for low surface dielectric loss
• A frequency and sensitivity tunable microresonator array for high-speed quantum processor readout
• Co-sputtered MoRe thin films for carbon nanotube growth-compatible superconducting coplanar resonators
• Thin film metrology and microwave loss characterization of indium and aluminum/indium superconducting planar resonators
• Perspective: Reproducible Coherence Characterization of Superconducting Quantum Devices
• Acceptor-induced bulk dielectric loss in superconducting circuits on silicon
• Thermal kinetic inductance detectors for ground-based millimeter-wave cosmology
• Modelling dielectric loss in superconducting resonators: Evidence for interacting atomic two-level systems at the Nb/oxide interface
• Ion-beam Assisted Sputtering of Titanium Nitride Thin Films
• Characterization of process-related interfacial dielectric loss in aluminum-on-silicon by resonator microwave measurements, materials analysis, and imaging
• A Review of Design Concerns in Superconducting Quantum Circuits
• A LEKID-based CMB instrument design for large-scale observations in Greenland
• Investigating microwave loss of SiGe using superconducting transmon qubits
• Ultrahigh-inductance materials from spinodal decomposition
• Photon-induced thermal effects in superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators
• Development of Multi-Chroic MKIDs for Next-Generation CMB Polarization Studies
• Thermometry Based on a Superconducting Qubit
• Sub-Kelvin Thermometer for On-Chip Measurements of Microwave Devices Utilizing Two-Level Systems in Superconducting Microresonators
• Theory of nonlinear microwave absorption by interacting two-level systems
• Large Inverse Transient Phase Response of Titanium-nitride-based Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors
• Improved Parameter Targeting in 3D-Integrated Superconducting Circuits through a Polymer Spacer Process
• High-Kinetic Inductance Additive Manufactured Superconducting Microwave Cavity
• Near-power-law temperature dependence of the superfluid stiffness in strongly disordered superconductors
• Apparent nonlinear damping triggered by quantum fluctuations
• Electronic conduction and superconducting properties of CoSi${}_2$ films on silicon--an unconventional superconductor with technological potential
• Analytical modeling of participation reduction in superconducting coplanar resonator and qubit designs through substrate trenching
• Experimentally revealing anomalously large dipoles in a quantum-circuit dielectric
• Linear and nonlinear properties of a compact high-kinetic-inductance WSi multimode resonator
• Manipulation and decoherence of acceptor charge qubit in silicon
• Thin-film quartz for high-coherence piezoelectric phononic crystal resonators
• Direct spectrum analysis using a threshold detector with application to a superconducting circuit
• Characterization of the low electric field and zero-temperature two-level-system loss in hydrogenated amorphous silicon
• Compact inductor-capacitor resonators at sub-gigahertz frequencies
• Optical Direct Write of Dolan--Niemeyer-Bridge Junctions for Transmon Qubits
• Characterization of low-loss hydrogenated amorphous silicon films for superconducting resonators
• Geometry dependence of TLS noise and loss in a-SiC:H parallel plate capacitors for superconducting microwave resonators
• Correlated frequency noise in a multimode acoustic resonator
• Mechanical dissipation in MoRe superconducting metal drums
• Observation and mitigation of microwave echoes from dielectric defects in Josephson traveling wave amplifiers
• Identification and Mitigation of Conducting Package Losses for Quantum Superconducting Devices
• Low-loss liquid metal interconnects for superconducting quantum circuits
• Electrothermal Feedback in Kinetic Inductance Detectors
• First Principle Simulator of a Stochastically Varying Image Plane for Photon-Counting High Contrast Applications
• Reducing the susceptibility of lumped-element KIDs to two-level system effects
• Anomalous Loss Reduction Below Two-Level System Saturation in Aluminum Superconducting Resonators
• Simultaneous model selection and parameter estimation: A superconducting qubit coupled to a bath of incoherent two-level systems
• Disentangling the Impact of Quasiparticles and Two-Level Systems on the Statistics of Superconducting Qubit Lifetime
• Atomic layer etching of niobium nitride using sequential exposures of O${}_2$ and H${}_2$/SF${}_6$ plasmas
• NEW-MUSIC: The Next-generation Extended-Wavelength Multiband Sub/millimeter Inductance Camera
• Effective reflection mode measurement for hanger-coupled microwave resonators
• Investigation of tantalum films growth for coplanar resonators with internal quality factors above ten million
• Recombination of localized quasiparticles in disordered superconductors
• In situ Al${}_2$O${}_3$ passivation of epitaxial tantalum and aluminum films enables long-term stability in superconducting microwave resonators
• Differential Magnetic Force Microscopy with a Switchable Tip
• Localized quasiparticles in a fluxonium with quasi-two-dimensional amorphous kinetic inductors
• Hydrogen and Deuterium Tunneling in Niobium
• Optimizing CMOS-compatible, superconducting titanium nitride resonators: Deposition conditions and structuring processes
• Low-temperature spin dynamics in LAFO thin films: from cubic anisotropy to TLS-limited coherence
• Enhanced Tantalum Superconducting Resonator Performance via All-Surface Organic Monolayer Passivation
• Surface Optimization of Superconducting Aluminum Resonators for Robust Quantum Device Fabrication
• AMKID -- a large KID-based camera at the APEX telescope
• Magnetic-Field and Temperature Limits of a Kinetic-Inductance Traveling-Wave Parametric Amplifier
• Strong Reduction of Quasiparticle Fluctuations in a Superconductor due to Decoupling of the Quasiparticle Number and Lifetime
• Broadband and high-precision two-level system loss measurement using superconducting multi-wave resonators
• Effects of the thin-film thickness on superconducting NbTi microwave resonators for on-chip cryogenic thermometry
• Review of Superconducting Qubit Devices and Their Large-Scale Integration