Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors for millimeter-wave detection

Abstract

Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors (TKIDs) combine the excellent noise performance of traditional bolometers with a radio frequency multiplexing architecture that enables the large detector counts needed for the next generation of millimeter-wave instruments. In this paper, we first discuss the expected noise sources in TKIDs and derive the limits where the phonon noise contribution dominates over the other detector noise terms: generation-recombination, amplifier, and two-level system (TLS) noise. Second, we characterize aluminum TKIDs in a dark environment. We present measurements of TKID resonators with quality factors of about $10^5$ at 80 mK. We also discuss the bolometer thermal conductance, heat capacity, and time constants. These were measured by the use of a resistor on the thermal island to excite the bolometers. These dark aluminum TKIDs demonstrate a noise equivalent power NEP = $2\times 10^{-17}\mathrm{W}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$, with a $1/f$ knee at 0.1 Hz, which provides background noise limited performance for ground-based telescopes observing at 150 GHz.

arXiv comment15 pages, 12 figures

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• Applications for Microwave Kinetic Induction Detectors in Advanced Instrumentation
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• Understanding and minimizing resonance frequency deviations on a 4-inch kilo-pixel kinetic inductance detector array
• Large Inverse Transient Phase Response of Titanium-nitride-based Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors
• Hot Carrier Thermalization and Josephson Inductance Thermometry in a Graphene-based Microwave Circuit
• Graphene-Insulator-Superconductor junctions as thermoelectric bolometers
• Strong Negative Electrothermal Feedback in Thermal Kinetic Inductance Detectors
• Electromagnetic Properties of Aluminum-based Bilayers for Kinetic Inductance Detectors