Working principle and demonstrator of microwave-multiplexing for the HOLMES experiment microcalorimeters

Abstract

The determination of the neutrino mass is an open issue in modern particle physics and astrophysics. The direct mass measurement is the only theory-unrelated experimental tool capable to probe such quantity. The HOLMES experiment aims to measure the end-point energy of the electron capture (EC) decay of ${}^{163}$Ho with a statistical sensitivity on the neutrino mass as low as $\sim 1$ eV/c${}^2$. In order to acquire the large needed statistics, by keeping the pile-up contribution as low as possible, 1024 transition edge sensors (TESs) with high energy and time resolutions will be employed. Microcalorimeter and bolometer arrays based on transition edge sensor with thousands of pixels are under development for several space-based and ground-based applications, including astrophysics, nuclear and particle physics, and materials science. The common necessary challenge is to develop pratical multiplexing techniques in order to simplify the cryogenics and readout systems. Despite the various multiplexing variants which are being developed have been successful, new approaches are needed to enable scaling to larger pixel counts and faster sensors, as requested for HOLMES, reducing also the cost and complexity of readout. A very novel technique that meets all of these requirements is based on superconducting microwave resonators coupled to radio-frequency Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices, in which the the changes in the TES input current is tranduced to a change in phase of a microwave signal. In this work we introduce the basics of this technique, the design and development of the first two-channel read out system and its performances with the first TES detectors specifically designed for HOLMES. In the last part we explain how to extend this approach scaling to 1024 pixels.

accepted on JINST

References in corpus (10)

• Experimental evidence for a surface distribution of two-level systems in superconducting lithographed microwave resonators
• A semi-empirical model for two-level system noise in superconducting microresonators
• HOLMES - The Electron Capture Decay of 163Ho to Measure the Electron Neutrino Mass with sub-eV sensitivity
• Determining the neutrino mass with Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy - Project 8
• Single electron detection and spectroscopy via relativistic cyclotron radiation
• The Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU)
• Statistical sensitivity of 163-Ho electron capture neutrino mass experiments
• Optimising the multiplex factor of the frequency domain multiplexed readout of the TES-based microcalorimeter imaging array for the X-IFU instrument on the Athena Xray observatory
• Measuring the electron neutrino mass with improved sensitivity: the HOLMES experiment
• Investigation of peak shapes in the MIBETA experiment calibrations

Cited by in corpus (10)

• Direct Measurements of Neutrino Mass
• Applications for Microwave Kinetic Induction Detectors in Advanced Instrumentation
• Most stringent bound on electron neutrino mass obtained with a scalable low temperature microcalorimeter array
• Progress in the development of TES microcalorimeter detectors suitable for neutrino mass measurement
• Determining Absolute Neutrino Mass using Quantum Technologies
• Neutrino mass measurements using cryogenic detectors
• Searches for beyond-standard-model physics with astroparticle physics instruments
• Impact of embedded ${}^{163}$Ho on the performance of the transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters of the HOLMES experiment
• Individual Neutrino Masses From a Supernova
• Phenomenological Modeling of the ${}^{163}$Ho Calorimetric Electron Capture Spectrum from the HOLMES Experiment