Closest Star Seen Orbiting the Supermassive Black Hole at the Centre of the Milky Way

Abstract

Measurements of stellar velocities and variable X-ray emission near the centre of the Milky Way have provided the strongest evidence so far that the dark mass concentrations seen in many galactic nuclei are likely supermassive black holes, but have not yet excluded several alternative configurations. Here we report ten years of high resolution astrometric imaging that allow us to trace two thirds of the orbit of the star currently closest to the compact radio source and massive black hole candidate SgrA*. In particular, we have observed both peri- and apocentre passages. Our observations show that the star is on a bound, highly elliptical Keplerian orbit around SgrA*, with an orbital period of 15.2 years and a peri-centre distance of only 17 light hours. The orbital elements require an enclosed point mass of 3.7+-1.5x10^6 solar masses. The data exclude with high confidence that the central dark mass consists of a cluster of astrophysical objects or massive, degenerate fermions, and strongly constrain the central density structure.

13 pages, 3 figures, scheduled for publication in Nature on 17 Oct 2002

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• Constraints on Yukawa gravity parameters from observations of bright stars
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• Polarized Emission of Sagittarius A*
• Close stars and an inactive accretion disk in Sgr A*: Eclipses and flares
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• The search for spinning black hole binaries in mock LISA data using a genetic algorithm
• Clocks around Sgr A*
• Extreme mass ratio inspiral rates: dependence on the massive black hole mass
• A KMOS survey of the nuclear disk of the Milky Way I: Survey design and metallicities
• Detection of the Sgr A* activity at 3.8 and 4.8 microns with NACO
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• Observational Evidence for Black Holes
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• Wisps in the Galactic center: NIR triggered observations of the radio source Sgr A* at 43 GHz
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• Modelling the formation of the circumnuclear ring in the Galactic centre
• Radial Velocities of Stars in the Galactic Center
• Odin observations of H2O in the Galactic Centre
• Star Formation and Dynamics in the Galactic Centre
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• Sixteen years of X-ray monitoring of Sagittarius A*: Evidence for a decay of the faint flaring rate from 2013 August, 13 months before a rise in the bright flaring rate
• Limits on the Position Wander of Sgr A*
• Using infrared/X-ray flare statistics to probe the emission regions near the event horizon of Sgr A*
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• Searching for Intermediate Mass Black Holes in galaxies with Low Luminosity AGN: A multiple-method approach
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• Rotation in Event Horizon Telescope Movies
• Near-infrared polarimetry as a tool for testing properties of accreting super-massive black holes
• Bright stars and an inactive disk in Sgr A* and other dormant galaxy centers. I. The optically thick disk
• Study of the X-ray activity of Sgr A* during the 2011 XMM-Newton campaign
• The variability of Sagittarius A* at 3 millimeter
• Accretion of Low Angular Momentum Material onto Black Holes: Radiation Properties of Axisymmetric MHD Flows
• Flares and variability from Sagittarius A*: five nights of simultaneous multi-wavelength observations
• X-ray Scattering Halos from the Galactic Center: Implications for Diffuse Emission Around SgrA*
• Predictive model of fermionic dark matter halos with a quantum core and an isothermal atmosphere
• Simultaneous Monitoring of X-ray and Radio Variability in Sagittarius A*
• Collapse of Uniformly Rotating Stars to Black Holes and the Formation of Disks
• The enigma of GCIRS 3 - Constraining the properties of the mid-infrared reference star of the central parsec of the Milky Way with optical long baseline interferometry
• Can mixed star-plus-wormhole systems mimic black holes?
• Kinematic signatures of reverberation mapping of close binaries of supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei. II. Atlas of two-dimensional transfer functions
• Linearly and Circularly Polarized Emission in Sagittarius A*
• Periapsis shifts in dark matter distribution around a black hole
• Ks- and Lp-band polarimetry on stellar and bow-shock sources in the Galactic center
• XMM-Newton observations of the Galactic Centre Region - II: The soft thermal emission
• Testing Horndeski gravity with S2 star orbit
• Probing chiral and flavored $Z^{\prime }$ from cosmic bursts through neutrino interactions
• A binary system in the S cluster close to the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*
• On the dissolution of star clusters in the Galactic centre. I. Circular orbits
• Capture of a Red Giant by the Black Hole Sagittarius A* as a Possible Origin for the TeV Gamma Rays from the Galactic Center
• Constraining the accretion flow density profile near Sgr A* using the $L^{\prime }$-band emission of the S2 star
• ALMA backed NIR high resolution integral field spectroscopy of the NUGA galaxy NGC 1433
• Black Holes Up Close
• Forming circumnuclear disks and rings in galactic nuclei: a competition between supermassive black hole and nuclear star cluster
• Gamma-ray detection from neutralino annihilation in non--universal SUGRA scenarios
• Consistency of the Infrared Variability of Sgr A* over 22 years
• Gravitomagnetism and Pulsar Beam Precession near a Kerr Black Hole
• Near-infrared Polarimetry of flares from Sgr A* with Subaru/CIAO
• Milky Way type galaxies in a LCDM cosmology
• The apparent tail of the Galactic center object G2/DSO
• Soft gamma-ray constraints on a bright flare from the Galactic Center supermassive black hole
• MC Simulations of the Broadband Spectra of Sagittarius A* through the use of GRMHD
• High-speed molecular cloudlets around the Galactic Center supermassive black hole
• Estimating the parameters of Hybrid Palatini gravity model with the Schwarzschild precession of S2, S38 and S55 stars: case of bulk mass distribution
• Why Massive Black Holes are Small in Disk Galxies?
• First observed interaction of the circumstellar envelope of an S-star with the environment of Sgr A*
• An evolving hot spot orbiting around Sgr A*
• Impact of Accretion Flow Dynamics on Gas-dynamical Black Hole Mass Estimates
• Boson-fermion stars: exploring different configurations
• Constraining the number of compact remnants near Sgr A*
• Off-equatorial stable circular orbits for spinning particles
• Using close stars as probes of hot accretion flow in Sgr A*
• Two-dimensional structure of thin transonic discs: theory and observational manifestations
• Capture Rates of Compact Objects by Supermassive Black Holes
• The fate of supernova remnants near quiescent supermassive black holes
• Continuation of the X-ray monitoring of Sgr A*: the increase in bright flaring rate confirmed
• Observation of the apoapsis of S62 in 2019 with NIRC2 and SINFONI
• Search for gamma-ray line signals around the black hole at the galactic center with DAMPE observation
• Revisiting the 2PN pericentre precession in view of possible future measurements of it
• Upper Limit on Brackett-gamma Emission from the Immediate Accretion Flow onto the Galactic Black Hole
• The Position, Motion, and Mass of Sgr A*
• The Nature of Linearly Polarized Millimeter and Sub-millimeter Emission in Sagittarius A*
• Accretion models of Sgr A*
• A first search of transients in the Galactic Center from 230 GHz ALMA observations
• Adaptive optics assisted near-infrared polarization measurements of sources in the Galactic Center
• Monitoring the Galactic Centre with Australia Telescope Compact Array
• Dynamical Instability of Self-Gravitating Membranes
• Parameter study for hot spot trajectories around Sgr$A\ast$
• Simplified models of circumstellar morphologies for interpreting high-resolution data. Analytical approach to the equatorial density enhancement
• Constraining the Stellar Mass Function in the Galactic Center via Mass Loss from Stellar Collisions
• The $M-\sigma$ relation between supermassive black holes and their host galaxies
• Resonant Dynamical Friction Around a Super-Massive Black Hole: Analytical Description
• Unrecognized Astrometric Confusion in the Galactic Centre
• Annihilation Radiation of Dark Matter in Heterotic Orbifold Models
• Coordinated multi-wavelength observations of Sgr A*
• Virtual Black Holes and the S-matrix
• Zeroth and First Order Stochastic Frank-Wolfe Algorithms for Constrained Optimization
• Stellar winds near massive black holes: The case of the S-stars
• Three-dimensional Radiative Properties of Hot Accretion Flows onto the Galactic Centre Black Hole
• Gravitational signals due to tidal interactions between white dwarfs and black holes
• Divergences in gravitational-wave emission and absorption from extreme mass ratio binaries
• Confronting the jet model of Sgr A* with the Faraday rotation measure observations
• X-rays from cusps of compact remnants near galactic centres
• 25 years of XMM-Newton observations of the Sgr A complex: 3D distribution and internal structure of the clouds
• Evolution of eccentric stellar disks around supermassive black holes: the complex disk disruption dynamics and the milliparsec stars
• Motion of test particle in rotating boson star
• Correlation between Flux and Spectral Index during Flares in Sagittarius A*
• The X-ray footprint of the CircumNuclear Disk
• Premerger localization of intermediate mass binary black holes with LISA and prospects of joint observations with Athena and LSST
• Constraints on jet-driven disk accretion in Sagittarius A*
• Detection of pulsar beams deflected by the black hole in Sgr A*: effects of black hole spin
• Lobe Overflow as the Likely Cause of Pericenter Outburst in an SMBH Orbiter
• Approaching the event horizon: 1.3mm VLBI of SgrA*
• Exploring the presence of a fifth force at the Galactic Center
• A new line element derived from the variable rest mass in gravitational field
• Disentangling Confused Stars at the Galactic Center with Long Baseline Infrared Interferometry
• The Mass of the Black Hole in NGC 5273 from Stellar Dynamical Modeling
• Prospects for the observation of continuous gravitational waves from spinning neutron stars lensed by the galactic supermassive black hole
• The impact of gravitational lensing in the reconstruction of stellar orbits around Sgr A*
• An independent hybrid imaging of Sgr A* from the data in EHT 2017 observations
• Evolution of supermassive black holes
• Heating the intergalactic medium by radiative decay of neutrinos
• High-resolution Millimeter-VLBI Imaging of Sgr A*
• Constraining a disformal Schwarzschild black hole in DHOST theories with the orbit of the S2 star
• Atomic X-ray Spectroscopy of Accreting Black Holes
• What Would Happen If We Were About 1 pc Away from a Supermassive Black Hole?
• Classical dynamics on three dimensional fuzzy space: Connecting the short and long length scales
• Speed limit of quantum dynamics near the event horizon of black holes
• Observational evidences for the existence of 17.4 keV decaying degenerate sterile neutrinos near the Galactic Center
• Probing the Low-mass End of the Black Hole Mass Function via a Study of Faint Local Spiral Galaxies
• Candidate Young Stellar Objects in the S-cluster: The Kinematic Analysis of a Sub-population of the Low-mass G-objects close to Sgr A*
• High-(Energy)-Lights -- The Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Sky
• Absorption cross-sections of small quasi-spherical black holes: the massless scalar case
• An adaptive scheduling tool to optimize measurements to reach a scientific objective: methodology and application to the measurements of stellar orbits in the Galactic Center
• Decaying Sterile Neutrinos as a Heating Source in the Milky Way Center
• Dark Matter as an active gravitational agent in cloud complexes
• Never bet against Einstein
• Dynamical Measurement of Supermassive Black Hole Masses: QPE Timing Method
• Deviation in stellar trajectory induced by asymmetry in partial tidal disruption
• Gravitational atoms beyond the test field limit: The case of Sgr A* and ultralight dark matter
• The HYPERMUCHFUSS Campaign -- an undiscovered high velocity population
• Red giant - jet collisions in galactic nuclei I: 3D hydrodynamical model of a few stellar orbits
• A two-fluid model for black-hole accretion flows: particle acceleration and disc structure
• The frozen (inactive) disk in Sgr A: freezing the accretion of the hot gas too?
• Coordinated mm/sub-mm observations of Sagittarius A* in May 2007
• The contribution of young core-collapse supernova remnants to the X-ray emission near quiescent supermassive black holes
• Radial Velocity Measurements of an Orbiting Star Around Sgr A*
• A follow-up on intermediate-mass black hole candidates in the second LIGO-Virgo observing run with the Bayes Coherence Ratio
• High-velocity hot CO emission close to Sgr A*: Herschel/HIFI submillimeter spectral survey toward Sgr A*
• Doppler Boosting of the S-stars in the Galactic Center
• Can decaying sterile neutrinos account for all dark matter?
• Relatively complicated? Using models to teach general relativity at different levels
• Selected Chapters on Active Galactic Nuclei as Relativistic Systems
• X-ray Filament with a Strong 6.7 keV Line in the Galactic Center Region
• Interstellar communication. IV. Benchmarking information carriers
• Cylindrical black hole solutions in $f(\mathcal{R})$ and $f(\mathcal{R},\mathcal{A},A^{\mu \nu }{A}_{\mu \nu })$ modified gravity
• Intermediate Mass Black Holes: A brief review
• Black holes, the Big Bang and the habitable universe: Are they really compatible?
• Star formation in the central 0.5 pc of the Milky Way
• Radio Variability of the Sagittarius ${\mathrm{A}}^{\ast }$ due to an Orbiting Star
• Korteweg-de Vries Integrals for Modified Black Hole Potentials: Instabilities and other Questions
• Planetary Systems in a Star Cluster II: intermediate-mass black holes and planetary systems
• Black holes in the expanding Universe
• Reference Frame in General Relativity
• Accelerations of stars in central 2-7 arcsec from Sgr A*
• Detectability of dark matter density distribution via gravitational waves from binary black holes in the Galactic center
• The Jet in the Galactic Center: An Ideal Laboratory for Magnetohydrodynamics and General Relativity
• Resonant interactions from dynamical perturbers on generic orbits around an extreme mass ratio inspiral
• Astrophysical black holes
• Hot Molecular Gas in the Central 10 Parsecs of the Galaxy
• Stellar rotation as a new observable to test general relativity in the Galactic Center
• Stability of planetary systems within the S-star cluster: the Solar system analogues
• Impact of a granular mass distribution on the orbit of S2 in the Galactic center
• The effects of the spin and quadrupole moment of SgrA* on the orbits of S stars
• Formation and Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes
• A feasibility study of future observations with MIDI and other VLTI science instruments: The example of the Galactic Center
• Black holes and the supermassive compact object at the Galactic center: multi-arts of thought and nature
• The Galactic Center
• Improved Covariance Matrix Estimator using Shrinkage Transformation and Random Matrix Theory
• The Existence of Sterile Neutrino Halos in Galactic Centers as an Explanation of the Black Hole mass - Velocity Dispersion Relation
• A proposal for enhancing technosignature search toward the Galactic center
• Analytic Post-Newtonian Astrometric and Spectroscopic Models of Orbits around Black Holes
• A new paradigm for the universe
• Locating the VHE source in the Galactic Centre with milli-arcsecond accuracy
• Observing stellar bow shocks
• A Relativistic Disk in Sagittarius A*
• Detecting Black Hole Occultations by Stars with Space Interferometric Telescopes
• Gas Inflow and Star Formation near Supermassive Black Holes: The Role of Nuclear Activity
• Constraints on a fifth force from the stellar orbits around the central supermassive black hole of the Milky Way
• Closing the gap: Follow-up observations of peculiar dusty objects close to Sgr A* using ERIS
• Correlations between Supermassive Black Holes and their Hosts in Active Galaxies
• The dynamics of S-stars and G-sources orbiting a supermassive compact object made of fermionic dark matter
• The Chemistry and Kinematics of Two Molecular Clouds near Sagittarius A*
• Polarimetric Imaging of Sgr A* in its Flaring State
• Constraining Scalar-Tensor gravity models by S2 star orbits around the Galactic Center
• Lorentz Transformation and General Covariance Principle
• Vacuum polarization effects in the background of a deformed compact object and implications for photon velocity
• Constraining Axion Dark Matter with Galactic-Centre Resonant Dynamics
• Merger of Black Holes in the Galactic Center
• Extended mass and spheroidal deformation effects on epicyclic frequencies and periapsis shift in quasi-circular orbits
• A fundamental test for physics: the galactic supermassive obscure bodies
• A New X-Ray Flare from the Galactic Nucleus Detected with the XMM-Newton
• Tidal phenomena in the Galactic Center: The curious case of X7
• Photometric Constraints on Intermediate-mass Black Holes in the Galactic Centre
• Black Hole Cold Brew: Fermi Degeneracy Pressure
• SgrA* emission at 7mm: variability and periodicity
• Crossing the dark matter soliton core: a possible reversed orbital precession
• The gas streamer G1-2-3 in the Galactic Center
• Detection of Gravitational Wave Emission by Supermassive Black Hole Binaries Through Tidal Disruption Flares
• Implication of spin constraints by the Event Horizon Telescope on stellar orbits in the Galactic Center
• What is the amount of baryonic dark matter in galaxies?
• Demonstration of Plate Analysis, an algorithm for precise relative astrometry
• Discriminating between different scenarios for the formation and evolution of massive black holes with LISA
• Phase Spaces in Special Relativity: Towards Eliminating Gravitational Singularities
• Composition of the galactic center star cluster: Population analysis from adaptive optics narrow band spectral energy distributions
• Tidal Capture by a Black Hole and Flares in Galactic Centres
• Revisiting the Evolutionary Status of Massive Stars at the central parsec of the Milky Way
• Molecular gas in the immediate vicinity of Sgr A* seen with ALMA
• Rotation Curve of Galaxies by the Force Induced by Mass of Moving Particles
• Recurrent Instability in LMXB Accretion Disks: How Strange is GRS 1915+105?
• Periapsis shift and deflection of light by hairy black holes
• The European Southern Observatory and VLT Telescopes on Paranal
• Searching for gravitational waves emitted by binaries with spinning components
• What does lie at the Milky Way centre? Insights from the S2 star orbit precession
• Kinetic Effects on Turbulence Driven by the Magnetorotational Instability in Black Hole Accretion