The Neutral Atomic Phases of the ISM in the Galaxy

Abstract

Much of the interstellar medium in disk galaxies is in the form of neutral atomic hydrogen, H I. This gas can be in thermal equilibrium at relatively low temperatures, T < 300 K (the cold neutral medium, or CNM) or at temperatures somewhat less than 10^4 K (the warm neutral medium, or WNM). These two phases can coexist over a narrow range of pressures, P_min < P < P_max. We determine P_min and P_max in the plane of the Galaxy as a function of Galactocentric radius R using recent determinations of the gas heating rate and the gas phase abundances of interstellar gas. We provide an analytic approximation for P_min as a function of metallicity, far-ultraviolet radiation field, and the ionization rate of atomic hydrogen. Over most of the disk of the Galaxy, the H I must be in two phases: the weight of the H I in the gravitational potential of the Galaxy is large enough to generate thermal pressures exceeding P_min, so that turbulent pressure fluctuations can produce cold gas that is thermally stable; and the mean density of the H I is too low for the gas to be all CNM. Our models predict the presence of CNM gas to R = 16-18 kpc, somewhat farther than previous estimates. We also examine the potential impact of turbulent heating on our results and provide expressions for the heating rate as a function of Galactic radius.

78 pages plus 19 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ (Abridged abstract)

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• Cosmic-ray propagation in the bi-stable interstellar medium. I. Conditions for cosmic-ray trapping
• The magnetic environment of the Orion-Eridanus superbubble as revealed by Planck
• Diffuse Neutrino and Gamma-ray Emissions of the Galaxy above the TeV
• Phase separation and nucleation in mixtures of particles with different temperatures
• The simulation of molecular clouds formation in the Milky Way
• The nature of gamma-ray emission of Tycho's supernova remnant
• X-shooter observations of strong H${}_2$-bearing DLAs at high redshift
• Star Formation in Nuclear Rings of Barred Galaxies
• High [OIII]/[CII] surface brightness ratios trace early starburst galaxies
• [C II] emission from galactic nuclei in the presence of X-rays
• Modelling and simulation of large-scale polarized dust emission over the southern Galactic cap using the GASS HI data
• The thinnest cold HI clouds in the diffuse interstellar medium?
• 3D chemical structure of diffuse turbulent ISM. I. Statistics of the HI-to-H${}_2$ transition
• "Missing Link" Clouds in the Southern Galactic Plane Survey
• On the Nature of the Heat Source for Damped Lya Systems
• RAMSES-RTZ: Non-Equilibrium Metal Chemistry and Cooling Coupled to On-The-Fly Radiation Hydrodynamics
• GMC Collisions as Triggers of Star Formation. I. Parameter Space Exploration with 2D Simulations
• Characterizing the transition from diffuse atomic to dense molecular clouds in the Magellanic clouds with [CII], [CI], and CO
• GASKAP-HI Pilot Survey Science I: ASKAP Zoom Observations of HI Emission in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Effective photon mass and (dark) photon conversion in the inhomogeneous Universe
• The radial variation of HI velocity dispersions in dwarfs and spirals
• A chemical model for the interstellar medium in galaxies
• TORUS-3DPDR: A self-consistent code treating three-dimensional photoionization and photodissociation regions
• The Multi-phase Turbulence Density Power Spectra in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• Dust Polarization Maps from TIGRESS: E/B power asymmetry and TE correlation
• Molecular Gas Velocity Dispersions in the Andromeda Galaxy
• The prevalence of star formation as a function of Galactocentric radius
• The temperature of the WNM in the Milky Way
• Physical Properties of Complex C Halo Clouds
• 3D simulations of pillars formation around HII regions: the importance of shock curvature
• The PhotoDissociation Region Toolbox: Software and Models for Astrophysical Analysis
• Rotationally Warm Molecular Hydrogen in the Orion Bar
• A universal relation between the properties of supermassive black holes, galaxies, and dark matter halos
• The [CII]--SFR correlation in dwarf galaxies across cosmic time
• Combining radiative transfer and diffuse interstellar medium physics to model star formation
• Towards a radially-resolved semi-analytic model for the evolution of disc galaxies tuned with machine learning
• Molecular cooling in the diffuse interstellar medium
• Probing the Physical Conditions of Atomic Gas at High Redshift
• The HI Probability Distribution Function and the Atomic-to-Molecular Transition in Molecular Clouds
• DHIGLS: DRAO H I Intermediate Galactic Latitude Survey
• Carbon and hydrogen radio recombination lines from the cold clouds towards Cassiopeia A
• HI filaments are cold and associated with dark molecular gas. HI4PI based estimates of the local diffuse CO-dark H2 distribution
• The [CII] Deficit in LIRGs and ULIRGs is Due to High-Temperature Saturation
• HI-to-H2 Transition Layers in the Star-Forming Region W43
• HI-to-H2 Transitions in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• Origin and z-distribution of Galactic diffuse [CII] emission
• Herschel-PACS observations of [OI]63um towards submillimetre galaxies at z~1
• Code Comparison in Galaxy Scale Simulations with Resolved Supernova Feedback: Lagrangian vs. Eulerian Methods
• Structure and kinematics of a massive galaxy at z ~ 7
• The Galactic dynamics revealed by the filamentary structure in atomic hydrogen emission
• The First Large Absorption Survey in HI (FLASH): I. Science Goals and Survey Design
• Time-dependent H2 formation and protonation
• Extracting the cold neutral medium from HI emission with deep learning: Implications for Galactic foregrounds at high latitude
• Exploring the properties of warm and cold atomic hydrogen in the Taurus and Gemini regions
• Excitation temperature of the warm neutral medium as a new probe of the Lyman-α radiation field
• RIGEL: Simulating dwarf galaxies at solar mass resolution with radiative transfer and feedback from individual massive stars
• On the Absence of High Metallicity-High Column Density Damped Lyman Alpha Systems: Molecule Formation in a Two-Phase Interstellar Medium
• Cloud formation in the atomic and molecular phase: HI self absorption (HISA) towards a Giant Molecular Filament
• Cosmic ray driven winds in the Galactic environment and the cosmic ray spectrum
• The Global Magneto-Ionic Medium Survey: Polarimetry of the Southern Sky from 300 to 480 MHz
• Effect of the heating rate on the stability of the three-phase interstellar medium
• The Origin of Interstellar Turbulence in M33
• A simple model for molecular hydrogen chemistry coupled to radiation hydrodynamics
• Simulating galaxy evolution with a non-universal stellar initial mass function
• Thermal and turbulent properties of the Warm Neutral Medium in the solar neighborhood
• Mapping metals at high redshift with far-infrared lines
• Oxygen Abundances in the Milky Way Using X-ray Absorption Measurements Towards Galaxy Clusters
• Arkenstone I: A Novel Method for Robustly Capturing High Specific Energy Outflows In Cosmological Simulations
• The cosmic carbon footprint of massive stars stripped in binary systems
• Kiloparsec-Scale Simulations of Star Formation in Disk Galaxies. I. The unmagnetized and zero-feedback limit
• Effects of dust scattering albedo and 2175 A bump on ultraviolet colours of normal disc galaxies
• Synthetic CO, H2 and HI surveys of the Galactic 2nd Quadrant, and the properties of molecular gas
• Ly-alpha Radiative Transfer: Monte-Carlo Simulation of the Wouthuysen-Field Effect
• The EDIBLES survey IV. Cosmic ray ionization rates in diffuse clouds from near-ultraviolet observations of interstellar OH${}^{+}$
• The effect of non-equilibrium metal cooling on the interstellar medium
• The turbulent fragmentation of the interstellar medium: The impact of metallicity on global star formation
• Blind HI and OH absorption line search: first results with MALS and uGMRT processed using ARTIP
• Massive star cluster formation I. High star formation efficiency while resolving feedback of individual stars
• The global structure of magnetic fields and gas in simulated Milky Way-analogue galaxies
• Using [CII] 158 micron Emission From Isolated ISM Phases as a Star-Formation Rate Indicator
• 21-cm absorption from galaxies at z ~ 0.3
• Cosmic rays across the star-forming galaxy sequence. I: Cosmic ray pressures and calorimetry
• Chemical Abundances in a Turbulent Medium -- H${}_2$, OH${}^{+}$, H${}_2$O${}^{+}$, ArH${}^{+}$
• HI content, metallicities and spin temperatures of damped and sub-damped Lyman alpha systems in the redshift desert (0.6 < z < 1.7)
• [CII] 158 micron line detection of the warm ionized medium in the Scutum--Crux spiral arm tangency
• Accurate measurement of the HI column density from HI 21cm absorption-emission spectroscopy
• Star Formation Induced by Cloud-Cloud Collisions and Galactic Giant Molecular Cloud Evolution
• MHD simulation of the formation of clumps and filaments in quiescent diffuse medium by thermal instability
• Mapping Jet-ISM Interactions in X-ray Binaries with ALMA: A GRS 1915$+$105 Case Study
• WARPFIELD Population Synthesis: The physics of (extra-)Galactic star formation and feedback driven cloud structure and emission from sub-to-kpc scales
• A Catalog of HI Clouds in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Low Frequency Carbon Radio Recombination Lines I: Calculations of Departure Coefficients
• Flow-Driven Cloud Formation and Fragmentation: Results From Eulerian and Lagrangian Simulations
• Non-Equilibrium Chemistry and Destruction of CO by X-ray Flares
• Star Formation in Disk Galaxies. III. Does stellar feedback result in cloud death?
• How radiation affects superbubbles: Through momentum injection in early phase and photo-heating thereafter
• Modelling the ArH${}^{+}$ emission from the Crab Nebula
• Cloud formation in colliding flows: influence of the choice of cooling function
• Suppression of accretion onto low-mass Population III stars
• The physical drivers of the atomic hydrogen-halo mass relation
• Turbulent diffusion of streaming cosmic rays in compressible, partially ionised plasma
• Recovering interstellar gas properties with HI spectral lines: A comparison between synthetic spectra and 21-SPONGE
• Positron Annihilation on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon molecules in the Interstellar Medium
• The in situ formation of molecular and warm ionised gas triggered by hot outflows
• New composition dependent cooling and heating curves for galaxy evolution simulations
• Thermal instability and multi-phase interstellar medium in the first galaxies
• Dynamics of H II regions around exiled O stars
• How chemistry influences cloud structure, star formation, and the IMF
• Physical properties of CO-dark molecular gas traced by C${}^{+}$
• HD/H2 as a probe of the roles of gas, dust, light, metallicity and cosmic rays in promoting the growth of molecular hydrogen in the diffuse interstellar medium
• All-sky census of Galactic high-latitude molecular intermediate-velocity clouds
• GMCs scaling relations: role of the cloud definition
• HI anisotropies associated with radio-polarimetric filaments. Steep power spectra associated with cold gas
• PDFchem: A new fast method to determine ISM properties and infer environmental parameters using probability distributions
• Simulating the atomic and molecular content of molecular clouds using probability distributions of physical parameters
• Influence of Alfven waves on the Thermal Instability in the Interstellar Medium
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: On the nature of an extremely obscured serendipitous galaxy
• [CII] halos in ALPINE galaxies: smoking-gun of galactic outflows?
• Thermal Pressures in the Interstellar Medium of the Magellanic Clouds
• Numerical code for multi-component galaxies: from N-body to chemistry and magnetic fields
• Atomic Chemistry In Turbulent Astrophysical Media I: Effect of Atomic Cooling
• Compact HI clouds from the GALFA-HI survey
• Observable Signatures of the low-z Circum-Galactic and Inter-Galactic Medium : UV Line Emission in Simulations
• The thermally-unstable warm neutral medium: key for modeling the interstellar medium
• Galactic Spiral Shocks with Thermal Instability in Vertically Stratified Galactic Disks
• Star Formation in Nuclear Rings with the TIGRESS Framework
• Calibrating the HISA temperature: Measuring the temperature of the Riegel-Crutcher cloud
• The Inception of Star Cluster Formation Revealed by [CII] Emission Around an Infrared Dark Cloud
• Cosmic-rays, gas, and dust in nearby anticentre clouds : II -- Interstellar phase transitions and the Dark Neutral Medium
• The CH+ Abundance in Turbulent, Diffuse Molecular Clouds
• Simulating Anisotropic Thermal Conduction in Supernova Remnants, Implications for the Interstellar Medium
• An Unbiased Survey for Molecular Clouds in the Southern Galactic Warp
• Cosmic rays across the star-forming galaxy sequence. II: Stability limits and the onset of cosmic ray-driven outflows
• A Herschel/HIFI Legacy Survey of HF and H2O in the Galaxy: Probing Diffuse Molecular Cloud Chemistry
• Extended Carbon Line Emission in the Galaxy: Searching for Dark Molecular Gas along the G328 Sightline
• A successful search for intervening 21 cm HI absorption in galaxies at 0.4 < z <1.0 with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP)
• The Life Cycle of the Central Molecular Zone. II: Distribution of atomic and molecular gas tracers
• Compressed magnetized shells of atomic gas and the formation of the Corona Australis molecular cloud
• Probing feedback in protogalaxies: Multiphase gas in a DLA at z~2.4
• Detectability of [CII] 158 micron emission from high-redshift galaxies: predictions for ALMA and SPICA
• The Ultraviolet Extinction Map and Dust Property at High Galactic Latitude
• Discovery of Star Formation in the Extreme Outer Galaxy Possibly Induced by a High-velocity Cloud Impact
• Infrared Spectroscopy of Halos of Edge-on Galaxies
• Characterizing the Multi-Phase Origin of [CII] Emission in M101 and NGC 6946 with Velocity Resolved Spectroscopy
• The Role of Ambipolar Diffusion in the Formation Process of Moderately Magnetized Diffuse Clouds
• The Origins and Physical Properties of the Complex of Local Interstellar Clouds
• A lack of constraints on the cold opaque HI mass: HI spectra in M31 and M33 prefer multi-component models over a single cold opaque component
• The PDR structure and kinematics around the compact HII regions S235A and S235C with [CII], [13CII], [OI] and HCO+ line profiles
• Spectral index of synchrotron emission: insights from the diffuse and magnetised interstellar medium
• GASKAP-HI Pilot Survey Science III: An unbiased view of cold gas in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Extinction and dust properties in a clumpy medium
• High-energy processes in starburst-driven winds
• Size distribution of superbubbles
• Isentropic thermal instability in atomic surface layers of photodissociation regions
• Predicting HCN, HCO+, multi-transition CO, and dust emission of star-forming galaxies From local spiral and ultraluminous infrared galaxies to high-z star-forming and submillimeter galaxies
• Molecular Cloud Evolution VI. Measuring cloud ages
• A Framework for Modeling Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emission in Galaxy Evolution Simulations
• The SOFIA FEEDBACK Legacy Survey: Dynamics and mass ejection in the bipolar HII region RCW 36
• Can the thermal instability drive turbulence?
• Galaxy Outflows Without Supernovae
• Detection of metallicity correlations in 100 nearby galaxies
• Turbulence measurements from HI absorption spectra
• Carbon radio recombination lines from gigahertz to megahertz frequencies towards Orion A
• Alignment of the magnetic field in star forming regions and why it might be difficult to observe
• The interplay between feedback, accretion, transport and winds in setting gas-phase metal distribution in galaxies
• GASKAP Pilot Survey Science II: ASKAP Zoom Observations of Galactic 21-cm Absorption
• Exploring the Milky Way Circumgalactic Medium in a Cosmological Context with a Semi-Analytic Model
• A systematic study of Galactic infrared bubbles along the Galactic plane with AKARI and Herschel
• Alone on a wide wide sea. The origin of SECCO 1, an isolated star-forming gas cloud in the Virgo cluster
• Hydrodynamic simulations of an isolated star-forming gas cloud in the Virgo cluster
• The role of neutral hydrogen in setting the abundances of molecular species in the Milky Way's diffuse interstellar medium. I. Observational constraints from ALMA and NOEMA
• The Early Stage of Molecular Cloud Formation by Compression of Two-phase Atomic Gases
• A 3D model for CO molecular line emission as a potential CMB polarization contaminant
• Inhomogeneity within Local Interstellar Clouds
• The Interstellar Medium and Star Formation of Galactic Disks. I. ISM and GMC properties with Diffuse FUV and Cosmic Ray Backgrounds
• On the stability of bow shocks generated by red supergiants: the case of IRC-10414
• The driving scale -- density decorrelation scale relation in a turbulent medium
• The multiphase and magnetized neutral hydrogen seen by LOFAR
• Deviations from the Schmidt-Kennicutt relations during early galaxy evolution
• An ATCA Survey of HI Absorption in the Magellanic Clouds I: HI Gas Temperature Measurements in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Study Turbulence and Probe Magnetic Field Using Gradients Technique: Application to HI-to-H2 Transition Regions
• A New Constraint on the Physical Nature of Damped Lyman Alpha Systems
• Kiloparsec-Scale Simulations of Star Formation in Disk Galaxies. IV. Regulation of Galactic Star Formation Rates by Stellar Feedback
• C+/H2 Gas in Star-Forming Clouds and Galaxies
• On the Inference of the Cosmic Ray Ionization Rate $\zeta$ from the HCO${}^{+}$-to-DCO${}^{+}$ Abundance Ratio: The Effect of Nuclear Spin
• Turbulent dissipation, CH${}^{+}$ abundance, H${}_2$ line luminosities, and polarization in the cold neutral medium
• Using 21-cm absorption surveys to measure the average HI spin temperature in distant galaxies
• Collapse and fragmentation of molecular clouds under pressure
• The chemical connection between damped Lyman-α systems and Local Group dwarf galaxies
• The origin of the [CII]-deficit in a simulated dwarf galaxies starburst
• A survey of HI gas toward the Andromeda Galaxy
• Low Frequency Carbon Radio Recombination Lines II: The Diffuse Interstellar Medium
• How vortices and shocks provide for a flux loop in two-dimensional compressible turbulence
• Physical effects on compact high-velocity clouds in the circumgalactic medium
• Imaging galactic diffuse clouds: CO emission, reddening and turbulent flow in the gas around Zeta Oph
• On the origin of the North Celestial Pole Loop
• Effects of Spiral Arms on Star Formation in Nuclear Rings of Barred-spiral Galaxies
• The sculpting of rectangular and jet-like morphologies in supernova remnants by anisotropic equatorially-confined progenitor stellar winds
• A new method for spatially resolving the turbulence driving mixture in the ISM with application to the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Nonthermal radiation from the central region of super-accreting active galactic nuclei
• Instability of Evaporation Fronts in the Interstellar Medium
• Chandrasekhar and sub-Chandrasekhar models for the X-ray emission of Type Ia supernova remnants (I): Bulk properties
• Formation and Fractionation of CO (carbon monoxide) in diffuse clouds observed at optical and radio wavelengths
• Physical conditions in three high-z H2-bearing DLAs: implications for grain size
• The ALPINE-ALMA [CII] Survey: the population of [CII]-undetected galaxies and their role in the ${\mathrm{L}}_{[\mathrm{CII}]}$-SFR relation
• HI-to-H${}_2$ Transitions in Dust-Free Interstellar Gas
• The Extreme Super-Eddington NLS1 RX J0134.2-4258 -- II. A Weak-Line Seyfert Linking to the Weak-Line Quasar
• Size distribution of supernova remnants and the interstellar medium: the case of M33
• SImulator of GAlaxy Millimetre/submillimetre Emission (SIGAME): CO emission from massive z=2 main-sequence galaxies
• PKSB1740-517: An ALMA view of the cold gas feeding a distant interacting young radio galaxy
• Atomic and molecular gas properties during cloud formation
• MHD Stability of ISM Phase Transition Layers I: Magnetic Field Orthogonal to Front
• Quasi-equilibrium models of high-redshift disc galaxy evolution
• How Long Can Tiny HI Clouds Survive?
• Long-time diffusion and energy transfer in polydisperse mixtures of particles with different temperatures
• Gamma-ray detection of newly discovered Ancora SNR: G288.8-6.3
• A thin diffuse component of the Galactic Ridge X-ray emission and heating of the interstellar medium contributed by the radiation of Galactic X-ray binaries
• Kinematic analysis of the super-extended HI disk of the nearby spiral galaxy M83
• The Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey. XIII. Physical Properties and Mass Functions of Dense Molecular Cloud Structures
• The far-UV Interstellar Radiation Field in Galactic Disks: Numerical and Analytic Models
• Regulating Star Formation in Nearby Dusty Galaxies: Low Photoelectric Efficiencies in the Most Compact Systems
• Mapping low frequency carbon radio recombination lines towards Cassiopeia A at 340, 148, 54 and 43 MHz
• The Pressure of an Equilibrium Interstellar Medium in Galactic Disks
• Self-Sustained Turbulence without Dynamical Forcing: A Two-Dimensional Study of a Bistable Interstellar Medium
• Ram pressure stripping of the multiphase ISM: a detailed view from TIGRESS simulations
• Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies as Extreme Star-forming Environments II: Star Formation and Pressure Balance in HI-Rich UDGs
• Spiral arms and disc stability in the Andromeda galaxy
• Physical properties of a very diffuse HI structure at high Galactic latitude
• A Kennicutt-Schmidt relation at molecular cloud scales and beyond
• Cold HI in faint dwarf galaxies
• The "Maggie" filament: Physical properties of a giant atomic cloud
• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon emission model in photodissociation regions I: Application to the 3.3, 6.2, and 11.2 $\mu$m bands
• Filamentary structures of ionized gas in Cygnus X
• Galactic coronae in Milky Way-like galaxies: the role of stellar feedback in gas accretion
• Supercritical colliding wind binaries
• Far and extreme UV radiation feedback in molecular clouds and its influence on the mass and size of star clusters
• Formation of Massive Star Clusters by Fast HI Gas Collision
• Origin of hydrogen fluoride emission in the Orion Bar: An excellent tracer for CO-dark H2 gas clouds
• Probing the cold neutral medium through HI emission morphology with the scattering transform
• Diagnosing the interstellar medium of galaxies with far-infrared emission lines I. The [C II] 158 microns line at z~0
• Breaking Orion's Veil bubble with fossil outflows
• The effects of local stellar radiation and dust depletion on non-equilibrium interstellar chemistry
• Physical conditions in diffuse interstellar medium of local and high redshift galaxies: measurements based on excitation of H${}_2$ rotational and CI fine-structure levels
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Resolved kinematic studies of main sequence star-forming galaxies at 4<z<6
• The CH radical at radio wavelengths: Revisiting emission in the 3.3GHz ground state lines
• A geostatistical analysis of multiscale metallicity variations in galaxies [II]: Predicting the metallicities of Hii and diffuse ionised gas regions via universal kriging
• Dynamical Formation of the Dark Molecular Hydrogen Clouds around Diffuse HII Regions
• Differences in star formation activity between tidally triggered and isolated bars: a case study of NGC 4303 and NGC 3627
• Supergiants and their shells in young globular clusters
• The structure of HI in galactic disks: Simulations vs observations
• Extending the view of ArH+ chemistry in diffuse clouds
• Estimating kinetic temperature from H I 21 cm absorption studies: correction for the turbulence broadening
• The interstellar medium of high-redshift galaxies: Gathering clues from C III] and [C II] lines
• The Properties of Bound and Unbound Molecular Cloud Populations Formed in Galactic Disc Simulations
• The initial conditions of star formation: cosmic rays as the fundamental regulators
• A statistical measurement of the HI spin temperature in DLAs at cosmological distances
• Bimodal Behavior and Convergence Requirement in Macroscopic Properties of the Multiphase Interstellar Medium Formed by Atomic Converging Flows
• First look at the multiphase interstellar medium with synthetic observations of low-frequency Faraday tomography
• disnht: modeling X-ray absorption from distributed column densities
• Turbulent power distribution in the local interstellar medium
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Population III star formation continues until the end of reionization
• [CII] map of the molecular ring and arms of the spiral galaxy NGC 7331
• On the distribution of the Cold Neutral Medium in galaxy discs
• Molecular gas in absorption and emission along the line of sight to W31C G10.62-0.38
• Disentangling the excitation conditions of the dense gas in M17 SW
• Spinning nano-carbon grains: Viable origin for anomalous microwave emission
• The distribution and properties of DLAs at z $\le$ 2 in the EAGLE simulations
• Synthetic HI observations of a simulated spiral galaxy
• Globules and pillars in Cygnus X III. Herschel and upGREAT/SOFIA far-infrared spectroscopy of the globule IRAS 20319+3958 inCygnus X
• ALMA CO(3-2) Observations of Star-Forming Filaments in a Gas-Poor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• Evaporation and Condensation of HI clouds in thermally bistable interstellar media: semi-analytic description of isobaric dynamics of curved interfaces
• Impact of H${}_2$-driven star formation and stellar feedback from low-enrichment environments on the formation of spiral galaxies
• The Survey of Lines in M31 (SLIM): The Drivers of the [CII]/TIR Variation
• Relativistic electron impact ionization cross sections of carbon ions and application to an optically thin plasma
• Under Pressure: Star Clusters and the Neutral Hydrogen Medium of Tidal Tails
• Variability of massive stars in M31 from the Palomar Transient Factory
• Origin of Galactic Cosmic Rays from Supernova Remnants
• Observational Evidence For Constant Gas Accretion Rate Since z = 5
• The Relationship Between the Dense Neutral and Diffuse Ionized Gas in the Thick Disks of Two Edge-On Spiral Galaxies
• The ALPINE-ALMA [C II] survey: the luminosity function of serendipitous [C II] line emitters at $z\sim 5$
• Dust-to-Gas Ratios of the GALFA-HI Compact Cloud Catalog
• Peering Through the Muck: Notes on the Influence of the Galactic Interstellar Medium on Extragalactic Observations
• Interstellar absorptions and shocked clouds towards supernova remnant RX J0852.0-4622
• Modelling mass distribution of the Milky Way galaxy using Gaia billion-star map
• Detection of the Galactic Warm Neutral Medium in HI 21cm absorption
• The Carbon Inventory in a Quiescent, Filamentary Molecular Cloud in G328
• Critically Evaluated Spectral Data for Singly Ionized Carbon (C II)
• Identification of a Fundamental Transition in a Turbulently-Supported Interstellar Medium
• Efficient radial migration by giant molecular clouds in the first several hundred Myr after the stellar birth
• Pulsar wind nebulae of runaway massive stars
• A fast tree-based method for estimating column densities in Adaptive Mesh Refinement codes Influence of UV radiation field on the structure of molecular clouds
• Photodissociation and the Morphology of HI in Galaxies
• L1599B: Cloud Envelope and C+ Emission in a Region of Moderately Enhanced Radiation Field
• Modelling the evolution and influence of dust in cosmological simulations that include the cold phase of the interstellar medium
• Hybrid-chimes: A model for radiative cooling and the abundances of ions and molecules in simulations of galaxy formation
• Star formation activity beyond the outer Arm I: WISE-selected candidate star-forming regions
• Cloud properties across spatial scales in simulations of the interstellar medium
• The CO-dark molecular gas in the cold HI arc
• Cosmic rays cannot explain the high ionisation rates in the Galactic centre
• Probing the assembly of dwarf galaxies through cosmic time with damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorption spectroscopy
• Molecular Clouds: Internal Properties, Turbulence, Star Formation and Feedback
• Cold HI ejected into the Magellanic Stream
• The Case for Thermalization as a Contributor to the [CII] Deficit
• Warm gas accretion onto the Galaxy
• PDRs4All XVI. Tracing aromatic infrared band characteristics in photodissociation region spectra with PAHFIT in the JWST era
• The Anatomy of a Star-Forming Galaxy II: the role of FUV heating via dust
• Modeling the Statistics of the Cold Neutral Medium in Absorption-selected High-redshift Galaxies
• Infrared dust echoes from neutron star mergers
• Do simulated molecular clouds look like real ones?
• Radio Recombination Line Observations at $1.0-1.5$ GHz with FAST
• GNOMES II: Analysis of the Galactic diffuse molecular ISM in all four ground state hydroxyl transitions using Amoeba
• Spritz is sparkling: simulated CO and [CII] luminosities
• Infrared fine-structure lines at high redshift
• [CI] 492 GHz mapping toward Cas A
• Sub-arcsecond imaging of the radio continuum and neutral hydrogen in the Medusa merger
• Structure of dynamical condensation fronts in the interstellar medium
• HI Self-absorption toward the Cygnus X North: From Atomic Filament to Molecular Filament
• Jeans analysis of the Galactic thick disk and the local dark matter density
• Relation between parameters of dust and parameters of molecular and atomic gas in extragalactic star-forming regions
• Molecular outflows in starburst nuclei
• Interstellar Turbulence and Star Formation
• Molecular hydrogen in Lyman Alpha Emitters
• Particle acceleration, escape and non-thermal emission from core-collapse supernovae inside non-identical wind-blown bubbles
• The influence of magnetic field on the CNM mass fraction and its alignment with density structures
• A Comparison of Multi-Phase Magnetic Field Tracers in a High-Galactic Latitude Region of the Filamentary Interstellar Medium
• Low star formation efficiency due to turbulent adiabatic compression in the Taffy bridge
• A mean density of $112M_{\odot }\mathrm{p}{\mathrm{c}}^{-3}$ for Central Molecular Zone clumps -- Evidences for shear-enabled pressure equilibrium in the Galactic Center
• Neutral hydrogen filaments in interstellar media: Are they physical?
• CO emission and CO hotspots in diffuse molecular gas
• Formation of Galactic Prominence in Galactic Central Region
• Global properties of the HI high velocity sky, a statistical investigation based on the LAB survey
• Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons destruction in star-forming regions across 42 nearby galaxies
• Interactions of a shock with a molecular cloud at various stages of its evolution due to thermal instability and gravity
• SOFIA FEEDBACK survey: PDR diagnostics of stellar feedback in different regions of RCW 49
• Spatially resolved [CII]-gas conversion factor in early galaxies
• Observations of [OI]63micron line emission in main-sequence galaxies at z~1.5
• Cold neutral hydrogen gas in galaxies
• On the propagation of Alfvén waves in the dusty interstellar medium. Can we neglect dust inertia in molecular clouds?
• Overview Results of JWST Observations of Star-Forming Clusters in the Extreme Outer Galaxy
• Metallicity Dependence of Molecular Cloud Hierarchical Structure at Early Evolutionary Stages
• Multiline observations of hydrogen, helium, and carbon radio-recombination lines toward Orion A: A detailed dynamical study and direct determination of physical conditions
• The GMRT archive atomic gas survey -- I. Survey definition, methodology, and initial results from the pilot sample
• Fragmentation of a dynamically condensing radiative layer
• A Molecular Gas Ring Hidden in the Sombrero Galaxy
• A new galaxy spectral energy distribution model consistent with the evolution of dust
• Formation and evolution of the local interstellar environment: combined constraints from nucleosynthetic and X-ray data
• Modelling H${}_2$ and its effects on star formation using a joint implementation of GADGET-3 and KROME
• The Spatial Power Spectrum and Derived Turbulent Properties of Isolated Galaxies
• Long-Term Evolution of Decaying MHD Turbulence in the Multiphase ISM
• Modeling molecular hydrogen in low metallicity galaxies
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Extended [CII] emission in an interacting galaxy system at z ~ 5.5
• Cosmic Ray transport in turbulent magnetic field
• Small-scale structure traced by neutral hydrogen absorption in the direction of multiple-component radio continuum sources
• The physical and the geometrical properties of simulated cold HI structures
• C II radiative cooling of the Galactic diffuse interstellar medium: Insight about the star formation in Damped Lyman-alpha systems
• Spin Temperature and Density of Cold and Warm HI in the Galactic Disk - Hidden HI -
• Polarization power spectra and dust cloud morphology
• Understanding the Baryon Cycle: Fueling Star Formation via Inflows in Milky Way-like Galaxies
• The chemistry of chlorine-bearing species in the diffuse interstellar medium, and new SOFIA/GREAT observations of HCl${}^{+}$
• A comprehensive study on the relation between the metal enrichment of ionised and atomic gas in star-forming galaxies
• CII*/CII ratio in high-redshift DLAs: ISM phase separation drives the observed bimodality of [CII] cooling rates
• Insights into the physics when modeling cold gas clouds in a hot plasma
• Exploring Damped Lyman-$\alpha$ System Host Galaxies using Gamma-ray Bursts
• Thermal Instability behind a Shock Wave in HI and Molecular Clouds
• The impact of cosmic ray heating on the cooling of the low-metallicity interstellar medium
• Mapping Synthetic Observations to Prestellar Core Models: An Interpretable Machine Learning Approach
• Constraining cloud parameters using high density gas tracers in galaxies
• Are the heliosphere, very local interstellar medium, and local cavity in pressure balance with Galactic gravity
• Inadequate turbulent support in low-metallicity molecular clouds
• The relationship between cluster environment and molecular gas content of star-forming galaxies in the EAGLE simulation
• Two-dimensional AMR simulations of colliding flows
• Photoelectric heating effects on the evolution of luminous disk galaxies
• Herschel 158$\mu$m [CII] Observations of "CO-dark" Gas in the Perseus Giant Molecular Cloud
• The cold neutral medium in filaments at high Galactic latitudes
• Star Formation Activity Beyond the Outer Arm II: Distribution and Properties of Star Formation
• A deep-learning approach to the 3D reconstruction of dust density and temperature in star-forming regions
• Predicting HCN, HCO + , multi-transition CO, and dust emission of star-forming galaxies: Constraining the properties of resolved gas and dust disks of local spiral galaxies
• Chemical evolution during the formation of molecular clouds
• Shocks in the warm neutral medium I -- Theoretical model
• The FAST HI 21-cm absorption blind survey. II. -- Statistic Exploration for Associated and Intervening systems
• New HI observations of KK 69. Is KK 69 a dwarf galaxy in transition?
• Neutral carbon in diffuse interstellar medium: abundance matching with H2 for DLAs at high redshifts
• The MeerKAT Absorption Line Survey (MALS) data release 3: Cold atomic gas associated with the Milky Way
• Impact of cosmic web on the properties of galaxies in IllustrisTNG simulations
• Thermal Pressures in the Interstellar Medium away from Stellar Environments
• Effect of turbulent velocity on the \HI intensity fluctuation power spectrum from spiral galaxies
• A tentative $\sim$1000 km s${}^{-1}$ offset between the [CII] 158 $\mu$m and Ly$\alpha$ line emission in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.2$
• The nearby interstellar medium towards alpha Leo -- UV observations and modeling of a warm cloud within hot gas
• Modelling Mechanical Heating in Star-Forming Galaxies: CO and 13CO Line Ratios as Sensitive Probes
• Shocking interactions of supernova remnants with atomic and molecular clouds -- the interplay between shocks, thermal instability and gravity in the large cloud regime
• The inflow and outflow rate evolution of local Milky Way-mass star-forming galaxies since z=1.3
• Shocks and Molecules in Diffuse Interstellar Cloud Pairs
• HESS J1858+020: A GeV-TeV source possibly powered by CRs from SNR G35.6-0.4
• The effect of saturated thermal conduction on clouds in a hot plasma
• Spectroscopy with the Engineering Development Array: cold H${}^{+}$ at 63 MHz towards the Galactic Centre
• Cloud Formation by Supernova Implosion
• Modelling of long gamma-ray burst host galaxies at cosmic noon from damped Lyman-α absorption statistics
• The Density-Magnetic Field Relation in the Atomic ISM
• Rotation measure and synchrotron emission signatures in simulations of magnetized galactic discs
• Full disc [CII] mapping of nearby star-forming galaxies: SOFIA FIFI/LS observations of NGC 3627, NGC 4321, and NGC 6946
• Probing the heating of the neutral atomic interstellar medium in the Dwarf Galaxy Survey through infrared cooling lines
• The origin and evolution of the [CII] deficit in HII regions and star-forming molecular clouds
• A neutral hydrogen absorption study of cold gas in the outskirts of the Magellanic Clouds using the GASKAP-HI survey
• Interstellar HI Shells Identified in the SETHI Survey
• A Galactic Molecular Cloud Clump Catalog from Hi-GAL Data: Method and Initial Results Comparison to BGPS
• The Correlation Between Dust and Gas Contents in Molecular Clouds
• Northern Galactic Molecular Cloud Clumps in Hi-GAL: Clump and Star Formation within Clouds
• Spectral reconstruction for radiation hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy evolution
• Northern Galactic Molecular Cloud Clumps in Hi-GAL: Dense Gas Map and Environmental Trends
• A Search for Narrow Vertical Structures in the Canadian Galactic Plane Survey
• Voyager 3: A Concept Mission to Interstellar Medium
• The EDIBLES survey VI. Searching for time variations of interstellar absorption features
• Shocks in the warm neutral medium II -- Origin of neutral carbon at high pressure
• Galactic Outflows and the pollution of the Galactic Environment by Supernovae
• Atomic and Molecular Phases of the Interstellar Medium
• Statistical signatures of interstellar turbulence in dust polarization maps
• Wind of Change: Faraday Rotation in a Simulated Large Magellanic Cloud
• The fragmentation of molecular clouds in starburst environments
• [C I] and [C II] emission in the circumstellar envelope of IRC +10216 I. Observational data and NLTE modeling of the [C I] emission
• Considerations with stacking absorption spectra: cold HI gas in cirrus region of the Milky Way
• Catastrophic Cooling in Superwinds. II. Exploring the Parameter Space
• Measuring the ISM Content of Nearby, Luminous, Type 1 and Type 2 QSOs through CO and [C II]
• The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST Survey: Gas-phase abundance gradients of main sequence star-forming galaxies and their kinematics at $4<z<6$
• Super-Accreting Active Galactic Nuclei as Neutrino Sources
• Ashes of FIRE: Modeling Dust Grain Size Evolution in the Local Group with FIRE
• The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS): SOFIA detects spatially-resolved [CII] emission in the luminous AGN HE0433-1028
• Cold atomic gas identified by HI self-absorption. Cold atomic clouds toward giant molecular filaments
• Resolving the formation of cold HI filaments in the high velocity cloud complex C
• Gas dynamics in whole galaxies: SPH
• Star Formation and Gas Dynamics in Galactic Disks: Physical Processes and Numerical Models
• Description of turbulent dynamics in the interstellar medium: Multifractal microcanonical analysis: II. Sparse filtering of Herschel observation maps and visualization of filamentary structures at different length scales
• Studying the multi-phase interstellar medium in the Large Magellanic Cloud with SRG/eROSITA -- I. Analysis of diffuse X-ray emission
• Tiny-Scale Properties within the Interstellar Medium towards PSR J1644$-$4559: I. Observational Evidence of Turbulence-induced Tiny Scale Atomic Structures
• The universality of the relation between magnetic fields and star formation in galaxies
• Effect of cosmic rays and ionizing radiation on observational ultraviolet plasma diagnostics in the circumgalactic medium
• The large-scale distribution of ionized metals in IllustrisTNG
• First detection of CF${}^{+}$ in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• A Global View of Molecule-Forming Clouds in the Galaxy
• Shells and bubbles around compact clusters of massive stars: 3D MHD simulations
• Thermal instability and multiphase dynamics in the ISM with polybaric pressure effects
• Modelling the non-equilibrium chemistry of the Milky Way's cold nuclear wind
• Imladris: a detailed and flexible model for galaxy simulations with individual stars
• HI-to-H2 transitions in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• CO Structures with Narrow Lines in Nearby Quiescent Regions
• Bar Properties and Star-by-Star Bar Membership via Action Conservation
• The Interstellar Medium and Star Formation in Dwarf Galaxies
• The MACH HI absorption survey I: Physical conditions of cold atomic gas outside of the Galactic plane
• On the scale-height of the molecular gas disc in Milky Way-like galaxies
• Research on the Interstellar Medium and Star Formation in the Galaxy: An Indian Perspective
• Observations of Carbon Radio Recombination Lines with the NenuFAR telescope. I. Cassiopeia A and Cygnus A
• The contribution of neutral gas to Faraday tomographic data at low frequencies. A first extensive comparison between real and synthetic data