The H.E.S.S. Galactic plane survey

Abstract

We present the results of the most comprehensive survey of the Galactic plane in very high-energy (VHE) gamma-rays, including a public release of Galactic sky maps, a catalog of VHE sources, and the discovery of 16 new sources of VHE gamma-rays. The High Energy Spectroscopic System (H.E.S.S.) Galactic plane survey (HGPS) was a decade-long observation program carried out by the H.E.S.S. I array of Cherenkov telescopes in Namibia from 2004 to 2013. The observations amount to nearly 2700 h of data, covering the Galactic plane at longitudes from l = 250 deg to 65 deg and latitudes |b| < 3 deg. In addition to the unprecedented spatial coverage, the HGPS also features a relatively high angular resolution (0.08 deg), sensitivity (1.5% Crab flux for point-like sources), and energy range (0.2-100 TeV). We constructed a source catalog with a systematic procedure for both source detection and characterization of morphology and spectrum. We present this method, including the introduction of a model component to account for unresolved, large-scale emission along the Galactic plane. In total, the resulting HGPS catalog contains 78 VHE sources, of which 14 are not reanalyzed here. Where possible, we provide a firm identification of the VHE source or plausible associations with sources in other astronomical catalogs. We also studied the characteristics of the VHE sources with source parameter distributions. 16 new sources were previously unknown or unpublished, and we individually discuss their identifications or possible associations. We firmly identified 31 sources as pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe), supernova remnants (SNRs), composite SNRs, or gamma-ray binaries. Among the 47 sources not yet identified, most of them (36) have possible associations with cataloged objects, notably PWNe and energetic pulsars that could power VHE PWNe.

79 pages, 39 figures, accepted for publication in A&A Webpage: https://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/hfm/HESS/hgps/

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• Cross-match between the latest Swift-BAT and Fermi-LAT catalogs
• High-energy studies of the 3HWC J1954+286 region: likely Gamma-ray detection of the supernova remnant G65.1+0.6
• The Making of Catalogues of Very-High-Energy γ-ray Sources
• Detailed Analysis of the TeV γ-Ray Sources 3HWC J1928+178, 3HWC J1930+188, and the New Source HAWC J1932+192
• Search for joint multimessenger signals from potential galactic cosmic-ray accelerators with HAWC and IceCube
• HAWC and Fermi-LAT Detection of Extended Emission from the Unidentified Source 2HWC J2006+341
• A gamma-ray study of galactic PeVatron candidates LHAASO J1825-1326 and LHAASO J1839-0545
• A Supernova Remnant Counterpart for HESS J1832-085
• Exploring the high energy frontiers of the Milky Way with ground-based gamma-ray astronomy: PeVatrons and the quest for the origin of Galactic cosmic-rays
• likely Detection of GeV gamma-Ray Emission from the composite supernova remnant COMP G327.1+1.1 with Fermi-LAT
• Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Possible TeV $\gamma$-ray binary origin of HESS J1828-099
• 4FGL J1844.4-0306: high-energy emission likely from the supernova remnant G29.37+0.1
• A 3D Diffusive and Advective Model of Electron Transport Applied to the Pulsar Wind Nebula HESS J1825-137
• Gamma-ray emission revealed at the western edge of SNR G344.7-0.1
• Introducing the HD+B model for pulsar wind nebulae: a hybrid hydrodynamics/radiative approach
• Modeling the Galactic center gamma-ray emission with more realistic cosmic-ray dynamics
• "The Goose" Pulsar Wind Nebula of PSR J1016-5857: The Birth of a Plerion
• Revealing a new region of gamma-ray emission in the vicinity of HESS J1825-137
• Testing source confusion and identification capability in Cherenkov Telescope Array data
• The Vela pulsar and its pulsar wind nebula Vela-X using 13 years of Fermi-LAT Observations
• Deriving pulsar pair-production multiplicities from pulsar wind nebulae using H.E.S.S. and LHAASO observations
• Detecting and characterizing pulsar haloes with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Relevance of the fluorescence radiation in VHE gamma-ray observations with the Cherenkov technique
• H.E.S.S. first public test data release
• HESS J1809-193: Gamma-Ray Emission by Cosmic Rays from Past Explosion
• 2FHL J0826.1-4500: Discovery of a possible shock-cloud interaction on the Western edge of the Vela SNR
• Dark Matter Annihilation via Breit-Wigner Enhancement with Heavier Mediator
• Chandra X-ray Observations of PSR J1849-0001, its Pulsar Wind Nebula, and the TeV Source HESS J1849-000
• HAWC Study of Very-High-Energy $\gamma$-ray Spectrum of HAWC J1844-034
• Constraining leptonic emission scenarios for the PeVatron candidate HESS J1702-420 with deep XMM-Newton observations
• Suzaku and Fermi view of the supernova remnant 3C 396
• Prospects for gamma-ray emission from magnetar regions in CTAO observations
• Unraveling the nature of a deeply embedded Wolf-Rayet star WR 121a
• HESS J1858+020: A GeV-TeV source possibly powered by CRs from SNR G35.6-0.4
• Spatio-spectral-temporal Modelling of Two Young Pulsar Wind Nebulae
• Bayesian WIMP detection with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Estimatingthe Contribution of Galactic Neutrino Sources
• An extreme particle accelerator powered by pulsar PSR J1849-0001
• Is PSR J0855$-$4644 responsible for the 1.4 TeV electron spectral bump hinted by DAMPE?
• Quantitative constraint on the contribution of resolved gamma-ray sources to the sub-PeV Galactic diffuse gamma-ray flux measured by the Tibet ASγ experiment
• Search for the Galactic accelerators of Cosmic-Rays up to the Knee with the Pevatron Test Statistic
• Radio study of HESS J1857+026. Gamma-rays from a superbubble?
• Probing the star formation origin of gamma rays from 3FHL J1907.0+0713
• Prospects on high-energy source searches based on pattern recognition: Object detection in the H.E.S.S. Galactic Plane Survey and catalogue cross-matches
• Radio and infrared study of the supernova remnant candidate HESS J1912+101
• SNR G54.1+0.3, a PeVatron candidate unveiled by LHAASO
• A complementary view of the Galactic plane in TeV gamma rays by HAWC and H.E.S.S
• The H.E.S.S. extragalactic sky survey with the first decade of observations
• Constraints on the origins of the Galactic neutrino flux
• Analysis of the possible detection of the pulsar wind nebulae of PSR J1208-6238, J1341-6220, J1838-0537 and J1844-0346
• Galactic Gamma-Ray Diffuse Emission at TeV energies with HAWC Data
• Explaining the extended GeV gamma-ray emission adjacent to HESS J1825-137
• A possible GeV-TeV connection in the direction of the Globular Cluster UKS 1
• H.E.S.S. programme searching for VHE gamma rays associated with FRBs
• The expected potential of hadronic PeVatron searches with spectral $\gamma$-ray data from the Southern Wide-field Gamma-ray Observatory
• Unveiling the nature of the unidentified gamma-ray sources 4FGL J1908.6+0915e, HESS J1907+089/HOTS J1907+091, and 3HWC J1907+085 in the sky region of the magnetar SGR 1900+14
• Diagnosing Interstellar Magnetic Turbulence with TeV Pulsar Halos
• A Mini-Imaging Air Cherenkov Telescope
• Modelling the Gamma-Ray Morphology of HESS J1804-216 from Two Supernova Remnants in a Hadronic Scenario
• The Contribution From TeV Halos to the Isotropic Gamma-Ray Background
• The Eel Pulsar Wind Nebula: a PeVatron-Candidate Origin for HAWC J1826-128 and HESS J1826-130
• Morphology of dark matter haloes beyond triaxiality
• First constraints on axion-like particles from Galactic sub-PeV gamma rays
• Nonparametric signal separation in very-high-energy gamma ray observations with probabilistic neural networks
• Observation of the Crab Nebula with the Single-Mirror Small-Size Telescope stereoscopic system at low altitude
• Pulsar+escape: the recipe for LHAASO sources ?
• H.E.S.S.: The High Energy Stereoscopic System
• Dark photon constraints using the UHE gamma-ray emission from galactic sources. A Phenomenological Study
• Unraveling the Nature of HAWC J1844-034 with Fermi-LAT Data Analysis and Multi-wavelength Modeling
• GammaBayes: a Bayesian pipeline for dark matter detection with CTA
• A look at the high energy aspects of the supernova remnant G309.8+00.0 with eROSITA and Fermi-LAT
• Investigating the emission signatures of pulsar halo candidate HESS J1813-126
• Energy-dependent gamma-ray morphology estimation tool in Gammapy
• Investigation of X-ray emission from the unidentified TeV gamma-ray source HESS J1832-085 with Suzaku
• Unveiling extended gamma-ray emission around HESS J1813-178
• Interpreting the LHAASO Galactic diffuse emission data
• Probing the emission mechanism and nature of the pulsating compact object in the X-ray binary SAX J1324.4-6200
• Exploring the population of Galactic very-high-energy $\gamma$-ray sources
• Morphology of Young Massive Stellar Clusters with Next-Generation IACTs
• Observations of ionized carbon towards the $\gamma$-ray-bright supernova remnant RX J1713.7-3946
• Enhancing the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory high-level performance through an event-type-based analysis
• The GPSP Atlas: High-resolution Galactic Photon Survival Probability Atlas for Very-High- and Ultra-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy
• Fermi-LAT View on Three Ultra-high-energy 1LHAASO Sources in the $52^{\circ }<l<55^{\circ }$ Region
• INTEGRAL View of TeV Sources: A Legacy for the CTA Project
• Hadronic Scenario for Galactic PeVatron LHAASO J1912+1014u Supported by Fermi-LAT $\gamma$-ray Data and FUGIN CO Data
• Particle acceleration to PeV energies in Pulsar Wind Nebula: a two zone model
• HAWC Study of the Ultra-High-Energy Spectrum of MGRO J1908+06
• High Energy Emission from the Galactic Center
• Runaway stars and the Galactic supernova remnant landscape: non-thermal emission and observational evidence
• The pulsar wind nebula around B1853+01 in X-rays
• GeV emission in the region of the supernova remnant G51.26+0.11
• Predicting the Neutrino Emission for the Sources in the H.E.S.S. Galactic Plane Survey