Observations of ionized carbon towards the $\gamma$-ray-bright supernova remnant RX J1713.7-3946

Abstract

The origin of Galactic Cosmic Rays (CRs), particularly at sub-GeV energies, remains uncertain due to their difficulty in being traced. One possible tracer of low-energy CRs is ionised carbon ([C II]), which may be enhanced in regions affected by CR-induced ionisation. We present observations of [C II] 158 $\mu$m line emission across the $\gamma$-ray-bright supernova remnant (SNR) RX J1713.7-3946 obtained with SOFIA. These data are compared with molecular and atomic gas from Mopra (${}^{12}$CO), Nanten (${}^{12}$CO) and SGPS (HI), and high-energy emission from TeV $\gamma$-ray H.E.S.S. and X-ray XMM-Newton. We find [C II] emission follows the atomic gas more closely than molecular gas, particularly in regions near the SNR shock front. Ratios of [C II] intensity to gas column density vary across the remnant, with peak values coinciding with regions of enhanced TeV $\gamma$-ray emission. To put the [C II] in a wider context, we examined pointings from the Herschel GOT C+ survey. Our analysis of the GOT C+ data shows no significant difference in the I[C II]/I[${}^{12}$CO] ratio for observations towards star formation regions, HII regions and SNRs. To assess the origin of carbon ionisation, we model [C II] emissivity using the photoionisation code CLOUDY. We find UV photons and CRs can produce comparable levels of [C II] emission, assuming low-energy CRs (< 1 GeV) are accelerated and trapped within the SNR shock. These results highlight the potential of [C II] as a tracer of CR ionisation and the importance of combining multi-wavelength observations to probe CR interactions in SNRs.

22 pages, 29 figures

References in corpus (14)

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• GREAT/SOFIA atmospheric calibration
• The upGREAT 1.9 THz multi-pixel high resolution spectrometer for the SOFIA Observatory
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• Observation and calibration strategies for large-scale multi-beam velocity-resolved mapping of the [CII] emission in the Orion molecular cloud
• Sub-mm/mm studies of the molecular gas in the Galactic disk; the TeV gamma ray SNR RXJ1713.7-3946 and the W28 high mass star forming region