Semi-Analytic Galaxy Evolution (SAGE): Model Calibration and Basic Results

Abstract

This paper describes a new publicly available codebase for modelling galaxy formation in a cosmological context, the "Semi-Analytic Galaxy Evolution" model, or SAGE for short. SAGE is a significant update to that used in Croton et al. (2006) and has been rebuilt to be modular and customisable. The model will run on any N-body simulation whose trees are organised in a supported format and contain a minimum set of basic halo properties. In this work we present the baryonic prescriptions implemented in SAGE to describe the formation and evolution of galaxies, and their calibration for three N-body simulations: Millennium, Bolshoi, and GiggleZ. Updated physics include: gas accretion, ejection due to feedback, and reincorporation via the galactic fountain; a new gas cooling--radio mode active galactic nucleus (AGN) heating cycle; AGN feedback in the quasar mode; a new treatment of gas in satellite galaxies; and galaxy mergers, disruption, and the build-up of intra-cluster stars. Throughout, we show the results of a common default parameterization on each simulation, with a focus on the local galaxy population.

15 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in ApJS. SAGE is a publicly available codebase for modelling galaxy formation in a cosmological context, available at https://github.com/darrencroton/sage Questions and comments can be sent to Darren Croton: [email protected]

References in corpus (22)

• Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Interpretation
• The EAGLE project: Simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments
• Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Likelihoods and Parameters from the WMAP data
• Properties of galaxies reproduced by a hydrodynamic simulation
• A Semi-Analytic Model for the Co-evolution of Galaxies, Black Holes, and Active Galactic Nuclei
• A unified model for AGN feedback in cosmological simulations of structure formation
• The Illustris simulation: the evolving population of black holes across cosmic time
• A primer on hierarchical galaxy formation: the semi-analytical approach
• A fitting formula for the merger timescale of galaxies in hierarchical clustering
• The high redshift galaxy population in hierarchical galaxy formation models
• Feedback from Active Galactic Nuclei: Energy- versus momentum-driving
• On the galaxy stellar mass function, the mass-metallicity relation, and the implied baryonic mass function
• Properties of Galaxy Groups in the SDSS: II.- AGN Feedback and Star Formation Truncation
• Unifying X-ray Scaling Relations from Galaxies to Clusters
• A First Attempt to Calibrate the Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation with Gas Dominated Galaxies
• Modeling the cosmological co-evolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies: I. BH scaling relations and the AGN luminosity function
• The (black hole)-bulge mass scaling relation at low masses
• A parametric study of possible solutions to the high-redshift overproduction of stars in modeled dwarf galaxies
• Sussing Merger Trees : The Impact of Halo Merger Trees on Galaxy Properties in a Semi-Analytic Model
• Extending the $L_{\mathrm{X}}-T$ relation from clusters to groups-Impact of cool core nature, AGN feedback, and selection effects
• The effect of gas-dynamics on semi-analytic modeling of cluster galaxies
• Thinking outside the halo: Tracing the large-scale distribution of diffuse cosmic metals with semi-analytic models

Cited by in corpus (216)

• Simulating Galaxy Formation with the IllustrisTNG Model
• First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: matter and galaxy clustering
• UniverseMachine: The Correlation between Galaxy Growth and Dark Matter Halo Assembly from z=0-10
• Radio galaxies and feedback from AGN jets
• The Uchuu Simulations: Data Release 1 and Dark Matter Halo Concentrations
• Shark: introducing an open source, free and flexible semi-analytic model of galaxy formation
• The Three Hundred project: a large catalogue of theoretically modelled galaxy clusters for cosmological and astrophysical applications
• The stellar-to-halo mass relation over the past 12 Gyr
• Large-scale dark matter simulations
• Radio-loud AGN in the first LoTSS data release: The lifetimes and environmental impact of jet-driven sources
• Quenched fractions in the IllustrisTNG simulations: comparison with observations and other theoretical models
• The VLA-COSMOS 3~GHz Large Project: Cosmic evolution of radio AGN and implications for radio-mode feedback since z~5
• The Relationship between Galaxy and Dark Matter Halo Size from z~3 to the present
• Semi-Analytic Galaxies - I. Synthesis of environmental and star-forming regulation mechanisms
• Virialization of the inner CGM in the FIRE simulations and implications for galaxy discs, star formation and feedback
• The THESAN project: properties of the intergalactic medium and its connection to Reionization-era galaxies
• Astraeus I: The interplay between galaxy formation and reionization
• Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS): Motivation, Design and Target Catalogue
• The Preferential Tidal Stripping of Dark Matter versus Stars in Galaxies
• Atomic hydrogen in IllustrisTNG galaxies: the impact of environment parallelled with local 21-cm surveys
• Building disc structure and galaxy properties through angular momentum: The DARK SAGE semi-analytic model
• From the far-ultraviolet to the far-infrared -- galaxy emission at $0\le z\le 10$ in the Shark semi-analytic model
• Galaxy gas as obscurer: II. Separating the galaxy-scale and nuclear obscurers of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Major Merging History in CANDELS. I. Evolution of the Incidence of Massive Galaxy-Galaxy Pairs from z=3 to z~0
• Dissecting and Modelling Galaxy Assembly Bias
• Relations Between the Sizes of Galaxies and their Dark Matter Halos at Redshifts $0<z<3$
• The Metal Abundances across Cosmic Time ($\mathcal{M}\mathcal{A}\mathcal{C}\mathcal{T}$) Survey. II. Evolution of the Mass-Metallicity Relation over 8 Billion Years, using [OIII]$\lambda$4363Å-based Metallicities
• \textsc{The Three Hundred} project: The \textsc{Gizmo-Simba} run
• MultiDark-Galaxies: data release and first results
• The Evolution of Assembly Bias
• Dark-ages Reionization and Galaxy Formation Simulation - X. The small contribution of quasars to reionization
• 21cm foregrounds and polarization leakage: a user's guide on cleaning and mitigation strategies
• RAiSE III: 3C radio AGN energetics and composition
• Galaxy formation with L-GALAXIES: Modelling the environmental dependency of galaxy evolution and comparing with observations
• The origin of dust in galaxies across cosmic time
• A flexible modelling of galaxy assembly bias
• SURFS: Riding the waves with Synthetic UniveRses For Surveys
• The 21cm bispectrum during reionization: a tracer of the ionization topology
• RAiSE II: resolved spectral evolution in radio AGN
• The evolution of SMBH spin and AGN luminosities for $z<6$ within a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation
• The growth of disks and bulges during hierarchical galaxy formation. I: fast evolution vs secular processes
• A flexible subhalo abundance matching model for galaxy clustering in redshift space
• Galaxy gas as obscurer: I. GRBs x-ray galaxies and find a N_H ~ M* relation
• Comparing galaxy formation in semi-analytic models and hydrodynamical simulations
• Determining the HI content of galaxies via intensity mapping cross-correlations
• Massive and old quiescent galaxies at high redshift
• Physical drivers of galaxies' cold-gas content: exploring environmental and evolutionary effects with DARK SAGE
• The clustering and bias of radio-selected AGN and star-forming galaxies in the COSMOS field
• A Self-Calibrating Halo-Based Group Finder: Application to SDSS
• Constraining the cosmological parameters using gravitational wave observations of massive black hole binaries and statistical redshift information
• EGG: hatching a mock Universe from empirical prescriptions
• The Main Sequences of Starforming Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei at High Redshift
• Weak Lensing Reveals a Tight Connection Between Dark Matter Halo Mass and the Distribution of Stellar Mass in Massive Galaxies
• Validating Semi-Analytic Models of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation using Radiation Hydrodynamical Simulations
• The dependence of the galaxy stellar-to-halo mass relation on galaxy morphology
• Unravelling the complex structure of AGN-driven outflows: II. Photoionization and energetics
• LOFAR Observations of X-ray Cavity Systems
• Origin of the galaxy HI size-mass relation
• Cosmological baryon transfer in the SIMBA simulations
• Comparing galaxy formation in the L-GALAXIES semi-analytical model and the IllustrisTNG simulations
• Flybys, orbits, splashback: subhalos and the importance of the halo boundary
• 3\%-accurate predictions for the clustering of dark matter, haloes and subhaloes, over a wide range of cosmologies and scales
• The many lives of active galactic nuclei-II: The formation and evolution of radio jets and their impact on galaxy evolution
• Triggering Active Galactic Nuclei in galaxy clusters
• A New Method to Quantify Environment and Model Ram-Pressure Stripping in N-Body Simulations
• ADDGALS: Simulated Sky Catalogs for Wide Field Galaxy Surveys
• The specific star formation rate function at different mass scales and quenching: A comparison between cosmological models and SDSS
• The first Super Massive Black Holes: indications from models for future observations
• The mass-metallicity relation at z~1-2 and its dependence on star formation rate
• A universal relation between the properties of supermassive black holes, galaxies, and dark matter halos
• Galaxy Cluster Mass Reconstruction Project: III. The impact of dynamical substructure on cluster mass estimates
• Connecting and dissecting galaxies' angular momenta and neutral gas in a hierarchical universe: cue DARK SAGE
• Gaussian Process Regression for foreground removal in HI intensity mapping experiments
• Quiescent low-mass galaxies observed by JWST in the Epoch of Reionization
• The VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project: Star formation properties and radio luminosity functions of AGN with moderate-to-high radiative luminosities out to $z\sim 6$
• Priors on Lagrangian bias parameters from galaxy formation modelling
• Gauging the effect of Supermassive Black Holes feedback on Quasar host galaxies
• Quiescent galaxies at $z\gtrsim 2.5$: observations vs. models
• nIFTy Cosmology: the clustering consistency of galaxy formation models
• The foreground transfer function for HI intensity mapping signal reconstruction: MeerKLASS and precision cosmology applications
• Discovering AGN-driven winds through their infrared emission: I. General method and wind location
• Cosmic CARNage I: on the calibration of galaxy formation models
• The Three Hundred Project: the stellar and gas profiles
• Do AGN triggering mechanisms vary with radio power? II. The importance of mergers as a function of radio power and optical luminosity
• The MillenniumTNG Project: Inferring cosmology from galaxy clustering with accelerated N-body scaling and subhalo abundance matching
• Prediction of H$\alpha$ and [OIII] Emission Line Galaxy Number Counts for Future Galaxy Redshift Surveys
• Observability of intermittent radio sources in galaxy groups and clusters
• The physical drivers of the atomic hydrogen-halo mass relation
• ProFuse: Physical Multi-Band Structural Decomposition of Galaxies and the Mass-Size-Age Plane
• The evolution of the galaxy content of dark matter haloes
• The Three Hundred Project: Substructure in hydrodynamical and dark matter simulations of galaxy groups around clusters
• Multipole expansion for HI intensity mapping experiments: simulations and modelling
• Cosmic evolution of radio-AGN feedback: confronting models with data
• The Escape Fraction of Ionizing Photons During the Epoch of Reionization: observability with the Square Kilometre Array
• Investigating The Growing Population of Massive Quiescent Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• An exquisitely deep view of quenching galaxies through the gravitational lens: Stellar population, morphology, and ionized gas
• Evolution of galaxy groups in the Illustris simulation
• Machine Learning methods to estimate observational properties of galaxy clusters in large volume cosmological N-body simulations
• GalWeight Application: A publicly-available catalog of dynamical parameters of 1,800 galaxy clusters from SDSS-DR13, ($GalWCat19$)
• The bivariate gas-stellar mass distributions and the mass functions of early- and late-type galaxies at $z\sim 0$
• Do AGN triggering mechanisms vary with radio power? I.Optical morphologies of radio-intermediate HERGs
• The HI intensity mapping bispectrum including observational effects
• The XXL Survey: XXIX. GMRT 610 MHz continuum observations
• Power spectrum multipole expansion for HI intensity mapping experiments: unbiased parameter estimation
• The XXL Survey: XXXVI. Evolution and black hole feedback of high-excitation and low-excitation radio galaxies in XXL-S
• Quenching by gas compression and consumption: A case study of a massive radio galaxy at z = 2.57
• Dark-ages Reionization and Galaxy Formation Simulation -- XVII. Sizes, angular momenta and morphologies of high redshift galaxies
• From rest-frame luminosity functions to observer-frame colour distributions: tackling the next challenge in cosmological simulations
• Consistent and simultaneous modelling of galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing with Subhalo Abundance Matching
• Cosmic CARNage II: the evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function in observations and galaxy formation models
• Active Galactic Nuclei outflows in galaxy discs
• [OII] emitters in MultiDark-Galaxies and DEEP2
• New Analytic Solutions for Galaxy Evolution II: Wind Recycling, Galactic Fountains and Late-Type Galaxies
• Improved constraints on reionisation from CMB observations: A parameterisation of the kSZ effect
• The assembly bias of emission line galaxies
• On the Prevalence of Super-Massive Black Holes over Cosmic Time
• The Indirect Influence of Quasars on Reionization
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): 'No Smoking' zone for giant elliptical galaxies?
• Does jackknife scale really matter for accurate large-scale structure covariances?
• Assessing the accuracy of cosmological parameters estimated from velocity -- density comparisons via simulations
• The Three Hundred project: connection between star formation quenching and dynamical evolution in and around simulated galaxy clusters
• Candidate Massive Galaxies at $z\sim 4$ in the Dark Energy Survey
• Constraining the Noise-Free Distribution of Halo Spin Parameters
• Feedback by supermassive black holes in galaxy evolution: impacts of accretion and outflows on the star formation rate
• SMBH accretion properties of radio-selected AGN out to z~4
• The Dark Side of Using Dark Sirens to Constrain the Hubble-Lemaître Constant
• Hierarchical structure of the cosmic web and galaxy properties
• Reignited star formation in dwarf galaxies quenched during reionization
• The $z\lesssim 1$ drop of cosmic dust abundance in a semi-analytic framework
• Dark-ages Reionization and Galaxy Formation Simulation -- XIX: Predictions of infrared excess and cosmic star formation rate density from UV observations
• Structure and dynamics in low density regions: galaxy-galaxy correlations inside cosmic voids
• Interactive 3D Visualization for Theoretical Virtual Observatories
• Hybrid analytic and machine-learned baryonic property insertion into galactic dark matter haloes
• Mass Functions, Luminosity Functions, and Completeness Measurements from Clustering Redshifts
• The impact of black hole seeding in cosmological simulations
• Rosella: A mock catalogue from the P-Millennium simulation
• Exploring the High-Mass End of the Stellar Mass Function of Star Forming Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• Bulge formation through disc instability -- I
• Galaxy quenching timescales from a forensic reconstruction of their colour evolution
• On the accuracy of dark matter halo merger trees and the consequences for semi-analytic models of galaxy formation
• Exploring the relation between dust mass and galaxy properties using Dusty SAGE
• Improving the Cosmological Constraints by Inferring the Formation Channel of Extreme-mass-ratio Inspirals
• Dark-ages reionization and galaxy formation simulation -- XVIII. The high-redshift evolution of black holes and their host galaxies
• The Shape and Scatter of The Galaxy Main Sequence for Massive Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• Merger history of central galaxies in Semi-Analytic Models of galaxy formation
• Characterising the Structure of Halo Merger Trees Using a Single Parameter: The Tree Entropy
• RAiSE X: searching for radio galaxies in X-ray surveys
• Unveiling the main sequence of galaxies at $z\ge 5$ with the James Webb Space Telescope: predictions from simulations
• Stochastic Processes as the Origin of the Double-Power Law Shape of the Quasar Luminosity Function
• A super-linear "radio-AGN main sequence'' links mean radio-AGN power and galaxy stellar mass since z$\sim$3
• Angular momentum evolution of stellar disks at high redshifts
• A new gas cooling model for semi-analytical galaxy formation models
• HI intensity mapping correlation function from UNIT simulations: BAO and observationally induced anisotropy
• Determining star formation rates of active galactic nuclei host galaxies based on SED fitting with sub-mm data
• Tracking the orbit of unresolved subhalos for semi-analytic models
• On the nature of Small Galaxy Systems
• Interferometric HI intensity mapping: perturbation theory predictions and foreground removal effects
• Using the Star Forming Main Sequence To Explore Quiescent Galaxies Across Cosmic Time
• Not Hydro: Using Neural Networks to estimate galaxy properties on a Dark-Matter-Only simulation
• Revealing the Galaxy-Halo Connection Through Machine Learning
• Cosmology with powerful radio-loud AGNs
• Thermal and Reionisation History within a Large-Volume Semi-Analytic Galaxy Formation Simulation
• Dark-siren Cosmology with Decihertz Gravitational-wave Detectors
• GABE: Galaxy Assembly with Binary Evolution
• Efficient simulation of discrete galaxy populations and associated radiation fields during the first billion years
• Biasing relation, environmental dependencies and estimation of the growth rate from star forming galaxies
• Predictions for LISA and PTA based on SHARK galaxy simulations
• Validating the clustering predictions of empirical models with the FLAMINGO simulations
• Probing galaxy evolution from $z=0$ to $z\simeq 10$ through galaxy scaling relations in three L-Galaxies flavours
• The role of the elaphrocentre in void galaxy formation
• RAiSERed: radio continuum redshifts for lobed AGNs
• Using the sample variance of 21cm maps as a tracer of the ionisation topology
• Probing the link between quenching and morphological evolution
• Comparing Galaxy Clustering in Horizon-AGN Simulated Lightcone Mocks and VIDEO Observations
• Clustering of emission line galaxies with IllustrisTNG I.: fundamental properties and halo occupation distribution
• A deep learning approach to halo merger tree construction
• HI HOD -- I. The Halo Occupation Distribution of HI Galaxies
• Multi-wavelength consensus of large-scale linear bias
• On The Role of Supermassive Black Holes in Quenching Star Formation in Local Central Galaxies
• The mass-size relation of LRGs from BOSS and DECaLS
• The growth of disks and bulges during hierarchical galaxy formation. II: metallicity, stellar populations and dynamical evolution
• Model dispersion with PRISM; an alternative to MCMC for rapid analysis of models
• Dark-ages reionization and galaxy formation simulation - IX. Economics of reionizing galaxies
• Why do semi-analytic models predict higher scatter in the stellar mass-halo mass relation than cosmological hydrodynamic simulations?
• The XXL Survey. XLI. Radio AGN luminosity functions based on the GMRT $610\mathrm{MHz}$ continuum observations
• Bimodal Formation Time Distribution for Infall Dark Matter Halos
• Anatomy of galactic star formation history: Roles of different modes of gas accretion, feedback, and recycling
• The global energetics of radio AGN kinetic feedback in the local universe
• Galaxy formation from a timescale perspective
• Protoclusters at z=5.7: A view from the MultiDark galaxies
• A Global Census of Metals in the Universe
• Galaxy assembly bias and large-scale distribution: a comparison between IllustrisTNG and a semi-analytic model
• Shedding light on the star formation rate-halo accretion rate connection and halo quenching mechanism via DECODE, the Discrete statistical sEmi-empiriCal mODEl
• A Swift X-ray view of the SMS4 sample -- X-ray properties of 31 quasars and radio galaxies
• The hot gas distribution, X-ray luminosity and baryon budget in the L-Galaxies semi-analytic model of galaxy formation
• Universal conditional distribution function of [OII] luminosity of galaxies, and prediction for the [OII] luminosity function at redshift $z<3$
• Physical Processes Behind the Co-Evolution of Halos, Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes in the IllustrisTNG Simulation
• BASILISK II. Improved Constraints on the Galaxy-Halo Connection from Satellite Kinematics in SDSS
• VEGA: Voids idEntification using Genetic Algorithm
• UNITSIM-Galaxies: data release and clustering of emission-line galaxies
• Probabilistic Lagrangian bias estimators and the cumulant bias expansion
• Detecting cosmic voids via maps of geometric-optics parameters
• Dust contribution to the panchromatic galaxy emission
• How well is angular momentum accretion modelled in semi-analytic galaxy formation models?
• On the signature of black holes on the quenched stellar mass function
• JERALD: high-fidelity dark matter, stellar mass and neutral hydrogen maps from fast N-body simulations
• The Three Hundred Project: A fast semi-analytic model emulator of hydrodynamical galaxy cluster simulations
• Angular momentum and morphological sequence of massive galaxies through Dark Sage
• HST WFC3/Grism Observations of the Candidate Ultra-High-Redshift Radio Galaxy GLEAM J0917-0012
• Disc instability and bar formation: view from the IllustrisTNG simulations
• Observed cosmic evolution of galaxy dust properties with metallicity and tensions with models
• Ultra-fast model emulation with PRISM; analyzing the Meraxes galaxy formation model
• Capability for detection of GW190521-like binary black holes with TianQin
• Testing the key role of the stellar mass-halo mass relation in galaxy merger rates and morphologies via DECODE, a novel Discrete statistical sEmi-empiriCal mODEl
• Mentari: A pipeline to model the galaxy SED using semi analytic models
• Extending the SAGA Survey (xSAGA) I: Satellite Radial Profiles as a Function of Host Galaxy Properties