Stochastic Processes as the Origin of the Double-Power Law Shape of the Quasar Luminosity Function

Abstract

The Quasar Luminosity Function (QLF) offers insight into the early co-evolution of black holes and galaxies. It has been characterized observationally up to redshift $z\sim 6$ with clear evidence of a double power-law shape, in contrast to the Schechter-like form of the underlying dark-matter halo mass function. We investigate a physical origin for the difference in these distributions by considering the impact of stochasticity induced by the processes that determine the quasar luminosity for a given host halo and redshift. We employ a conditional luminosity function and construct the relation between median quasar magnitude versus halo mass $M_{UV,\mathrm{c}}(M_{\mathrm{h}})$ with log-normal in luminosity scatter $\Sigma$, and duty-cycle ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{DC}}$, and focus on high redshift $z\gtrsim 4$. We show that, in order to reproduce the observed QLF, the $\Sigma =0$ abundance matching requires all of the brightest quasars to be hosted in the rarest most massive dark-matter halos (with an increasing $M_{UV,\mathrm{c}}/M_{\mathrm{h}}$ in halo mass). Conversely, for $\Sigma >0$ the brightest quasars can be over-luminous outliers hosted in relatively common dark-matter halos. In this case, the median quasar magnitude versus halo mass relation, $M_{UV,\mathrm{c}}$, flattens at the high-end, as expected in self-regulated growth due to feedback. We sample the parameter space of $\Sigma$ and ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{DC}}$ and show that $M_{UV,\mathrm{c}}$ flattens above $M_{\mathrm{h}}\sim 10^{12}{M}_{\odot }$ for ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{DC}}<10^{-2}$. Models with ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{DC}}\sim 1$ instead require a high mass threshold close to $M_{\mathrm{h}}\gtrsim 10^{13}{M}_{\odot }$. We investigate the impact of ${\epsilon }_{\mathrm{DC}}$ and $\Sigma$ on measurements of clustering and find there is no luminosity dependence on clustering for $\Sigma >0.3$, consistent with recent observations from Subaru HSC.

12 pages, 6 figures; accepted for publication in ApJ

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• A unified model for the clustering of quasars and galaxies at $z\approx 6$
• SuperBoRG: Search for The Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies and Quasars in HST Parallel Imaging Data
• The rapid transition from star-formation to AGN dominated rest-frame UV light at z ~ 4
• Pure Density Evolution of the Ultraviolet Quasar Luminosity Function at $2\lesssim z\lesssim 6$
• Revisiting the Extreme Clustering of $z\approx 4$ Quasars with Large Volume Cosmological Simulations
• A Physical Model for the Quasar Luminosity Function Evolution between Cosmic Dawn and High Noon
• The Dark Matter Halos of HI Selected Galaxies
• Unresolved z~8 point sources and their impact on the bright end of the galaxy luminosity function
• The Diversity of Environments Around Luminous Quasars at Redshift $z\sim 6$