Constraints on the Star Formation Efficiency of Galaxies During the Epoch of Reionization

Abstract

Reionization is thought to have occurred in the redshift range of $6<z<9$, which is now being probed by both deep galaxy surveys and CMB observations. Using halo abundance matching over the redshift range $5<z<8$ and assuming smooth, continuous gas accretion, we develop a model for the star formation efficiency $f_{\star }$ of dark matter halos at $z>6$ that matches the measured galaxy luminosity functions at these redshifts. We find that $f_{\star }$ peaks at $\sim 30\%$ at halo masses $M\sim 10^{11}$--$10^{12}$~M${}_{\odot }$, in qualitative agreement with its behavior at lower redshifts. We then investigate the cosmic star formation histories and the corresponding models of reionization for a range of extrapolations to small halo masses. We use a variety of observations to further constrain the characteristics of the galaxy populations, including the escape fraction of UV photons. Our approach provides an empirically-calibrated, physically-motivated model for the properties of star-forming galaxies sourcing the epoch of reionization. In the case where star formation in low-mass halos is maximally efficient, an average escape fraction $\sim 0.1$ can reproduce the optical depth reported by Planck, whereas inefficient star formation in these halos requires either about twice as many UV photons to escape, or an escape fraction that increases towards higher redshifts. Our models also predict how future observations with JWST can improve our understanding of these galaxy populations.

arXiv comment19 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS, minor modifications

References in corpus (89)

• Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence
• Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Cosmological Parameter Results
• Cosmic Star Formation History
• The Average Star Formation Histories of Galaxies in Dark Matter Halos from z=0-8
• Toward a halo mass function for precision cosmology: the limits of universality
• A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085
• Constraining the Evolution of the Ionizing Background and the Epoch of Reionization with z ~ 6 Quasars II: A Sample of 19 Quasars
• In the Beginning: The First Sources of Light and the Reionization of the Universe
• UV Luminosity Functions at redshifts z~4 to z~10: 10000 Galaxies from HST Legacy Fields
• Constraints on the relationship between stellar mass and halo mass at low and high redshift
• Dust Absorption And The Ultraviolet Luminosity Density At z \approx 3 As Calibrated By Local Starburst Galaxies
• A Comprehensive Analysis of Uncertainties Affecting the Stellar Mass - Halo Mass Relation for 0<z<4
• Cosmic Reionization and Early Star-Forming Galaxies: A Joint Analysis of New Constraints from Planck and Hubble Space Telescope
• The Evolution of the Galaxy Rest-Frame Ultraviolet Luminosity Function Over the First Two Billion Years
• Effect of Reionization on the Structure Formation in the Universe
• Linking halo mass to galaxy luminosity
• New Constraints on Cosmic Reionization from the 2012 Hubble Ultra Deep Field Campaign
• Massloss of galaxies due to a UV-background
• Model-independent evidence in favor of an end to reionization by z~6
• The Abundance of Star-Forming Galaxies in the Redshift Range 8.5 to 12: New Results from the 2012 Hubble Ultra Deep Field Campaign
• The First Galaxies
• Connecting Galaxies, Halos, and Star Formation Rates Across Cosmic Time
• Hydrodynamic Simulations of Galaxy Formation. II. Photoionization and the Formation of Low Mass Galaxies
• Keck Spectroscopy of Faint 3<z<7 Lyman Break Galaxies: - I. New constraints on cosmic reionisation from the luminosity and redshift-dependent fraction of Lyman-alpha emission
• Generic Spectrum and Ionization Efficiency of a Heavy Initial Mass Function for the First Stars
• Reionization after Planck: The Derived Growth of the Cosmic Ionizing Emissivity now matches the Growth of the Galaxy UV Luminosity Density
• UV-Continuum Slopes of >4000 z~4-8 Galaxies from the HUDF/XDF, HUDF09, ERS, CANDELS-South, and CANDELS-North Fields
• CLASH: Three Strongly Lensed Images of a Candidate z ~ 11 Galaxy
• The observed ionization rate of the intergalactic medium and the ionizing emissivity at z >5: Evidence for a photon starved and extended epoch of reionization
• Galaxy Evolution in Cosmological Simulations With Outflows I: Stellar Masses and Star Formation Rates
• Evolution of the Galaxy - Dark Matter Connection and the Assembly of Galaxies in Dark Matter Halos
• New Measurements of the Ionizing Ultraviolet Background over 2 < z < 5 and Implications for Hydrogen Reionization
• The Most Luminous z~9-10 Galaxy Candidates yet Found: The Luminosity Function, Cosmic Star-Formation Rate, and the First Mass Density Estimate at 500 Myr
• A highly magnified candidate for a young galaxy seen when the Universe was 500 Myrs old
• Toy Models for Galaxy Formation versus Simulations
• Concordance models of reionization: implications for faint galaxies and escape fraction evolution
• Ionizing Photon Escape Fractions from High Redshift Dwarf Galaxies
• Probing the Dawn of Galaxies at z~9-12: New Constraints from HUDF12/XDF and CANDELS Data
• The Galaxy UV Luminosity Function Before the Epoch of Reionization
• Line Emitting Galaxies Beyond a Redshift of 7: An Improved Method for Estimating the Evolving Neutrality of the Intergalactic Medium
• New observations of z~7 galaxies: evidence for a patchy reionization
• Four quasars above redshift 6 discovered by the Canada-France High-z Quasar Survey
• Lower-Luminosity Galaxies could reionize the Universe: Very Steep Faint-End Slopes to the UV Luminosity Functions at z>=5-8 from the HUDF09 WFC3/IR Observations
• On the Lack of Evolution in Galaxy Star Formation Efficiency
• The UV Luminosity Function of star-forming galaxies via dropout selection at redshifts z ~ 7 and 8 from the 2012 Ultra Deep Field campaign
• Taxing the Rich: Recombinations and Bubble Growth During Reionization
• Quantifying discordance in the 2015 Planck CMB spectrum
• How neutral is the intergalactic medium surrounding the redshift z=7.085 quasar ULAS J1120+0641?
• Mass Accretion Rates and Histories of Dark Matter Haloes
• The Detectability of the First Stars and Their Cluster Enrichment Signatures
• The galaxy luminosity function at z ~ 6 and evidence for rapid evolution in the bright end from z ~ 7 to 5
• The First Billion Years project - III: The impact of stellar radiation on the coevolution of Populations II and III
• Satellite Kinematics II: The Halo Mass-Luminosity Relation of Central Galaxies in SDSS
• The changing Lya optical depth in the range 6<z<9 from MOSFIRE spectroscopy of Y-dropouts
• Detections of Lyman Continuum from Star-forming Galaxies at z~3 Through Subaru/Suprime-Cam Narrow-band Imaging
• Rapid Decline of Lyman-alpha Emission Toward the Reionization Era
• Measurements of the UV background at 4.6 < z < 6.4 using the quasar proximity effect
• Sweating the small stuff: simulating dwarf galaxies, ultra-faint dwarf galaxies, and their own tiny satellites
• New redshift z ~ 9 galaxies in the Hubble Frontier Fields: Implications for early evolution of the UV luminosity density
• A Simple Technique for Predicting High-Redshift Galaxy Evolution
• A Refined Estimate of the Ionizing Emissivity from Galaxies at z~3: Spectroscopic Follow-up in the SSA22a Field
• Modelling galaxy clustering in a high resolution simulation of structure formation
• A Deep HST Search for Escaping Lyman Continuum Flux at z~1.3: Evidence for an Evolving Ionizing Emissivity
• Essential physics of early galaxy formation
• The Difficulty of Getting High Escape Fractions of Ionizing Photons from High-redshift Galaxies: a View from the FIRE Cosmological Simulations
• First Frontier Field Constraints on the Cosmic Star-Formation Rate Density at z~10 - The Impact of Lensing Shear on Completeness of High-Redshift Galaxy Samples
• The Star Formation Rate Function for Redshift z~4-7 Galaxies: Evidence for a Uniform Build-Up of Star-Forming Galaxies During the First 3 Gyr of Cosmic Time
• The accretion history of dark matter halos I: The physical origin of the universal function
• Evolution of Stellar-to-Halo Mass Ratio at z=0-7 Identified by Clustering Analysis with the Hubble Legacy Imaging and Early Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey Data
• The contribution of star formation and merging to stellar mass buildup in galaxies
• Is Main Sequence Galaxy Star Formation Controlled by Halo Mass Accretion?
• Metal-Free Gas Supply at the Edge of Reionization: Late-Epoch Population III Star Formation
• Escape Fraction of Ionizing Radiation from Starburst Galaxies at High Redshifts
• A High-Resolution Hubble Space Telescope Study of Apparent Lyman Continuum Leakers at $z\sim 3$
• GRB 130606A as a Probe of the Intergalactic Medium and the Interstellar Medium in a Star-forming Galaxy in the First Gyr After the Big Bang
• Measurement of Galaxy Clustering at z~7.2 and the Evolution of Galaxy Bias from 3.8<z<8 in the XDF, GOODS-S AND GOODS-N
• Is Double Reionization Physically Plausible?
• The First Galaxies: Assembly of Disks and Prospects for Direct Detection
• A physical understanding of how reionization suppresses accretion onto dwarf halos
• Galactic Outflows and Photoionization Heating in the Reionization Epoch
• Constraints on the Ionizing Efficiency of the First Galaxies
• Spatially adaptive radiation-hydrodynamical simulations of galaxy formation during cosmological reionization
• The UV spectrum of HS1700+6416 II. FUSE observations of the HeII Lyman alpha forest
• Limits on Population III star formation in minihaloes implied by Planck
• Spectroscopic observation of Ly$\alpha$ emitters at z~7.7 and implications on re-ionization
• Analysis of Star Formation in Galaxy-like Objects
• Mergers and Star Formation: The environment and Stellar Mass Growth of the Progenitors of Ultra-Massive Galaxies since z = 2
• Distribution of streaming rates into high-redshift galaxies
• Understanding the Observed Evolution of the Galaxy Luminosity Function from z=6-10 in the Context of Hierarchical Structure Formation

Cited by in corpus (129)

• UniverseMachine: The Correlation between Galaxy Growth and Dark Matter Halo Assembly from z=0-10
• The Dearth of z~10 Galaxies in all HST Legacy Fields -- The Rapid Evolution of the Galaxy Population in the First 500 Myr
• Rapid Reionization by the Oligarchs: The Case for Massive, UV-Bright, Star-Forming Galaxies with High Escape Fractions
• Inferring the astrophysics of reionization and cosmic dawn from galaxy luminosity functions and the 21-cm signal
• A massive, quiescent galaxy at redshift of z=3.717
• A redshift-independent efficiency model: star formation and stellar masses in dark matter halos at z>4
• Galaxy Formation and Reionization: Key Unknowns and Expected Breakthroughs by the James Webb Space Telescope
• The brightest galaxies at Cosmic Dawn
• Charting the Parameter Space of the Global 21-cm Signal
• Semi-analytic forecasts for JWST - I. UV luminosity functions at z = 4 - 10
• What does the first highly-redshifted 21-cm detection tell us about early galaxies?
• The JWST Extragalactic Mock Catalog: Modeling galaxy populations from the UV through the near-IR over thirteen billion years of cosmic history
• HERA Phase I Limits on the Cosmic 21-cm Signal: Constraints on Astrophysics and Cosmology During the Epoch of Reionization
• Galaxy Stellar Mass Functions from z~10 to z~6 using the Deepest Spitzer/IRAC Data: No Significant Evolution in the Stellar-to-Halo Mass Ratio of Galaxies in the First Gyr of Cosmic Time
• GOLDRUSH. II. Clustering of Galaxies at $z\sim 4-6$ Revealed with the Half-Million Dropouts Over the 100 deg${}^2$ Area Corresponding to 1 Gpc${}^3$
• Reionization and galaxy inference from the high-redshift Lyα forest
• The Impact of the First Galaxies on Cosmic Dawn and Reionization
• Emulating Simulations of Cosmic Dawn for 21cm Power Spectrum Constraints on Cosmology, Reionization, and X-ray Heating
• Constraining the intergalactic medium at $z\approx$ 9.1 using LOFAR Epoch of Reionization observations
• LyC escape from SPHINX galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization
• The Most Massive Galaxies and Black Holes Allowed by $\Lambda$CDM
• Feedback-Free Starbursts at Cosmic Dawn: Observable Predictions for JWST
• A tale of two sites -- I: Inferring the properties of minihalo-hosted galaxies from current observations
• A Minimalist Feedback-Regulated Model for Galaxy Formation During the Epoch of Reionization
• Interpreting LOFAR 21-cm signal upper limits at z~9.1 in the context of high-z galaxy and reionisation observations
• Dark-ages Reionization and Galaxy Formation Simulation - X. The small contribution of quasars to reionization
• Dark-ages reionization & galaxy formation simulation IV: UV luminosity functions of high-redshift galaxies
• The Persistence of Population III Star Formation
• The spectral evolution of the first Galaxies. III. Simulated James Webb Space Telescope spectra of reionization-epoch galaxies with Lyman continuum leakage
• Exploring reionisation and high-z galaxy observables with recent multi-redshift MWA upper limits on the 21-cm signal
• The Implications of a Pre-reionization 21 cm Absorption Signal for Fuzzy Dark Matter
• Exploring the high-redshift PBH-$\Lambda$CDM Universe: early black hole seeding, the first stars and cosmic radiation backgrounds
• Bursty star formation during the Cosmic Dawn driven by delayed stellar feedback
• Results from EDGES High-Band: III. New Constraints on Parameters of the Early Universe
• Unique Signatures of Population III Stars in the Global 21-cm Signal
• Constraining the state of the intergalactic medium during the Epoch of Reionization using MWA 21-cm signal observations
• Early Structure Formation Constraints on the Ultra-Light Axion in the Post-Inflation Scenario
• A Space-Based Observational Strategy for Characterizing the First Stars and Galaxies Using the Redshifted 21-cm Global Spectrum
• New Roads to the Small-Scale Universe: Measurements of the Clustering of Matter with the High-Redshift UV Galaxy Luminosity Function
• A Foreground Masking Strategy for [CII] Intensity Mapping Experiments Using Galaxies Selected by Stellar Mass and Redshift
• A Self-consistent Framework for Multiline Modeling in Line Intensity Mapping Experiments
• Reionization inference from the CMB optical depth and E-mode polarization power spectra
• Probing Cosmic Reionization and Molecular Gas Growth with TIME
• The assembly of dusty galaxies at $z\ge 4$: the build-up of stellar mass and its scaling relations with hints from early JWST data
• Maximum redshift of gravitational wave merger events
• A halo model approach for the 21-cm power spectrum at cosmic dawn
• A limit on the warm dark matter particle mass from the redshifted 21 cm absorption line
• On the faint-end of the high-$z$ galaxy luminosity function
• A tale of two sites -- II: Inferring the properties of minihalo-hosted galaxies with upcoming 21-cm interferometers
• Signatures of metal-free star formation in Planck 2015 Polarization Data
• GALLUMI: A Galaxy Luminosity Function Pipeline for Cosmology and Astrophysics
• On the faint-end of the galaxy luminosity function in the Epoch of Reionization: updated constraints from the HST Frontier Fields
• Constraints on warm dark matter from UV luminosity functions of high-z galaxies with Bayesian model comparison
• Sub-parsec resolution cosmological simulations of star-forming clumps at high redshift with feedback of individual stars
• The early Universe was dust-rich and extremely hot
• Elevated UV luminosity density at Cosmic Dawn explained by non-evolving, weakly mass-dependent star formation efficiency
• Exploring the cosmic 21-cm signal from the Epoch of Reionisation using the Wavelet Scattering Transform
• Redshifted 21-cm bispectrum II: Impact of the spin temperature fluctuations and redshift space distortions on the signal from the Cosmic Dawn
• 21cmEMU: an emulator of 21cmFAST summary observables
• The Brightest Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn from Scatter in the Galaxy Luminosity versus Halo Mass Relation
• First Constraints on Small-Scale Non-Gaussianity from UV Galaxy Luminosity Functions
• Properties of reionization-era galaxies from JWST luminosity functions and 21-cm interferometry
• A Flexible Analytic Model of Cosmic Variance in the First Billion Years
• The importance of galaxy formation histories in models of reionization
• Star Cluster Formation and Survival in the First Galaxies
• Future Constraints on the Reionization History and the Ionizing Sources from Gamma-ray Burst Afterglows
• Clustering with JWST: Constraining Galaxy Host Halo Masses, Satellite Quenching Efficiencies, and Merger Rates at z=4-10
• 21-cm observations and warm dark matter models
• Probing the thermal history during reionization using a semi-numerical photon-conserving code SCRIPT
• On dark matter - dark radiation interaction and cosmic reionization
• Prospects for distinguishing galaxy evolution models with surveys at redshifts $z\gtrsim 4$
• Constraining Warm Dark Matter and Pop III stars with the Global 21-cm Signal
• Small-scale Intensity Mapping: Extended Halos as a Probe of the Ionizing Escape Fraction and Faint Galaxy Populations during Reionization
• Starburst and post-starburst high-redshift protogalaxies: The feedback impact of high energy cosmic rays
• SCORCH. II. Radiation-Hydrodynamic simulations of reionization with varying radiation escape fractions
• LIMFAST. II. Line Intensity Mapping as a Probe of High-Redshift Galaxy Formation
• BEoRN: A fast and flexible framework to simulate the epoch of reionisation and cosmic dawn
• 21cmfish: Fisher-matrix framework for fast parameter forecasts from the cosmic 21-cm signal
• LIMFAST. I. A Semi-Numerical Tool for Line Intensity Mapping
• Constraints on Primordial Power Spectrum from Galaxy Luminosity Functions
• Probing Population III Initial Mass Functions with He II/H$\alpha$ Intensity Mapping
• Reionisation & Cosmic Dawn Astrophysics from the Square Kilometre Array: Impact of Observing Strategies
• Prospects for 21cm-Galaxy Cross-Correlations with HERA and the Roman High-Latitude Survey
• Exploiting synergies between JWST and cosmic 21-cm observations to uncover star formation in the early Universe
• The importance of stochasticity in determining galaxy emissivities and UV LFs during cosmic dawn and reionization
• Constraining the reionization and thermal history of the Universe using a semi-numerical photon-conserving code SCRIPT
• Systematic uncertainties in models of the cosmic dawn
• Quasi-equilibrium models of high-redshift disc galaxy evolution
• A Model-Insensitive Baryon Acoustic Oscillation Feature in the 21 cm Signal from Reionization
• Cosmic Reionization On Computers: The Galaxy-Halo Connection between $5\le z\le 10$
• Combining high-z galaxy luminosity functions with Bayesian evidence
• Effects of self-consistent rest-ultraviolet colours in semi-empirical galaxy formation models
• Modelling the star-formation activity and ionizing properties of high-redshift galaxies
• Tracing the galaxy-halo connection with galaxy clustering in COSMOS-Web from z = 0.1 to z ~ 12
• Constraints on the state of the IGM at $z\sim 8-10$ using redshifted 21-cm observations with LOFAR
• The First Billion Years in Seconds: An Effective Model for the 21-cm Signal with Population III Stars
• Redshifted 21-cm bispectrum: Impact of the source models on the signal and the IGM physics from the Cosmic Dawn
• Constraining structure formation using EDGES
• Hadronic Interactions of Energetic Charged Particles in Protogalactic Outflow Environments and Implications for the Early Evolution of Galaxies
• A Global Semi-Analytic Model of the First Stars and Galaxies Including Dark Matter Halo Merger Histories
• A fast method of reionization parameter space exploration using GPR trained SCRIPT
• Probing bursty star formation by cross-correlating extragalactic background light and galaxy surveys
• Detecting galaxy-21-cm cross-correlation during reionization
• Identifying reionization-epoch galaxies with extreme levels of Lyman continuum leakage in James Webb Space Telescope surveys
• Probing Reionization-Era Galaxies with JWST UV Luminosity Functions and Large-Scale Clustering
• A SPectroscopic survey of biased halos In the Reionization Era (ASPIRE): JWST Discovers an Overdensity around a Metal Absorption-selected Galaxy at $z\sim 5.5$
• On the star formation efficiency in high redshift Lyman-α emitters
• Calibrating excursion set reionization models to approximately conserve ionizing photons
• Rapid and Late Cosmic Reionization Driven by Massive Galaxies: a Joint Analysis of Constraints from 21-cm, Lyman Line & CMB Data Sets
• Studying the Multi-frequency Angular Power Spectrum of the Cosmic Dawn 21-cm Signal
• Prospects of FRBs and Large Scale 21 cm Power Spectra in Constraining the Epoch of Reionization
• Matching JWST UV Luminosity Functions with Refined $\Lambda$CDM Halo Models
• Cosmological contribution from population III stars in ultracompact minihalos
• Signatures of reionization feedback in the near-infrared background
• Impact of the turnover in the high-z galaxy luminosity function on the 21-cm signal during Cosmic Dawn and Epoch of Reionization
• Leveraging cross-correlations and linear covariance-based filtering for line-intensity map reconstructions at linear scales
• Relatively Fast and Reasonably Furious: Evidence for Increased Burstiness in Smaller Halos at Cosmic Dawn
• A physically-motivated template set for high-z galaxy SED fitting
• Modified Cosmology or Modified Galaxy Astrophysics is Driving the z>6 JWST Results? CMB Experiments can discover the Origin in the Near Future
• Rise of the forsaken relics: connecting present-day stellar streams and phase-mixed galaxies to the Epoch of Reionization
• The Effect of Large Optical Depths on the Non-Gaussian 21-cm signal from Cosmic Dawn
• Revealing the formation histories of the first stars with the cosmic near-infrared background
• Implications of the cosmological 21-cm absorption profile for high-redshift star formation and deep JWST surveys
• Mapping the z>=5 SiIV Column Density Distribution onto the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function Using the Cumulative Absorption Cross Section
• Physics of star formation history and the luminosity function of galaxies therefrom
• Finding High-Redshift Galaxies with JWST
• The 21-cm signal from the Cosmic Dawn: metallicity dependence of high mass X-ray binaries
• Cross-correlations between mm-wave line-intensity mapping and weak lensing surveys: preliminary consideration of long-term prospects
• Accelerating reionization constraints: An ANN-emulator framework for the SCRIPT Semi-numerical Model