Clouds in the atmosphere of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ 1214b

Abstract

Recent surveys have revealed that planets intermediate in size between Earth and Neptune ("super-Earths") are among the most common planets in the Galaxy. Atmospheric studies are the next step toward developing a comprehensive understanding of this new class of object. Much effort has been focused on using transmission spectroscopy to characterize the atmosphere of the super-Earth archetype GJ 1214b, but previous observations did not have sufficient precision to distinguish between two interpretations for the atmosphere. The planet's atmosphere could be dominated by relatively heavy molecules, such as water (e.g., a 100% water vapor composition), or it could contain high-altitude clouds that obscure its lower layers. Here we report a measurement of the transmission spectrum of GJ 1214b at near-infrared wavelengths that definitively resolves this ambiguity. These data, obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope, are sufficiently precise to detect absorption features from a high mean molecular mass atmosphere. The observed spectrum, however, is featureless. We rule out cloud-free atmospheric models with water-, methane-, carbon monoxide-, nitrogen-, or carbon dioxide-dominated compositions at greater than 5$\sigma$ confidence. The planet's atmosphere must contain clouds to be consistent with the data.

Accepted for publication in the January 2, 2014 edition of Nature. Includes supplementary information

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• A Thousand Earths: A Very Large Aperture, Ultralight Space Telescope Array for Atmospheric Biosignature Surveys
• The HST PanCET Program: Hints of Na I & Evidence of a Cloudy Atmosphere for the Inflated Hot Jupiter WASP-52b
• JWST Noise Floor II: Systematic Error Sources in JWST NIRCam Time Series
• Transmission Spectroscopy of WASP-79b from 0.6 to 5.0 $\mu$m
• Homogeneous search for helium in the atmosphere of 11 gas giant exoplanets with SPIRou
• Transmission spectroscopy for the warm sub-Neptune HD3167c: evidence for molecular absorption and a possible high metallicity atmosphere
• The Impact of Mixing Treatments on Cloud Modelling in 3D Simulations of Hot Jupiters
• A Multi-Planet System Transiting the $V$ = 9 Rapidly Rotating F-Star HD 106315
• Cloud Base Signature in Transmission Spectra of Exoplanet Atmospheres
• The GTC exoplanet transit spectroscopy survey II: An overly-large Rayleigh-like feature for exoplanet TrES-3b
• ARES IV: Probing the atmospheres of the two warm small planets HD 106315 c and HD 3167 c with the HST/WFC3 camera
• The K2-ESPRINT Project III: A Close-in Super-Earth around a Metal-rich Mid-M Dwarf
• Extremely long convergence times in a 3D GCM simulation of the sub-Neptune Gliese 1214b
• Challenges to Constraining Exoplanet Masses via Transmission Spectroscopy
• Super-Earths and Earth-like Exoplanets
• TOI-674b: an oasis in the desert of exo-Neptunes transiting a nearby M dwarf
• TOI-269 b: An eccentric sub-Neptune transiting a M2 dwarf revisited with ExTrA
• A warm Jupiter transiting an M dwarf: A TESS single transit event confirmed with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder
• Exoplanet Atmosphere Forecast: Observers Should Expect Spectroscopic Transmission Features to be Muted to 33%
• Insights into planet formation from debris disks: II. Giant impacts in extrasolar planetary systems
• The First Near-Infrared Transmission Spectrum of HIP 41378 f, a Low-Mass Temperate Jovian World in a Multi-Planet System
• Optical Transmission Spectroscopy of the Terrestrial Exoplanet LHS 3844b from 13 Ground-Based Transit Observations
• Discriminating Between Cloudy, Hazy and Clearsky Exoplanets Using Refraction
• ATOCA: an algorithm to treat order contamination. Application to the NIRISS SOSS mode
• A Catalog of Spectra, Albedos, and Colors of Solar System Bodies for Exoplanet Comparison
• Optimizing exoplanet atmosphere retrieval using unsupervised machine-learning classification
• Uniform Forward-Modeling Analysis of Ultracool Dwarfs. I. Methodology and Benchmarking
• A Comprehensive Analysis of WASP-17b's Transmission Spectrum from Space-Based Observations
• Exoplanet Spectroscopy with JWST NIRISS: Diagnostics and Case Studies
• Escaping Helium and a Highly Muted Spectrum Suggest a Metal-Enriched Atmosphere on Sub-Neptune GJ3090b from JWST Transit Spectroscopy
• Exploring and Validating Exoplanet Atmospheric Retrievals with Solar System Analog Observations
• Aura-3D: A Three-dimensional Atmospheric Retrieval Framework for Exoplanet Transmission Spectra
• Gas flow around a planet embedded in a protoplanetary disc: the dependence on the planetary mass
• JWST Transit Spectra I: Exploring Potential Biases and Opportunities in Retrievals of Tidally-locked Hot Jupiters with Clouds and Hazes
• The GTC exoplanet transit spectroscopy survey XI. Possible detection of Rayleigh scattering in the atmosphere of the Saturn-mass planet WASP-69b
• Spitzer Observations of Exoplanets Discovered with The Kepler K2 Mission
• Cloud Atlas: Rotational Modulations in the L/T Transition Brown Dwarf Companion HN Peg B
• A System of Three Super Earths Transiting the Late K-Dwarf GJ 9827 at Thirty Parsecs
• Large Binocular Telescope view of the atmosphere of GJ1214b
• Is the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b variable?
• The HST PanCET Program: An Optical to Infrared Transmission Spectrum of HAT-P-32Ab
• A sub-Neptune and a non-transiting Neptune-mass companion unveiled by ESPRESSO around the bright late-F dwarf HD 5278 (TOI-130)
• KELT-11 b: Abundances of water and constraints on carbon-bearing molecules from the Hubble transmission spectrum
• Diagnosing aerosols in extrasolar giant planets with cross-correlation function of water bands
• The First Habitable Zone Earth-sized Planet from TESS. III: Climate States and Characterization Prospects for TOI-700 d
• Lightning climatology of exoplanets and brown dwarfs guided by Solar System data
• Optical to near-infrared transmission spectrum of the warm sub-Saturn HAT-P-12b
• Sulfate Aerosol Hazes and SO2 Gas as Constraints on Rocky Exoplanets' Surface Liquid Water
• Optical Properties of Organic Haze Analogues in Water-rich Exoplanet Atmospheres Observable with JWST
• The EChO science case
• Community targets for JWST's early release science program: evaluation of WASP-63b
• Near-infrared transmission spectrum of TRAPPIST-1 h using Hubble WFC3 G141 observations
• The Transit Transmission Spectrum of a Cold Gas Giant Planet
• Cleaning our Hazy Lens: Exploring Trends in Transmission Spectra of Warm Exoplanets
• Mineral snowflakes on exoplanets and brown dwarfs: Effects of micro-porosity, size distributions, and particle shape
• Formation of secondary atmospheres on terrestrial planets by late disk accretion
• HD 191939 revisited: New and refined planet mass determinations, and a new planet in the habitable zone
• Glory revealed in disk-integrated photometry of Venus
• The MUSCLES Extension for Atmospheric and Transmission Spectroscopy: UV and X-ray Host-star Observations for JWST ERS & GTO Targets
• The Exoplanet Perspective on Future Ice Giant Exploration
• Ground-Based Transmission Spectroscopy with FORS2: A featureless optical transmission spectrum and detection of H${}_2$O for the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-103b
• LRG-BEASTS: sodium absorption and Rayleigh scattering in the atmosphere of WASP-94A b using NTT/EFOSC2
• Detecting the proposed CH4-CO2 biosignature pair with the James Webb Space Telescope: TRAPPIST-1e and the effect of cloud/haze
• Broad-band spectrophotometry of HAT-P-32 b: Search for a scattering signature in the planetary spectrum
• Water absorption in the transmission spectrum of the water-world candidate GJ9827d
• Mineral dust increases the habitability of terrestrial planets but confounds biomarker detection
• Transiting Exoplanet Monitoring Project (TEMP). VI. The Homogeneous Refinement of System Parameters for 39 Transiting Hot Jupiters with 127 New Light Curves
• High-Resolution Transit Spectroscopy of Warm Saturns
• A mirage of the cosmic shoreline: Venus-like clouds as a statistical false positive for exoplanet atmospheric erosion
• Spitzer Detection of the Transiting Jupiter-analog Exoplanet Kepler-167e
• A Condensation-Coalescence Cloud Model for Exoplanetary Atmospheres: Formulation and Test Applications to Terrestrial and Jovian Clouds
• Unifying High- and Low-resolution Observations to Constrain the Dayside Atmosphere of KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b
• Observational Signatures of Self-Destructive Civilisations
• Two Small Temperate Planets Transiting Nearby M Dwarfs in K2 Campaigns 0 and 1
• Helium absorption in exoplanet atmospheres is connected to stellar coronal abundances
• The Impact of Phase Equilibrium Cloud Models on GCM Simulations of GJ~1214b
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) IX: a flat transmission spectrum and a highly eccentric orbit for the young Neptune K2-25b as revealed by Spitzer
• An empirical infrared transit spectrum of Earth: opacity windows and biosignatures
• Theoretical Reflectance Spectra of Earth-Like Planets through Their Evolutions: Impact of Clouds on the Detectability of Oxygen, Water, and Methane with Future Direct Imaging Missions
• Revised Exoplanet Radii and Habitability Using Gaia Data Release 2
• A transiting, temperate mini-Neptune orbiting the M dwarf TOI-1759 unveiled by TESS
• A comparative study of WASP-67b and HAT-P-38b from WFC3 data
• Exoplanet Volatile Carbon Content as a Natural Pathway for Haze Formation
• LBT transmission spectroscopy of HAT-P-12b: confirmation of a cloudy atmosphere with no significant alkali features
• Geoscience for understanding habitability in the solar system and beyond
• Helium Enhanced Planets Along the Upper Edge of the Radius Valley
• Possible Atmospheric Diversity of Low Mass Exoplanets, some Central Aspects
• Efficient, uninformative sampling of limb-darkening coefficients for a three-parameter law
• Impact of stellar flares on the chemical composition and transmission spectra of gaseous exoplanets orbiting M dwarfs
• Detectability of biosignatures on LHS 1140 b
• Tentative Evidence for Water Vapor in the Atmosphere of the Neptune-Size Exoplanet HD 106315 c
• The Spitzer search for the transits of HARPS low-mass planets - I. No transit for the super-Earth HD 40307b
• Revisiting K2-233 spectroscopic time-series with multidimensional Gaussian Processes
• Secondary atmospheres on HD 219134 b and c
• Exoplanet Transmission Spectroscopy using KMOS
• Characterizing the Atmospheres of the HR8799 Planets with HST/WFC3
• Refraction in planetary atmospheres: improved analytical expressions and comparison with a new ray-tracing algorithm
• Exploring H${}_2$O Prominence in Reflection Spectra of Cool Giant Planets
• WASP-117 b: an eccentric hot-Saturn as a future complex chemistry laboratory
• A transmission spectrum of the sub-Earth planet L98-59~b in 1.1-1.7 $\mu$m
• A Search for Additional Bodies in the GJ 1132 Planetary System from 21 Ground-based Transits and a 100 Hour Spitzer Campaign
• Confirmation of Water Absorption in the Thermal Emission Spectrum of the Hot Jupiter WASP-77Ab with HST/WFC3
• Ground-based transit observations of the super-Earth GJ 1214b
• Exoplanetary Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer with Correlated-k I. Benchmarking Transit and Emission Observables
• Spectral Resolution-linked Bias in Transit Spectroscopy of Extrasolar Planets
• A Temperature Trend for Clouds and Hazes in Exoplanets Atmospheres
• A sub-solar metallicity on the ultra-short period planet HIP 65Ab
• The TRAPPIST-1 JWST Community Initiative
• The Transit Spectra of Earth and Jupiter
• The HST large programme on $\omega$ Centauri -- V. Exploring the Ultracool Dwarf Population with Stellar Atmosphere and Evolutionary Modelling
• Hubble WFC3 Spectroscopy of the Terrestrial Planets L~98-59~c \& d: No Evidence for a Clear Hydrogen Dominated Primary Atmosphere
• The Thermal Emission Spectrum of the Nearby Rocky Exoplanet LTT 1445A b from JWST MIRI/LRS
• MOPSS I: Flat Optical Spectra for the Hot Jupiters WASP-4 b and WASP-52b
• Where are the Water Worlds?: Self-Consistent Models of Water-Rich Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Signatures of Clouds in Hot Jupiter Atmospheres: Modeled High Resolution Emission Spectra from 3D General Circulation Models
• The metal-poor atmosphere of a Neptune/Sub-Neptune planet progenitor
• On spectroscopic phase-curve retrievals: H2 dissociation and thermal inversion in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-103 b
• Demonstrating High-precision, Multiband Transit Photometry with MuSCAT: A Case for HAT-P-14b
• Limb Darkening and Planetary Transits: Testing Center-to-limb Intensity Variations and Limb-Darkening Directly from Model Stellar Atmospheres
• Ions in the Thermosphere of Exoplanets: Observable Constraints Revealed by Innovative Laboratory Experiments
• A Multiple Scattering Polarized Radiative Transfer Model: Application to HD 189733b
• Inferring asymmetric limb cloudiness on exoplanets from transit light curves
• Hubble WFC3 Spectroscopy of the Rocky Planet L 98-59 b: No Evidence for a Cloud-Free Primordial Atmosphere
• LRG-BEASTS: Ground-based Detection of Sodium and a Steep Optical Slope in the Atmosphere of the Highly Inflated Hot-Saturn WASP-21b
• Reassessing the Evidence for Time Variability in the Atmosphere of the Exoplanet HAT-P-7 b
• TOI-2046b, TOI-1181b and TOI-1516b, three new hot Jupiters from \textit{TESS}: planets orbiting a young star, a subgiant and a normal star
• X-ray emission from the super-Earth host GJ 1214
• Characterising Atmospheres of Cloudy Temperate Mini-Neptunes with JWST
• The NewEra model grid
• Cross-sections for heavy atmospheres: H${}_2$O continuum
• The GTC exoplanet transit spectroscopy survey VIII. Flat transmission spectrum for the warm gas giant WASP-80
• Photochemical hazes can trace the C/O ratio in exoplanet atmospheres
• Transit Timing Variations in the three-planet system: TOI-270
• Sporadic Spin-Orbit Variations in Compact Multi-planet Systems and their Influence on Exoplanet Climate
• A Framework for Characterizing Transmission Spectra of Exoplanets with Circumplanetary Rings
• Two warm, low-density sub-Jovian planets orbiting bright stars in K2 campaigns 13 and 14
• The Effect of Land Fraction and Host Star Spectral Energy Distribution on the Planetary Albedo of Terrestrial Worlds
• Modeling synthetic spectra for transiting extrasolar giant planets: detectability of H${}_2$S and PH${}_3$ with JWST
• JexoSim: A time domain simulator of exoplanet transit spectroscopy with JWST
• The hot Neptune WASP-166 b with ESPRESSO III: A blue-shifted tentative water signal constrains the presence of clouds
• Dynamic mineral clouds on HD 189733b II. Monte Carlo radiative transfer for 3D cloudy exoplanet atmospheres: combining scattering and emission spectra
• The GTC exoplanet transit spectroscopy survey X. Stellar spots versus Rayleigh scattering: the case of HAT-P-11b
• Detection of Aerosols at Microbar Pressures in an Exoplanet Atmosphere
• Constraining Exoplanet Metallicities and Aerosols with ARIEL: An Independent Study by the Contribution to ARIEL Spectroscopy of Exoplanets (CASE) Team
• A Mid-Infrared Study of Directly-Imaged Planetary-Mass Companions using Archival Spitzer/IRAC Images
• Dynamics and Clouds in Planetary Atmospheres from Telescopic Observations
• A Mirage or an Oasis? Water Vapor in the Atmosphere of the Warm Neptune TOI-674 b
• Planetary parameters, XUV environments and mass-loss rates for nearby gaseous planets with X-ray detected host-stars
• Stellar Activity Effects on Moist Habitable Terrestrial Atmospheres Around M dwarfs
• Understanding the Effects of Systematics in Exoplanetary Atmospheric Retrievals
• GJ 3090 b: one of the most favourable mini-Neptune for atmospheric characterisation
• Detecting Biosignatures in the Atmospheres of Gas Dwarf Planets with the James Webb Space Telescope
• Wayne - A Simulator for HST WFC3 IR Grism Spectroscopy
• Prebiosignature Molecules Can Be Detected in Temperate Exoplanet Atmospheres with JWST
• How to Characterize the Atmosphere of a Transiting Exoplanet
• Optimal Measures for Characterizing Water-rich Super-Earths
• Peering above the clouds of the warm Neptune GJ 436b with CRIRES+
• Alfnoor: assessing the information content of Ariel's low resolution spectra with planetary population studies
• The Atmospheres of Rocky Exoplanets II. Influence of surface composition on the diversity of cloud condensates
• On the radial velocity detection of additional planets in transiting, slowly rotating M-dwarf systems: the case of GJ 1132
• Atmospheric dynamics of temperate sub-Neptunes. Part I: dry dynamics
• The GAPS Programme at TNG XL: A puffy and warm Neptune-sized planet and an outer Neptune-mass candidate orbiting the solar-type star TOI-1422
• Triboelectrification of KCl and ZnS particles in approximated exoplanet environments
• Revisiting fundamental properties of TiO${}_2$ nanoclusters as condensation seeds in astrophysical environments
• The GTC exoplanet transit spectroscopy survey. VII. An optical transmission spectrum of WASP-48b
• Aerosol Constraints on the Atmosphere of the Hot Saturn-mass planet WASP-49b
• ExoSim: the Exoplanet Observation Simulator
• A strong H- opacity signal in the near-infrared emission spectrum of the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-9b
• Transmission spectroscopy of the hot Jupiter TrES-3 b: Disproof of an overly large Rayleigh-like feature
• Measuring the variability of directly imaged exoplanets using vector Apodizing Phase Plates combined with ground-based differential spectrophotometry
• First Comparative Exoplanetology Within a Transiting Multi-planet System: Comparing the atmospheres of V1298 Tau b and c
• Exoplanet phase curves at large phase angles. Diagnostics for extended hazy atmospheres
• YunMa: Enabling Spectral Retrievals of Exoplanetary Clouds
• Analysis of the planetary mass uncertainties on the accuracy of atmospherical retrieval
• Kepler Transit Depths Contaminated by a Phantom Star
• Evidence for stellar contamination in the transmission spectra of HAT-P-12b
• JWST Transit Spectra II: Constraining Aerosol Species, Particle-size Distributions, Temperature, and Metallicity for Cloudy Exoplanets
• Two planetary systems with transiting Earth-size and super-Earth planets orbiting late-type dwarf stars
• Properties of Sub-Neptune Atmospheres: TOI-270 System
• Terminus: A Versatile Simulator for Space-based Telescopes
• The Spitzer search for the transits of HARPS low-mass planets - II. Null results for 19 planets
• Clouds and Hazes in GJ 1214b's Metal-Rich Atmosphere
• Photometric precision of a Si:As impurity band conduction mid-infrared detector and application to transit spectroscopy
• The widest broadband transmission spectrum (0.38-1.71 $\mu$m) of HD 189733b from ground-based chromatic Rossiter-McLaughlin observations
• Hazy with a chance of star spots: constraining the atmosphere of the young planet, K2-33b
• Correcting the effect of stellar spots on ARIEL transmission spectra
• ExoLyn: a golden mean approach to multi-species cloud modelling in atmospheric retrieval
• The hidden depths of planetary atmospheres
• Why heterogeneous cloud particles matter: Iron-bearing species and cloud particle morphology affects exoplanet transmission spectra
• Stellar activity consequence on the retrieved transmission spectra through chromatic Rossiter-McLaughlin observations
• Temperature-chemistry coupling in the evolution of gas giant atmospheres driven by stellar flares
• TESS and CHEOPS Discover Two Warm Sub-Neptunes Transiting the Bright K-dwarf HD 15906
• First exoplanet transit observation with the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy: Confirmation of Rayleigh scattering in HD 189733 b with HIPO
• Using near infra-red spectroscopy for characterization of transiting exoplanets
• Observations of PAHs in the atmospheres of discs and exoplanets
• Radiative Rayleigh-Taylor Instability and the structure of clouds in planetary atmospheres
• Cross-sections for heavy atmospheres: H${}_2$O self-broadening
• Spectral Variability of Two Rapidly Rotating Brown Dwarfs: 2MASS J08354256-0819237 and 2MASS J18212815+1414010
• A Framework for Optimizing Exoplanet Target Selection for the James Webb Space Telescope
• Recovering the colour-dependent albedo of exoplanets with high-resolution spectroscopy: from ESPRESSO to the ELT
• Atmospheric Characterization via Broadband Color Filters on the PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars (PLATO) Mission
• From Super-Earths to Mini-Neptunes: Implications of a Surface on Atmospheric Circulation
• A Geologically Robust Procedure For Observing Rocky Exoplanets to Ensure that Detection of Atmospheric Oxygen is an Earth-Like Biosignature
• A closer look at LTT 9779b: The ESPRESSO endeavour to pierce the atmospheric veil
• Detectability of Surface Biosignatures for Directly-Imaged Rocky Exoplanets
• A limit on gas accretion onto close-in super-Earth cores from disk accretion
• Tentative detection of titanium oxide in the atmosphere of WASP-69 b with a 4m ground-based telescope
• The Hubble/STIS Near-ultraviolet Transmission Spectrum of HD 189733b
• CaRM: Exploring the chromatic Rossiter-McLaughlin effect. The cases of HD 189733b and WASP-127b
• Stratospheric Clouds Do Not Impede JWST Transit Spectroscopy for Exoplanets with Earth-Like Atmospheres
• Polarized Signatures of a Habitable World: Comparing Models of an Exoplanet Earth with Visible and Near-infrared Earthshine Spectra
• Refractory and Volatile Species in the UV-to-IR Transmission Spectrum of Ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-178b with HST and JWST
• Data calibration for the MASCARA and bRing instruments
• Exoplanet Radio Transits as a Probe for Exoplanetary Magnetic Fields -- Time-dependent MHD Simulations
• LRG-BEASTS: Evidence for clouds in the transmission spectrum of HATS-46 b
• Enabling Robust Exoplanet Atmospheric Retrievals with Gaussian Processes
• Instrumentation prospects for rocky exoplanet atmospheres studies with high resolution spectroscopy
• Lightning in other planets
• Direct detection and characterization of M-dwarf planets using light echoes
• The GAPS programme at TNG LXIV: An inner eccentric sub-Neptune and an outer sub-Neptune-mass candidate around BD+00 444 (TOI-2443)
• Validation and Initial Characterization of the Long Period Planet Kepler-1654 b
• JexoSim 2.0: End-to-End JWST Simulator for Exoplanet Spectroscopy -- Implementation and Case Studies
• TOI-1696 and TOI-2136: Constraining the Masses of Two Mini-Neptunes with HPF
• Benchmark tests of transmission spectroscopy using transiting white dwarfs
• Is the hot, dense sub-Neptune TOI-824b an exposed Neptune mantle? Spitzer detection of the hot day side and reanalysis of the interior composition
• The effect of thermal non-equilibrium on kinetic nucleation
• Search for radio emission from the exoplanets Qatar-1b and WASP-80b near 150 MHz using the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
• Robustness of Gaian Feedbacks to Climate Perturbations
• An HST Transmission Spectrum of the Closest M-Dwarf Transiting Rocky Planet LTT 1445Ab
• Orbital Evolution of Close-in Super-Earths Driven by Atmospheric Escape
• Retrieving Exoplanet Atmospheres using Planetary Infrared Excess: Prospects for the Nightside of WASP-43 b and other Hot Jupiters
• The Hubble PanCET program: The near-ultraviolet transmission spectrum of WASP-79b
• The curse of clouds
• Comparing transit spectroscopy pipelines at the catalogue level: evidence for systematic differences
• Vanadium oxide clusters in substellar atmospheres: A quantum chemical study
• Detecting molecules in Ariel low resolution transmission spectra
• ARES VI: Viability of one-dimensional retrieval models for transmission spectroscopy characterization of exo-atmospheres in the era of JWST and Ariel
• A transiting super-Earth close to the inner edge of the habitable zone of an M0 dwarf star
• On The Synergy Between Ariel And Ground-Based High-Resolution Spectroscopy
• The effect of spectroscopic binning on atmospheric retrievals
• Not All Sub-Neptune Exoplanets Have Magma Oceans
• Exoplanet Atmosphere Measurements from Direct Imaging
• Can Rocky Exoplanets with Rings Pose as Sub-Neptunes?
• PACMAN: A pipeline to reduce and analyze Hubble Wide Field Camera 3 IR Grism data
• Theoretical Transmission Spectra of Exoplanet Atmospheres with Hydrocarbon Haze. II. Dependence on UV Irradiation Intensity, Metallicity, C/O Ratio, Eddy Diffusion Coefficient, and Temperature
• Probing reflection from aerosols with the near-infrared dayside spectrum of WASP-80b
• Carbon-rich Sub-Neptune Interiors Are Compatible with JWST Observations
• Contrast and Temperature Dependence of Multi-Epoch High-Resolution Cross-Correlation Exoplanet Spectroscopy
• Experimental study of heterogeneous organic chemistry induced by far ultraviolet light: Implications for growth of organic aerosols by CH3 addition in the atmospheres of Titan and early Earth
• Quantifying the Impact of Spectral Coverage on the Retrieval of Molecular Abundances from Exoplanet Transmission Spectra
• HST Transmission Spectra of the Hot-Neptune HD 219666 b: Detection of Water and the Challenge of Constraining Both Water and Methane
• Under the magnifying glass: A combined 3D model applied to cloudy warm Saturn type exoplanets around M-dwarfs
• Planetary albedo is limited by the above-cloud atmosphere: Implications for sub-Neptune climate
• The SPACE Program. I. The featureless spectrum of HD 86226 c challenges sub-Neptune atmosphere trends
• Tighter constraints on the atmosphere of GJ 436 b from combined high-resolution CARMENES and CRIRES${}^{+}$ observations
• Exploring the atmosphere of GJ 1132 b with CRIRES+
• Light Scattering Measurements of KCl Particles as an Exoplanet Cloud Analog
• Osiris revisited: Confirming a solar metallicity and low C/O in HD 209458b
• The role of cloud particle properties on WASP-39b transmission spectrum based on JWST/NIRSpec observations
• A reanalysis of the LHS 1140 b atmosphere observed with the Hubble Space Telescope
• Clouds in partial atmospheres of lava planets and where to find them
• Exoplanet Atmospheres and Giant Ground-Based Telescopes
• Simultaneous multicolour optical and near-IR transit photometry of GJ 1214b with SOFIA
• Outgassing Composition of the Murchison Meteorite: Implications for Volatile Depletion of Planetesimals and Interior-atmosphere Connections for Terrestrial Exoplanets
• Model-independent exoplanet transit spectroscopy
• A Transmission Spectrum Of HD 189733b From Multiple Broadband Filter Observations
• Infrared spectra of TiO2 clusters for hot Jupiter atmospheres
• Characterization of an Instrument Model for Exoplanet Transit Spectrum Estimation through Wide Scale Analysis on HST Data
• Reflected-light Phase Curves with PICASO: A Kepler-7b Case Study
• Experimental Investigation of the Photochemical Production of Hydrocarbons in Warm Gas Giant Exoplanet Atmospheres
• The effects of stellar gravity darkening on high-resolution transmission spectra
• The Featureless HST/WFC3 Transmission Spectrum of the Rocky Exoplanet GJ 1132b: No Evidence For A Cloud-Free Primordial Atmosphere and Constraints on Starspot Contamination
• Galactic planetary science
• A re-analysis of equilibrium chemistry in five hot Jupiters
• The near-UV transit of HD 189733b with the XMM-Newton Optical Monitor
• Exoplanet atmospheres with EChO: spectral retrievals using EChOSim
• Regaining the FORS: making optical ground-based transmission spectroscopy of exoplanets with VLT+FORS2 possible again
• Direct High-Resolution Imaging of Earth-Like Exoplanets
• Temperate super-Earths/mini-Neptunes around M/K dwarfs Consist of 2 Populations Distinguished by Their Atmospheres
• The Oxyometer: A Novel Instrument Concept for Characterizing Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Exploring terrestrial lightning parameterisations for exoplanets and brown dwarfs
• SIOUX project: a simultaneous multiband camera for exoplanet atmospheres studies
• Laboratory astrophysics: key to understanding the Universe
• Effect of Centrifugal Force on Transmission Spectroscopy of Exoplanet Atmospheres
• SVEEEETIES: Singular vector expansion to estimate Earth-like exoplanet temperatures from infrared emission spectra
• Magnetohydrodynamic simulation assessment of a potential near-ultraviolet early ingress in WASP-189b
• Atmospheric heat redistribution effect on Emission spectra of Hot-Jupiters
• From Global Climate Models (GCMs) to Exoplanet Spectra with the Global Emission Spectra (GlobES)
• The Effects of Cuboid Particle Scattering on Reflected Light Phase Curves: Insights from Laboratory Data and Theory
• A Global Perspective with Updated Constraints on the Ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-19b: Atmospheric Properties and Stellar Activity
• The Science Case for an Extended Spitzer Mission
• The atmospheres of rocky exoplanets III. Using atmospheric spectra to constrain surface rock composition
• Rapid characterization of exoplanet atmospheres with the Exoplanet Transmission Spectroscopy Imager (ETSI)
• Diversity of Exoplanets
• Warm Jupiters around M-dwarfs are great opportunities for extensive chemical, cloud and haze characterisation with JWST
• Disentangling Atmospheric Compositions of K2-18 b with Next Generation Facilities
• Lightning activity on a tidally locked terrestrial exoplanet in storm-resolving simulations for a range of surface pressures
• Evolution and Observable Properties of Rocky Planet Atmospheres
• Dust in brown dwarfs and extra-solar planets VI. Assessing seed formation across the brown dwarf and exoplanet regimes
• Exploring Synergies between Twinkle and Ariel: a Pilot Study
• New models of reflection spectra for terrestrial exoplanets: Present and prebiotic Earth orbiting around stars of different spectral types
• Gas Phase Chemistry of Cool Exoplanet Atmospheres: Insight from Laboratory Simulations
• Clouds can enhance direct imaging detection of O2 and O3 on terrestrial exoplanets
• Sub-Neptunes as Soot Factories: Deep Atmosphere Hydrocarbon Formation and Quenching as the Origin of Sub-Neptune Aerosol Trends
• Theory and simulation of spectral line broadening by exoplanetary atmospheric haze
• The Hubble PanCET Program: A Featureless Transmission Spectrum for WASP-29b and Evidence of Enhanced Atmospheric Metallicity on WASP-80b
• Impact of Clouds on the Atmosphere-Mantle Interface of Sub-Neptunes
• Convection modeling of pure-steam atmospheres
• GCM-Motivated Multidimensional Temperature Parametrization Scheme for Phasecurve Retrieval
• JWST unveils a high mean molecular weight atmosphere for mini-Neptune TOI-1130b: Evidence for formation beyond the water ice line
• TOI-1201 b: A mini-Neptune transiting a bright and moderately young M dwarf
• Influence of CO versus CH${}_4$ on organic haze formation in atmospheres of diverse terrestrial exoplanets
• L 98-59: a Benchmark System of Small Planets for Future Atmospheric Characterization
• Improving exoplanet mass characterisation with Bayesian model selection using the Learned Harmonic Mean Estimator
• Grain Growth in Escaping Atmospheres: Implications for the Radius Inflation of Super-Puffs
• The Color of Habitability
• The impact of faculae on the radius determination of exoplanets: The case of the M-star GJ1214
• Effect of clouds on emission spectra for Super Venus
• Searching for Exosatellites Orbiting L and T Dwarfs: Connecting Planet Formation to Moon Formation and Finding New Temperate Worlds
• Piercing through the Haze: Characterizing Titan-like terrestrial exoplanets with JWST