Femtoscopy in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions: Two Decades of Progress

Abstract

Analyses of two-particle correlations have provided the chief means for determining spatio-temporal characteristics of relativistic heavy ion collisions. We discuss the theoretical formalism behind these studies and the experimental methods used in carrying them out. Recent results from RHIC are put into context in a systematic review of correlation measurements performed over the past two decades. The current understanding of these results is discussed in terms of model comparisons and overall trends.

49 pages, 16 figures; to appear in Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science; final version includes minor updates in text, a few references added, and two figures updated; Figures and numerical data tables available at http://www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~lisa/FemtoscopyReview2005/

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• Refractive Distortions of Two-Particle Correlations from Classical Trajectory Calculations
• Quasi-Particle Degrees of Freedom versus the Perfect Fluid as Descriptors of the Quark-Gluon Plasma
• Femtoscopy correlation functions and hadron-hadron scattering amplitudes in presence of Coulomb potential
• Universal Flow in the First fm/c at RHIC
• Can the strong interactions between hadrons be determined using femtoscopy?
• Exploring Lifetime Effects in Femtoscopy
• Lévy walk of pions in heavy-ion collisions
• Investigation of K${}^{+}$K${}^{-}$ interactions via femtoscopy in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV at the LHC
• Production characteristics of light (anti-)nuclei from (anti-)nucleon coalescence in heavy ion collisions at energies employed at the RHIC beam energy scan
• Momentum correlation of light nuclei in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.0 $\sim$ 7.7 GeV
• UrQMD calculations of two-pion HBT correlations in p+p and Pb+Pb collisions at LHC energies
• Azimuthal-sensitive three-dimensional HBT radius in Au-Au collisions at $E_{beam}=1.23$$A$ GeV by the IQMD model
• Azimuthally differential pion femtoscopy in Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV with ALICE at the LHC
• A Gaussian Process Generative Model for QCD Equation of State
• On the role of the time scale Delta t in Bose-Einstein correlations
• Azimuthally-differential pion femtoscopy relative to the third harmonic event plane in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{{\text{s}}_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}$ = 2.76 TeV
• Quasi equilibrium state of expanding quantum fields and two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations in $pp$ collisions at the LHC
• The $D^{\ast }/D$ ratio in heavy ion collisions
• Understanding the Optical Potential in HBT Interferometry
• Expansion dynamics of Pb-Pb collisions at 40 A GeV/c viewed by negatively charged hadrons
• Production and rescattering of strange baryons at SPS energies in a transport model with hadron potentials
• Kaon femtoscopy with Lévy-stable sources from $\sqrt{s_{{}_{\mathrm{NN}}}}=200$ GeV $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at RHIC
• Phenomenology of Strangeness enhancement in heavy ion collisions
• Two-pion interferometry for the granular sources in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions
• Kaon and pion maximal emission times extraction from the femtoscopy analysis of $5.02A$ TeV LHC collisions within the integrated hydrokinetic model
• Does interferometry probe thermalization?
• Meson and baryon femtoscopy in heavy-ion collisions at ALICE
• Event mixing does not reproduce single particle acceptance convolutions for nonuniform pseudorapidity distributions
• Study of the deuterons emission time in pp collisions at the LHC via kaon-deuteron correlations
• Resonances as Probes of Heavy-Ion Collisions at ALICE
• Effects of hadronic mean-field potentials on Hanbury-Brown-Twiss correlations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Determining source cumulants in femtoscopy with Gram-Charlier and Edgeworth series
• Temperature and density effects on the two-nucleon momentum correlation function from excited single nuclei
• Describing transverse dynamics and space-time evolution at RHIC in a hydrodynamic model with statistical hadronization
• Kaonic Hanbury-Brown-Twiss radii at 200 GeV and 5.02 TeV
• Pauli-principle driven correlations in four-neutron nuclear decays
• Beam energy dependent two-pion interferometry and the freeze-out eccentricity of pions in heavy ion collisions at STAR
• System-size dependence of the pion freeze-out volume as a potential signature for the phase transition to a Quark Gluon Plasma
• Sum Rule of Femtoscopic Correlation Function
• Convergence of the $ppp$ correlation function within the hyperspherical adiabatic basis
• Multiplicity-dependent saturation momentum in $p$-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV
• Chaotic parameter $\lambda$ in Hanbury-Brown-Twiss interferometry in an anisotropic boson gas model
• Shape analysis of HBT correlations at STAR
• Deciphering nonfemtoscopic two-pion correlations in $p+p$ collisions with simple analytical models
• Simulation of energy scan of pion interferometry in central Au + Au collisions at relativistic energies
• Kaon-deuteron femtoscopy from unitarized chiral interactions
• Investigating the pion emission source in pp collisions using the AMPT model with sub-nucleon structure
• Investigating the p-${\pi }^{\pm }$ and p-p-${\pi }^{\pm }$ dynamics with femtoscopy in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV
• Femtoscopy of identified particles at STAR
• Is HBT really puzzling?
• Perspectives in Small Systems : Heavy Quarks and HBT Radii
• The effect of single-particle space-momentum angle distribution on two-pion HBT correlation in relativistic heavy-ion collisions by using a multiphase transport model
• Identical-particle (pion and kaon) femtoscopy in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV with Therminator2 modeled with (3+1)D viscous hydrodynamics
• K${}_{\mathrm{S}}^0$ and $\Lambda (\overline{\Lambda })$ two-particle femtoscopic correlations in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV
• Two-particle correlations in azimuthal angle and pseudorapidity in central ${}^7$Be+${}^9$Be collisions at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron
• Quantum local-equilibrium state with fixed multiplicity constraint and Bose-Einstein momentum correlations
• The effect of single-particle space-momentum angle distribution on two-pion HBT correlation in high-energy heavy-ion collisions
• Femtoscopic study of the proton-proton and proton-deuteron systems in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC
• Study on space-time structure of Higgs boson decay using HBT correlation Method in e${}^{+}$e${}^{-}$ collision at $\sqrt{s}$=250 GeV
• Quantum canonical ensemble and correlation femtoscopy at fixed multiplicities
• Density Functional Equation of State and Its Application to the Phenomenology of Heavy-Ion Collisions
• A technique to study the elastic and inelastic interaction of quarkonium with hadrons using femtoscopic correlations
• Recent ALICE results on hadronic resonance production
• The transverse momentum dependence of charged kaon Bose-Einstein correlations in the SELEX experiment
• Particle production and nonlinear diffusion in relativistic systems
• Elliptic flow from final state interactions in the distorted-wave emission-function model
• Multiparticle correlations and momentum conservation in nucleus-nucleus collisions
• Solution of the RHIC HBT puzzle with Gaussian initial conditions
• Transverse-longitudinal HBT correlations in proton-antiproton collisions at root(s) = 630 GeV
• Towards reliable calculations of the correlation function
• Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions: Viscous Hydrodynamic Simulations and Final State Interactions
• Exploring the N$\Lambda$-N$\Sigma$ coupled system with high precision correlation techniques at the LHC
• Lévy analysis of HBT correlation functions in $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=$ 62 GeV and 39 GeV Au+Au collisions at PHENIX
• Reexamining the iconic dihadron correlation measurement demonstrating jet quenching
• pi-Xi correlations in d+Au and Au+Au collisions at STAR
• Bose-Einstein momentum correlations at fixed multiplicities: Lessons from an exactly solvable thermal model for $pp$ collisions at the LHC
• The Multiplicity Dependence of Pion Interferometry in Hydrodynamics
• Measurement of $p$-${\Xi }^{-}$ ($\bar{p}$-${\bar{\Xi }}^{+}$) Correlation Function in Isobar and Au+Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV with the STAR Detector
• Pion transverse-momentum spectrum, elliptic flow, and Hanbury-Brown-Twiss interferometry in a viscous granular source model
• Investigating the pion source function in heavy-ion collisions with the EPOS model
• Two-Particle Correlations in the Wave Function and Covariant Current Approaches
• Interpreting scattering wave functions in the presence of energy-dependent interactions
• Two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV with ALICE
• Two-pion interferometry for partially coherent sources in relativistic heavy-ion collisions in a multi-phase transport model
• Probing Late-Stage Hadronic Interactions at High Baryon Density via $K^{\ast 0}$ Production in the RHIC Beam Energy Scan Program
• Investigating the excitation function of HBT radii for Lévy-stable sources
• Three-dimensional sizes and shapes of pion emission in heavy-ion collisions
• Baryon femtoscopy in sqrt(sNN) = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions at ALICE
• $\pi \Xi$ Correlations: an Interweaving of Resonance Interaction, Channel Coupling and Coulomb Effects
• Jet Quenching and Correlations
• Formulation of relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics and its applications in heavy-ion collisions
• Baryon femtoscopy in heavy-ion collisions at ALICE
• Studies of final state interactions via femtoscopy in ALICE
• Probing the Three-dimension Emission Source and Neutron Skin via $\pi$-$\pi$ Correlations in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Interferometry correlations in central p+Pb collisions
• Three-pion Bose-Einstein correlations measured in proton-proton collisions
• Transverse-velocity scaling of femtoscopy in $\sqrt{s}=7$ TeV proton-proton collisions
• Identical Meson Interferometry in STAR Experiment
• Non-identical particle correlations at 62 and 200 GeV at STAR
• Accessing the deuteron source with pion-deuteron femtoscopy in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV
• Pion-kaon femtoscopy in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76$ TeV measured with ALICE
• HBT radii : Comparative studies on collision systems and beam energies
• Fixed particle number constraint in a simple model of a thermal expanding system and $pp$ collisions at the LHC
• Distortion of the HBT images by meson clouds
• Effect of an Expanding Charged Cloud on two-particle Bose-Einstein Correlations
• Long-range azimuthal correlations for partially coherent pion emission in proton-proton collisions
• Multiboson Hanbury Brown-Twiss correlations for partially coherent sources in relativistic heavy-ion collisions in a multiphase transport model
• Quantized meson fields in and out of equilibrium. I : Kinetics of meson condensate and quasi-particle excitations
• Use of cumulants to quantify uncertainties in the HBT measurements of the homogeneity regions
• Differential HBT Method for Binary Stars
• The Interplay of Femtoscopic and Charge-Balance Correlations
• Finite size of hardons and HBT interferometry for hydrodynamic sources
• The single-particle space-momentum angle distribution effect on two-pion HBT correlation with the Coulomb interaction
• Kaon femtoscopy in $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=200 GeV central Au+Au collsions at STAR
• Extracting temperature and transverse flow by fitting transverse mass spectra and HBT radii together
• Geometry of particle emission in UrQMD Ar+Sc collisions at SPS energies
• Ambiguities in the HBT approach to determine the interaction regions
• Exploring the Big Bang with femtoscopy
• Heavy quark polarization anisotropy as a novel probe of fireball geometry
• Accessing proton number fluctuations in limited regions of phase space
• Unfolding the effects of final-state interactions and quantum statistics in two-particle angular correlations
• Particle momentum spectra, correlations, and maximum entropy principle in high-multiplicity collision events
• A Data-Guided Coalescence Model for Light Nuclei and Hypernuclei Production in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=3$--200 GeV
• Corrections to the Smoothness and On-Shell Approximations in Femtoscopy and Coalescence
• Unlocking the initial neutron density distribution from the two-pion HBT correlation function in heavy-ion collisions
• One-, two-, and three-dimensional photon femtoscopy
• Finite size effect on Dissociation and Diffusion of chiral partners in Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model
• K${}_{\mathrm{S}}^0$K${}_{\mathrm{S}}^0$ and K${}_{\mathrm{S}}^0$K${}^{\pm }$ femtoscopy in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 5.02 and 13 TeV
• Internal cumulants for femtoscopy with fixed charged multiplicity
• Identical Particle Correlations in STAR
• Reconstructing rare particle source by femtoscopic correlations
• Viscosity at RHIC: Theory and Practice
• Femtoscopic measurements in $p$+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{}_{\text{NN}}}}=5.02$~TeV with ATLAS at the LHC
• Multi-dimensional investigation of the pion pair-source in heavy-ion collisions with EPOS