Comparison of Chemical Freeze-Out Criteria in Heavy-Ion Collisions

Abstract

One of the most remarkable results to emerge from heavy-ion collisions over the past two decades is the striking regularity shown by particle yields at all energies. This has led to several very successful proposals describing particle yields over a very wide range of beam energies, reaching from 1 A GeV up to 200 A GeV, using only one or two parameters. A systematic comparison of these proposals is presented here. The conditions of fixed energy per particle, baryon+anti-baryon density, normalized entropy density as well as percolation model are investigated. The results are compared with the most recent chemical freeze-out parameters obtained in the thermal-statistical analysis of particle yields. The sensitivity and dependence of the results on parameters is analyzed and discussed. It is shown that in the energy range above the top AGS energy, within present accuracies, all chemical freeze-out criteria give a fairly good description of the particle yields. However, the low energy heavy-ion data favor the constant energy per particle as a unified condition of chemical particle freeze-out. This condition also shows the weakest sensitivity on model assumptions and parameters.

15 pages 7 figures uses revtex

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• Strangeness production in high-energy collisions and Hawking-Unruh radiation
• Universal Freezeout Condition for Charged Hadrons in a Hybrid Approach
• Pion Number Fluctuations and Correlations in the Statistical System with Fixed Isospin
• Exploring the hadron resonance gas phase on the QCD phase diagram
• INFN What Next: Ultra-relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Equation of state of strongly interacting matter: spectra for thermal particles and intensity correlation of thermal photons
• Event patterns extracted from anisotropic spectra of charged particles produced in Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV
• Event patterns from negative pion spectra in proton-proton and nucleus-nucleus collisions at SPS
• Chemical potentials of light flavor quarks from yield ratios of negative to positive particles in Au+Au collisions at RHIC
• Flow and vorticity with varying chemical potential in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Light particle and quark chemical potentials from negatively to positively charged particle yield ratios corrected by removing strong and weak decays
• Strangeness and light fragment production at high baryon density
• QCD equation of state at finite densities for nuclear collisions
• QCD at finite chemical potential in and out-of equilibrium
• Hawking-Unruh hadronization and strangeness production in high energy collisions
• Light-nuclei production in heavy-ion collisions within a thermodynamical approach
• Transverse momentum spectra and suppression of charged hadrons in deformed Xe-Xe collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.44 TeV using HYDJET++ model
• Inflection point as a characteristic of the QCD critical point
• Validity of the Hadronic Freeze-Out Curve
• Chemical Freeze-out Parameters via a Non-perturbative QCD Approach
• Ratios of Fluctuation Observables in the Search for the QCD Critical Point
• Statistical Model Predictions for p+p and Pb+Pb Collisions at LHC
• Can charm fluctuation be a better probe to study QCD critical point?
• Unruh thermal hadronization and the cosmological constant
• Nuclear clustering process in heavy-ion collisions : experimental constraints on the low-temperature region of the QCD phase diagram
• Baryon Number Fluctuations in Quasi-particle Model
• Multiplicity fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions using canonical and grand-canonical ensemble
• Recent theoretical developments on QCD matter at finite temperature and density
• Density Functional Equation of State and Its Application to the Phenomenology of Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Hadronization effects on the baryon-strangeness correlation in quark combination models
• Net-proton number cumulant ratios as function of beam energy from an expanding nonequilibrium chiral fluid
• Analogy of QCD hadronization and Hawking-Unruh radiation at NICA
• Impact of the Coulomb field on charged-pion spectra in few-GeV heavy-ion collisions
• Collision-energy Dependence of Deuteron Cumulants and Proton-deuteron Correlations in Au+Au collisions at RHIC
• Bose-Einstein condensation and muon production in ultra-high energy cosmic ray particle collisions
• Vortical waves in a quantum fluid with vector, axial and helical charges. II. Dissipative effects
• Exploring the QCD phase diagram through relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Hadronic Reaction Zones in Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions
• Statistical Fluctuations and Correlations in Hadronic Equilibrium Systems
• Transverse Energy per Charged Particle in Heavy-Ion Collisions: Role of Collective Flow
• Hadronization correspondence of Hawking-Unruh radiation from rotating and electrically charged black holes
• Investigating the QCD phase diagram with hadron multiplicities at NICA
• Statistical Ensembles With Finite Bath: A Description for an Event Generator
• Locating fixed points in the phase plane
• Multiparticle production and initial quasi-temperature from proton induced carbon collisions at $p_{Lab}=31$ GeV/$c$
• Freeze-out and thermalization in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Thermal properties of hot and dense medium in interacting hadron resonance gas model
• Thermal-model-based characterization of heavy-ion-collision systems at chemical freeze-out
• Unruh thermalization, gluon condensation and freeze-out
• Universal descriptions of chemical freeze-out based on pressure and specific heat
• NICA-MPD: azimuthal and femtoscopic particle correlations
• PHENIX results on fluctuations and Bose-Einstein correlations in Au+Au collisions from the RHIC Beam Energy Scan
• Curvature of the pseudocritical line in (2+1)-flavor QCD with HISQ fermions
• Exploring QCD Matter at High Baryon Density
• Study of net-baryon higher moments in PNJL model and their expectation for net-proton using the Subensemble Acceptance Method for the search of QCD critical point
• Investigating the cluster production mechanism with isospin triggering: Thermal models versus coalescence models
• Thermodynamic and hydrodynamic characteristics of interacting system formed in relativistic heavy ion collisions
• Variations of the crossover and first-order phase transition curve in modeling the QCD equation of state
• More uses for Thermal Models
• Ks, Lambda and Xi production at intermediate to high pT from Au+Au collisions at \sqrt{s_{NN}} = 39, 11.5 and 7.7 GeV
• Comment on "Evaluation of kinetic freeze-out properties in different relativistic heavy-ion collision systems at \sqrtsNN = 200 GeV'' (Eur. Phys. J. Plus (2025) 140:179) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06119-0
• Cumulants of the chiral order parameter at lower RHIC energies
• Quark spin - thermal vorticity alignment and the Lambda, anti-Lambda polarization in heavy-ion collisions
• The role of the chiral phase transition in modelling the kaon to pion ratio
• Strangeness Production at SIS measured with HADES
• Parametrization for chemical freeze-out conditions from net-charge fluctuations measured at RHIC
• Curvature of the QCD critical line with 2+1 HISQ fermions
• Multiplicity fluctuations in relativistic gases. From simple models to experiment
• The Magnetic Field Effect on Thermodynamics of Hot QCD Matter using Extensive and non-Extensive Statistics
• Highlights from Heavy Ion Collisions at RHIC and the Acoustics of the Little Bangs
• Vorticity-induced modifications of chemical freeze-out in heavy-ion collisions
• Identified charged hadron production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 54.4 GeV with the STAR detector
• Strange Particles and Neutron Stars - Experiments at Gsi
• Chemical freeze-out systematics of thermal model analysis using hadron yield ratios
• Systematics of the chemical freeze-out line in the high baryon density regime explored at SIS100
• A Data-Guided Coalescence Model for Light Nuclei and Hypernuclei Production in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=3$--200 GeV
• Chiral Vortical Transport under Minimal-Length Deformations in Rotating Relativistic Matter
• Equation of State and Phase Transitions in the Nuclear and Hadronic Systems
• How to locate the QCD phase boundary by scanning observable in the phase plane
• Mott dissociation and kaon to pion ratio in the EPNJL model
• Analysis of kinetic freeze out temperature and transverse flow velocity in nucleus-nucleus and proton-proton collisions at same center of mass energy
• Non-Extensive Transverse Momentum Distribution For Identified Particles at $\sqrt{S_{NN}}=$ 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39 \hspace{0.05cm} GeV
• Fixed point behavior of cumulants in the three-dimensional Ising universality class