Revisiting the Infrared Spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei with a New Torus Emission Model

Abstract

We describe improved modelling of the emission by dust in a toroidal--like structure heated by a central illuminating source within Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). We chose a simple but realistic torus geometry, a flared disc, and a dust grain distribution function including a full range of grain sizes. The optical depth within the torus is computed in detail taking into account the different sublimation temperatures of the silicate and graphite grains, which solves previously reported inconsistencies in the silicate emission feature in type-1 AGN. We exploit this model to study the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of 58 extragalactic (both type-1 and type-2) sources using archival optical and infrared (IR) data. We find that both AGN and starburst contributions are often required to reproduce the observed SEDs, although in a few cases they are very well fitted by a pure AGN component. The AGN contribution to the far-IR luminosity is found to be higher in type-1 sources, with all the type-2 requiring a substantial contribution from a circum-nuclear starburst. Our results appear in agreement with the AGN Unified Scheme, since the distributions of key parameters of the torus models turn out to be compatible for type-1 and type-2 AGN. Further support to the unification concept comes from comparison with medium-resolution IR spectra of type-1 AGN by the Spitzer observatory, showing evidence for a moderate silicate emission around 10 \mums which our code reproduces. From our analysis we infer accretion flows in the inner nucleus of local AGN characterized by high equatorial optical depths ($A_V\simeq 100$), moderate sizes ($R_{max}<100pc$) and very high covering factors ($f\simeq 80$ per cent) on average.

23 pages, 20 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

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• Broad-band X-ray analysis of local mid-infrared selected Compton-thick AGN candidates
• Recovering the origins of the lenticular galaxy NGC 3115 using multi-band imaging
• Ratio of black hole to galaxy mass of an extremely red dust-obscured galaxy at z = 2.52
• On the Absence of High-Redshift AGNs: Little Growth in the Supermassive Black Hole Population at High Redshifts
• Physical parameters of the torus for the type 2 Seyfert IC 5063 from mid-IR and X-ray simultaneous spectral fitting
• Forward modeling the multiwavelength properties of Active Galactic Nuclei: application to X-ray and WISE mid-infrared samples
• Mr-Moose: An advanced SED-fitting tool for heterogeneous multi-wavelength datasets
• Multi-wavelength properties of 850-$\mu$m selected sources from the North Ecliptic Pole SCUBA-2 survey
• Dust in the Torus of the AGN Unified Model
• A high redshift population of galaxies at the North Ecliptic Pole: unveiling the main sequence of dusty galaxies
• The role of grain size in AGN torus dust models
• Panchromatic Photometry of Low-redshift, Massive Galaxies Selected from SDSS Stripe 82
• Dusty plasma in active galactic nuclei
• The impact of stellar bars on star-formation quenching: Insights from a spatially resolved analysis in the local Universe
• Discovery of a giant and luminous Lya+CIV+HeII nebula at z=3.326 with extreme emission line ratios
• Physical properties of the CDFS X-ray sources through fitting spectral energy distributions
• On the Host Galaxy of GRB 150101B and the Associated Active Galactic Nucleus
• Starbursts with suppressed velocity dispersion revealed in a forming cluster at z=2.51
• Detection of [O III] at z~3: A Galaxy above the Main Sequence, Rapidly Assembling its Stellar Mass
• The $XXL$ survey: XL. Obscuration properties of red AGN in $XXL-N$
• High Spatial Resolution of the Mid-Infrared Emission of Compton-Thick Seyfert 2 Galaxy Mrk3
• Hypercubes of AGN Tori (HYPERCAT) -- II. Resolving the Torus with Extremely Large Telescopes
• Polar Dust Emission in Quasar IR SEDs and Its Correlation with Narrow Line Regions
• The Long and the Short of It: The Benefits and Leverage of Ultraviolet-Radio Galaxy Fitting
• Physical properties of hyperluminous, dust-obscured quasars at $z\sim 3$: multiwavelength Spectral Energy Distribution analysis and cold gas content revealed by ALMA
• Discovery of a strong ionized-gas outflow in an AKARI-selected Ultra-luminous Infrared Galaxy at z = 0.5
• The physical properties of Spitzer/IRS galaxies derived from their UV to 22 $\mu$m spectral energy distribution
• Revealing the quiescent galaxy population in the Spiderweb protocluster at z=2.16 with deep HST/WFC3 slitless spectroscopy
• Determining star formation rates of active galactic nuclei host galaxies based on SED fitting with sub-mm data
• Circumnuclear Dust in AP Librae and the source of its VHE emission
• Measuring the Obscuring Column of a Disk Megamaser AGN in a Nearby Merger
• Early results from GLASS-JWST. XX: Unveiling a population of "red-excess'' galaxies in Abell2744 and in the coeval field
• Radiative transfer modelling of parsec-scale dusty warped discs
• Star formation efficiency and AGN feedback in narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies with fast X-ray nuclear winds
• Obscuration properties of mid-IR selected AGN
• The molecular gas in the central region of NGC 7213
• The slippery slope of dust attenuation curves: Correlation of dust attenuation laws with star-to-dust compactness up to z = 4
• A Mid-infrared Flare in the Active Galaxy MCG-02-04-026: Dust Echo of a Nuclear Transient Event
• Lightning: An X-ray to Submillimeter Galaxy SED-Fitting Code With Physically-Motivated Stellar, Dust, and AGN Models
• The DESI One-Percent Survey: Modelling the clustering and halo occupation of all four DESI tracers with Uchuu
• Torus Constraints in ANEPD-CXO245: A Compton-thick AGN with Double-Peaked Narrow Lines
• HSC-XD 52: An X-ray detected AGN in a low-mass galaxy at $z\sim 0.56$
• AGN and Star Formation at Cosmic Noon: Comparison of Data to Theoretical Models
• JWST/MIRI unveils the stellar component of the GN20 dusty galaxy overdensity at $z$=4.05
• The mineralogy of newly formed dust in active galactic nuclei
• Dark Energy Survey Identification of A Low-Mass Active Galactic Nucleus at Redshift 0.823 from Optical Variability
• Probabilistic and progressive deblended far-infrared and sub-millimetre point source catalogues I. Methodology and first application in the COSMOS field
• The VMC Survey -- XLIX. Discovery of a population of quasars dominated by nuclear dust emission behind the Magellanic Clouds
• The Milky Way like galaxy NGC 6384 and its nuclear star cluster at high NIR spatial resolution using LBT/ARGOS commissioning data
• Disentangling the AGN and Star-Formation Contributions to the Radio-X-ray Emission of Radio-Loud Quasars at 1<z<2
• Estimating the Jet Power of Mrk\,231 During the 2017-2018 Flare
• GalaPy, the highly optimised C++/Python spectral modelling tool for galaxies -- I. Library presentation and photometric fitting
• The circumstellar matter of type II intermediate luminosity optical transients (ILOTs)
• The Unusual AGN Host NGC 1266: Evidence for Shocks in a Molecular Gas Rich S0 Galaxy with a Low Luminosity Nucleus
• Influence of star-forming galaxy selection on the galaxy main sequence
• The complex infrared dust continuum emission of NGC1068: ground-based N- and Q-band spectroscopy and new radiative transfer models
• Far-Infrared Properties of Type 1 Quasars
• Dying of the Light: An X-ray Fading Cold Quasar at z ~ 0.405
• High dense gas fraction in a gas-rich star-forming galaxy at z = 1.2
• Accretion History of AGN: Estimating the Host Galaxy Properties in X-ray Luminous AGN from z=0-3
• A Fresh Look at AGN Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting with the XMM-SERVS AGN Sample
• A Molecular Gas Ring Hidden in the Sombrero Galaxy
• COSMOS2020: Investigating the AGN-obscured accretion phase at $z\sim 1$ via [NeV] selection
• Detection of the [O I] 63 $\mu$m emission line from the $z=6.04$ quasar J2054-0005
• Connecting the growth of galaxies to the large-scale environment in a massive node of the Cosmic Web at z~3
• Probing the Mpc-scale environment of hyperluminous infrared galaxies at 2<z<4
• Environmental Effects on AGN activity via Extinction-free Mid-Infrared Census
• Revealing the differences in the SMBH accretion rate distributions of starburst and non-starburst galaxies
• A young and obscured AGN embedded in the giant radio galaxy Mrk 1498
• Infrared Colours and Spectral Energy Distributions of Hard X-ray Selected Obscured and Compton-thick AGN
• Modeling the unresolved NIR-MIR SEDs of local ($z<0.1$) QSOs
• MaNGA AGN dwarf galaxies (MAD) -- II. AGN outflows in dwarf galaxies
• JWST reveals the diversity of nuclear obscuring dust in nearby AGN: nuclear isolation of MIRI/MRS datacubes and continuum spectral fitting
• SMART: spectral energy distributions Markov chain analysis with radiative transfer models
• UV-FIR SED modeling of AGN in IR-luminous galaxies up to z~2.5: Understanding the effects of torus models
• Galaxy Properties Derived with Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting in the Hawaii-Hubble Deep Field-North
• Beyond Traditional Diagnostics: Identifying Active Galactic Nuclei with Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting in DESI Data
• Active galactic nuclei catalog from the AKARI NEP Wide field
• Detection of disk-jet co-precession in a tidal disruption event
• Ionized gas metallicity of the strong [OIII]λ emission-line compact galaxies in the LAMOST survey
• Far-infrared star-formation rates of six GRB host galaxies with ALMA
• Modelling Grain Rotational Disruption by Radiative Torques and Extinction of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Hot graphite dust in the inner regime of NGC 4151
• Distinguishing AGN from starbursts as the origin of double peaked Lyman-Alpha Emitters in the reionization era
• NuSTAR observations of a heavily X-ray obscured AGN in the dwarf galaxy J144013+024744
• Diagnostics of active galaxies: I. Modeling the infrared properties of dusty cores of starburst galaxies
• Decoupled Black Hole Accretion and Quenching: The Relationship Between BHAR, SFR, and Quenching in Milky Way and Andromeda-mass Progenitors Since z = 2.5
• Orientation effects on the near-infrared broad band emission of quasars
• The Spitzer-IRAC/MIPS Extragalactic Survey (SIMES): II enhanced nuclear accretion rate in galaxy groups at z$\sim$0.2
• Origin of Warm High-Velocity Dense Gas in ULIRGs
• Central star formation in an early-type galaxy I~Zw~81 in the Bootes void
• X-ray absorption and 9.7 um silicate feature as a probe of AGN torus structure
• The FAST HI 21-cm absorption blind survey. II. -- Statistic Exploration for Associated and Intervening systems
• Tracing the Total Stellar Mass and Star Formation of High-Redshift Protoclusters
• Coronal Line Forest AGN -- II. Analysis of the spectral energy distribution
• A new distant Giant Radio Galaxy in the Boötes field serendipitously detected by Chandra
• Discovery of Five Green Pea Galaxies with Double-peaked Narrow [OIII] Lines
• Investigation of Stellar Kinematics and Ionized gas Outflows in Local (U)LIRGs
• Spectroscopic observations of the machine-learning selected anomaly catalogue from the AllWISE Sky Survey
• AGN counts at 15um. XMM observations of the ELAIS-S1-5 sample
• Exploring the properties of the obscured hyperluminous quasar COS-87259 at z=6.853
• Probing the rapid formation of black holes and their galaxy hosts in QSOs
• On planet formation around supermassive black holes and the grain disruption barriers by radiative torques
• The Cold Dust Content of the Nearby Galaxies IC 5325, NGC 7496, NGC 7590, and NGC 7599
• Strong FeII emission in NLS1s: An unsolved mystery
• NuSTAR reveals that the heavily obscured nucleus of NGC 2785 was the contaminant of IRAS 09104+4109 in the BeppoSAX/PDS hard X-rays
• MIRI spectrophotometry of GN-z11: Detection and nature of an optical red continuum component
• SOFIA/HAWC+ detection of a gravitationally lensed starburst galaxy at $z$ = 1.03
• AGN in the ULIRG HE 0435-5304
• The dust-star interplay in late-type galaxies at z < 0.5: forecasts for the JWST
• The disk-torus system in active galactic nuclei: possible evidence of highly spinning black holes
• The HI gas fraction scaling relation of the Green Pea galaxies
• A Tale of Three Galaxies: A "Clumpy" View of the Spectroscopically Anomalous Galaxies IRAS F10398+1455, IRAS F21013-0739 and SDSS J0808+3948
• Tracing obscured galaxy build-up at high redshift using deep radio surveys
• Euclid view of dusty star forming galaxies at z>~1.5 detected in wide area submillimetre surveys
• A comparative study of galaxy evolution with four different active galactic nucleus torus models and two different host geometries
• HELP project - a dreamed-of multiwavelength dataset for SED fitting: the influence of used models for the main physical properties of galaxies
• Infrared galaxies detected by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope
• Ultra High-Redshift or Closer-by, Dust-Obscured Galaxies? Deciphering the Nature of Faint, Previously Missed F200W-Dropouts in CEERS
• The viewing angle in AGN SED models, a data-driven analysis
• The Calibration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Dust Emission as a Star Formation Rate Indicator in the AKARI NEP Survey
• Unveiling multiple AGN activity in galaxy mergers
• The Physical Properties of Star-Forming Galaxies with Strong [O III] Lines at z=3.25
• Multiwavelength properties of the low-redshift isolated galaxies with active nuclei modelled with CIGALE
• Identifying Compton-thick active galactic nuclei in the COSMOS. II. Searching among mid-infrared selected AGNs
• Early Stages of Dusty Tori: The First Infrared Spectra from a Highly Multiscale Quasar Simulation
• Towards an observationally motivated AGN dusty torus model -- II. The roles of density distribution and chemical composition of the dust
• NGC3521 as the Milky Way analogue: spectral energy distributon from UV to Radio and photometric variability
• The role of young and evolved stars in the heating of dust in local galaxies
• The Compact Star-Forming Galaxies at $2<z<3$ in 3D-HST/CANDELS: AGN and Non-AGN Physical Properties
• Star formation at z$\sim$0.9 from the OTELO survey: A comprehensive view combining deep optical spectroscopy and infrared data
• AGN torus properties with WISE
• The Nature of Hyperluminous Infrared Galaxies
• A Semi-Empirical Model of the Infrared Emission from Galaxies
• GalSBI-SPS: a stellar population synthesis-based galaxy population model for cosmology and galaxy evolution applications
• SMA Observations of the Archetypal Compact Steep-spectrum Radio Source 3C 303.1
• The properties of the obscuring material of an AGNs sample from mid-IR and X-ray simultaneous fitting
• A GMRT 610 MHz radio survey of the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP, ADF-N) / Euclid Deep Field North
• The contribution of stars, dust, neutral gas and supermassive black holes in galaxies to the cosmic baryon inventory
• GA-NIFS: AGN activity in a Lyα emitter within a triple-AGN system anchored by a passive galaxy at z=3
• Unravelling the origin of extended radio emission in narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies with the JVLA