Near-Infrared Photometry and Spectroscopy of L and T Dwarfs: the Effects of Temperature, Clouds, and Gravity

Abstract

We present JHK photometry and spectroscopy for a sample of newly identified L and T dwarfs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and known dwarfs from the SDSS and the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS). Spectral classification has been carried out using four infrared indices; we identify 9 new L8-9.5 dwarfs and 14 new T dwarfs from SDSS, including the latest SDSS dwarf yet found, the T7 SDSS J1758+4633. We classify 2MASS J0415-0935 as T9, the latest and coolest dwarf found to date. We combine these results with previously published data to produce a sample of 59 L dwarfs and 42 T dwarfs. We compare the near-IR colors and absolute magnitudes of dwarfs near the L-T transition with predictions made by models of the distribution and evolution of photospheric condensates. There is scatter in the spectral indices for L dwarfs, suggesting that these indices are probing different levels of the atmosphere. The near-IR colors of the L dwarfs also scatter, likely due to variations in the altitudes, spatial distributions and thicknesses of the condensate clouds. We identify a group of late L dwarfs that are blue for their spectral type and that have enhanced FeH, H2O and KI absorption, possibly due to an unusually small amount of condensates. The scatter seen in the H-K color for late T dwarfs can be reproduced by models with a range in surface gravity. The variation is probably due to the effect on the K-band flux of pressure-induced H2 opacity. The correlation of H-K color with gravity is supported by the strengths of the J-band KI doublet. Gravity is closely related to mass for field T dwarfs and the gravities implied by the H-K colors indicate that the T dwarfs in our sample have masses in the range 15-75 M_Jupiter, except for SDSS J1110+0116 which possibly has a mass of 10-15 M_Jupiter.

59 pages includes 12 Tables and 9 Figures, Figure 1a&b as jpgs under postscript format option for astroph. Accepted for publication in AJ to appear June 2004. Version 2 has a coordinate error corrected in Table 9. Version 3 has corrected indices and spectral type (T5.5) for SDSS1110

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• Through the Looking Glass: Bright, Highly Magnified Galaxy Candidates at z~7 Behind Abell 1703
• HN Peg B: A Test of Models of the L to T Dwarf Transition
• ULAS J141623.94+134836.3: a Blue T Dwarf Companion to a Blue L Dwarf
• Primeval very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs - IV. New L subdwarfs, Gaia astrometry, population properties, and a blue brown dwarf binary
• The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. V. New T-Dwarf Members and Candidate Members of Nearby Young Moving Groups
• Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Field Ultracool Dwarfs at High Galactic Latitude
• A Search for Photometric Variability in L and T type Brown Dwarf Atmospheres
• Cloud Structure of the Nearest Brown Dwarfs II: High-amplitude variability for Luhman 16 A and B in and out of the 0.99 micron FeH feature
• COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS). I. A High-Gravity T4 Benchmark around an Old White Dwarf and A Re-Examination of the Surface-Gravity Dependence of the L/T Transition
• The Mass-Luminosity Relation in the L/T Transition: Individual Dynamical Masses for the New J-Band Flux Reversal Binary SDSSJ105213.51+442255.7AB
• FIRE Spectroscopy of Five Late-type T Dwarfs Discovered with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
• Discovery of a directly imaged planet to the young solar analog YSES 2
• Four new T dwarfs identified in PanSTARRS 1 commissioning data
• The low-mass Initial Mass Function in the young cluster NGC 6611
• Constraining the Bright-end of the UV Luminosity Function for z ~ 7 - 9 Galaxies: results from CANDELS/GOODS-South
• The Pan-STARRS1 Proper-motion Survey for Young Brown Dwarfs in Nearby Star-forming Regions. I. Taurus Discoveries and a Reddening-free Classification Method for Ultracool Dwarfs
• A Brown Dwarf Census from the SIMP Survey
• SDSS J141624.08+134826.7: Blue L Dwarfs and Non-Equilibrium Chemistry
• Discovery of 24 radio-bright quasars at $4.9\le z\le 6.6$ using low-frequency radio observations
• Observing the first galaxies
• A Mini-survey of Ultracool Dwarfs at 4.9 GHz
• On the Nature of the Unique H$\alpha$-Emitting T Dwarf 2MASS J12373919+6526148
• A Search for L/T Transition Dwarfs With Pan-STARRS1 and WISE: Discovery of Seven Nearby Objects Including Two Candidate Spectroscopic Variables
• New constraints on the membership of the T dwarf S Ori 70 in the sigma Orionis cluster
• Two T dwarfs from the UKIDSS Early Data Release
• Effects of Latent Heating on Atmospheres of Brown Dwarfs and Directly Imaged Planets
• Physical parameters of T dwarfs derived from high-resolution near-infrared spectra
• Mapping Directly Imaged Giant Exoplanets
• Uniform Forward-Modeling Analysis of Ultracool Dwarfs. II. Atmospheric Properties of 55 Late-T Dwarfs
• The UKIDSS-2MASS Proper Motion Survey I: Ultracool dwarfs from UKIDSS DR4
• On Contamination and Completeness in z>5 Lyman Break Galaxy Surveys
• Detectability of Transiting Jupiters and Low-Mass Eclipsing Binaries in Sparsely Sampled Pan-STARRS-1 Survey Data
• Spectroscopy of Hyades L dwarf candidates
• Colour-magnitude diagrams of transiting Exoplanets - II. A larger sample from photometric distances
• Cloud Atlas: Rotational Modulations in the L/T Transition Brown Dwarf Companion HN Peg B
• Extremely red objects in the UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey Early Data Release
• The Second Arecibo Search for 5 GHz Radio Flares from Ultracool Dwarfs
• Two new ultra-cool benchmark systems from WISE+2MASS
• Discovery of Four High Proper Motion L Dwarfs, Including a 10 pc L Dwarf at the L/T Transition
• Crossing into the substellar regime in Praesepe
• Ultracool Dwarfs Observed with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph -- III. Dust Grains in Young L Dwarf Atmospheres Are Heavier
• Identifying Ultra-Cool Dwarfs at Low Galactic Latitudes: A Southern Candidate Catalogue
• Methane in Analogs of Young Directly Imaged Exoplanets
• Evidence of Orbital Motion in the Binary Brown Dwarf Kelu-1AB
• Near-infrared Linear Polarization of Ultracool Dwarfs
• The Schizophrenic Spectrum of LSR 1610-0040: a Peculiar M Dwarf/Subdwarf
• Hubble Space Telescope Imaging and Spectral Analysis of Two Brown Dwarf Binaries at the L Dwarf/T Dwarf Transition
• The Optical and Near-Infrared Properties of 2837 Quasars in the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS)
• Discovery of a Visual T-Dwarf Triple System and Binarity at the L/T Transition
• Optical and Near-Infrared Spectra of sigma Orionis Isolated Planetary-mass Objects
• The discovery of a T6.5 subdwarf
• Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of the Y0 WISEP J173835.52+273258.9 and the Y1 WISE J035000.32-565830.2: the Importance of Non-Equilibrium Chemistry
• Search and characterization of T-type planetary mass candidates in the sigma Orionis cluster
• The possiblity of detection of Ultracool Dwarfs with the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey
• Jet Streams and Tracer Mixing in the Atmospheres of Brown Dwarfs and Isolated Young Giant Planets
• A 1500 deg${}^2$ Near Infrared Proper Motion Catalogue from the UKIDSS Large Area Survey
• Resolved Spectroscopy of a Brown Dwarf Binary at the T Dwarf/Y Dwarf Transition
• Using the Bullet Cluster as a Gravitational Telescope to Study z~7 Lyman Break Galaxies
• The VMC Survey - VI. Quasars behind the Magellanic system
• Extremely faint high proper motion objects from SDSS stripe 82 - Optical classification spectroscopy of about 40 new objects
• A Statistical Survey of Peculiar L and T Dwarfs in SDSS, 2MASS, and WISE
• Discovery of two L & T binaries with wide separations and peculiar photometric properties
• Infrared and kinematic properties of the substellar object G 196-3B
• Properties of the T8.5 Dwarf Wolf 940 B
• CLOUDS search for variability in brown dwarf atmospheres
• Lucky Imaging of M subdwarfs
• The Orbit of the L dwarf + T dwarf Spectral Binary SDSS J080531.84+481233.0
• Search for cool giant exoplanets around young and nearby stars - VLT/NaCo near-infrared phase-coronagraphic and differential imaging
• Spectroscopy and kinematics of low-mass members of young moving groups
• Initial mass function effects on the colour evolution of disk galaxies
• Constraints on the binary Properties of mid to late T dwarfs from Hubble Space Telescope WFC3 Observations
• Discovery of a widely separated UCD-WD binary
• VLT X-shooter spectroscopy of the nearest brown dwarf binary
• A Methane Imaging Survey for T Dwarf Candidates in Rho Ophiuchi
• An L0 dwarf companion in the brown dwarf desert, at 30 AU
• Discovery of Two Very Wide Binaries with Ultracool Companions and a New Brown Dwarf at the L/T Transition
• Hunting Galaxies to (and for) Extinction
• Optical linear polarization in ultra cool dwarfs: A tool to probe dust in the ultra cool dwarf atmospheres
• Habitable Planets Eclipsing Brown Dwarfs: Strategies for Detection and Characterization
• The ages of L dwarfs
• A search for southern ultracool dwarfs in young moving groups
• Testing the models: NIR imaging and spectroscopy of the benchmark T-dwarf binary Eps Indi B
• Spectral library of age-benchmark low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• Constraints on Star Forming Galaxies at z> 6.5 from HAWK-I Y-band Imaging of GOODS-South
• The Late-Type Extension to MoVeRS (LaTE-MoVeRS): Proper motion verified low-mass stars and brown dwarfs from SDSS, 2MASS, and WISE
• Testing the fragmentation limit in the Upper Sco association
• 2MASS J20261584-2943124: An Unresolved L0.5 + T6 Spectral Binary
• Parallaxes of southern extremely cool objects III: 118 L \& T dwarfs
• Calibrating Ultracool Dwarfs: Optical Template Spectra, Bolometric Corrections, and $\chi$ Values
• Binarity at the L/T brown dwarf transition
• Methane band and Spitzer mid-IR imaging of L and T dwarf candidates in the Pleiades
• Resolved Spectroscopy of M Dwarf/L Dwarf Binaries. III. The "Wide" L3.5/L4 Dwarf Binary 2MASS J15500845+1455180AB
• A new L5 brown dwarf member of the Hyades cluster with chromospheric activity
• 2MASS J03105986+1648155AB - A new binary at the L/T transition
• Parallaxes of Cool Objects with WISE: Filling in for Gaia
• Measuring the Initial Mass Function of Low Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs
• Polarization of L Dwarfs by Dust Scattering
• Photometric Selection of z~5 Lyman Break Galaxies in the ESO Remote Galaxy Survey
• A Near-infrared Variability Survey of Young Planetary-mass Objects
• Searching for planetary-mass T-dwarfs in the core of Serpens
• GTC OSIRIS z-band imaging of Y dwarfs
• Thermal Infrared Imaging and Atmospheric Modeling of VHS J125601.92-125723.9 b: Evidence for Moderately Thick Clouds and Equilibrium Carbon Chemistry in a Hierarchical Triple System
• The Color Selection of Quasars from Redshifts 5 to 10: Cloning and Discovery
• Four Faint T Dwarfs from the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) Southern Stripe
• Characterization of the known T type dwarfs towards the Sigma Orionis cluster
• Ultracool Dwarfs Observed with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph. I. An Accurate Look at the L-to-T Transition at $\sim$300 Myr from Optical through Mid-infrared Spectrophotometry
• Hunting for brown dwarf binaries and testing atmospheric models with X-Shooter
• Astrometric orbits of spectral binary brown dwarfs I: Massive T dwarf companions to 2M1059$-$21 and 2M0805$+$48
• Near infrared spectroscopy of M dwarfs. III. Carbon and oxygen abundances in late M dwarfs including the dusty rapid rotator 2MASSI J1835379+325954
• Discovery of wide low and very low-mass binary systems using Virtual Observatory tools
• WISEP J060738.65+242953.4: A Nearby. Pole-On L8 Brown Dwarf with Radio Emission
• VLTI/GRAVITY Observations and Characterization of the Brown Dwarf Companion HD 72946 B
• The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey: X-ray beacons at late cosmic dawn
• Rotation periods and astrometric motions of the Luhman 16AB brown dwarfs by high-resolution lucky-imaging monitoring
• GTC Observations of an Overdense Region of LAEs at z=6.5
• Properties of ultra-cool dwarfs with Gaia. An assessment of the accuracy for the temperature determination
• Extending Gaia DR2 with HST narrow-field astrometry. II. Refining the method on WISE J163940.83-684738.6
• The Future of Ultracool Dwarf Science with JWST
• CHORUS IV: Mapping the Spatially Inhomogeneous Cosmic Reionization with Subaru HSC
• A Search for z=7.3 Lyα Emitters behind Gravitationally Lensing Clusters
• Two distant brown dwarfs in the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey Deep Extragalactic Survey Data Release 2
• A low-mass triple system with a wide L/T transition brown dwarf component: NLTT 51469AB/SDSS 2131-0119
• Photo-polarimetric characteristics of brown dwarfs, Part I: uniform cloud decks
• A k-NN Method to Classify Rare Astronomical Sources: Photometric Search of Brown Dwarfs with Spitzer/IRAC
• Large-scale changes of the cloud coverage in the $\epsilon$ Indi Ba,Bb system
• Measuring the undetectable: Proper motions and parallaxes of very faint sources
• Resolving the L/T transition binary SDSS J2052-1609 AB
• The prospects for finding brown dwarfs in eclipsing binary systems and measuring brown dwarf properties
• L dwarfs detection from SDSS images using improved Faster R-CNN
• Spectral characterization of young LT dwarfs
• CFBDSIR 2149-0403: young isolated planetary-mass object or high-metallicity low-mass brown dwarf??
• A focus on L dwarfs with trigonometric parallaxes
• ADONIS high contrast infrared imaging of Sirius-B
• Brown Dwarfs as Galactic Chronometers
• X-SHYNE: X-Shooter spectra of young exoplanet analogs II. Presentation and analysis of the full library
• Discovery of Young Methane Dwarfs in the Rho Ophiuchi L 1688 Dark Cloud
• A Novel Survey for Young Substellar Objects with the W-band filter III: Searching for very low mass brown dwarfs in Serpens South and Serpens Core
• A Novel Survey for Young Substellar Objects with the W band Filter.V. IC 348 and Barnard 5 in the Perseus Cloud
• High Spatial Resolution Thermal-Infrared Spectroscopy with ALES: Resolved Spectra of the Benchmark Brown Dwarf Binary HD 130948BC
• An L+T Spectral Binary with Possible AB Doradus Kinematics
• Orbital Modeling of HII 1348B: An Eccentric Young Substellar Companion in the Pleiades
• Large Scale Searches for Brown Dwarfs and Free-Floating Planets
• CFBDS J111807-064016: A new L/T transition brown dwarf in a binary system
• Maximum Reduced Proper Motion Method: Detection of New Nearby Ultracool Dwarfs
• Probing Late-type T dwarf J-H Color Outliers for Signs of Age
• Diversity of Cold Worlds: A Near Complete Spectral Energy Distribution for 2MASS J04151954-0935066 using JWST
• The L dwarf/T dwarf transition: multiplicity, magnetic activity and mineral meteorology across the hydrogen burning limit
• 1 um Excess Sources in the UKIDSS - I. Three T Dwarfs in the SDSS Southern Equatorial Stripe
• The Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP). II. Details on Nine Wide Common Proper Motion Very Low-Mass Companions to Nearby Stars
• The Brown Dwarf Kinematics Project (BDKP). V. Radial and Rotational Velocities of T Dwarfs from Keck/NIRSPEC High-Resolution Spectroscopy
• The Gaia Ultracool Dwarf Sample -- IV. GTC/OSIRIS optical spectra of Gaia late-M and L dwarfs
• Binary frequency of planet-host stars at wide separations: A new brown dwarf companion to a planet-host star
• Using Old and New Approaches: Determining Physical Properties of Brown Dwarfs with Empirical Relations and Machine Learning Models
• SpeX Spectroscopy of Unresolved Very Low-Mass Binaries. I. Identification of Seventeen Candidate Binaries Straddling the L Dwarf/T Dwarf Transition
• Multiplicity Study of exoplanet host stars: The HD3651AB system
• Disentangling the Signatures of Blended-Light Atmospheres in L/T Transition Brown Dwarfs
• Silicate Clouds, SiO, and Molecular Trends across the L-T Sequence: A JWST/MIRI LRS Spectral Library of Brown Dwarfs
• A spectral differential approach to characterizing low-mass companions to late-type stars
• New constraints on the minimum mass for thermonuclear lithium burning in brown dwarfs