Electron-Ion Collider in China

Abstract

Lepton scattering is an established ideal tool for studying inner structure of small particles such as nucleons as well as nuclei. As a future high energy nuclear physics project, an Electron-ion collider in China (EicC) has been proposed. It will be constructed based on an upgraded heavy-ion accelerator, High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) which is currently under construction, together with a new electron ring. The proposed collider will provide highly polarized electrons (with a polarization of $\sim$80%) and protons (with a polarization of $\sim$70%) with variable center of mass energies from 15 to 20 GeV and the luminosity of (2-3) $\times$ 10${}^{33}$ cm${}^{-2}$ s${}^{-1}$. Polarized deuterons and Helium-3, as well as unpolarized ion beams from Carbon to Uranium, will be also available at the EicC. The main foci of the EicC will be precision measurements of the structure of the nucleon in the sea quark region, including 3D tomography of nucleon; the partonic structure of nuclei and the parton interaction with the nuclear environment; the exotic states, especially those with heavy flavor quark contents. In addition, issues fundamental to understanding the origin of mass could be addressed by measurements of heavy quarkonia near-threshold production at the EicC. In order to achieve the above-mentioned physics goals, a hermetical detector system will be constructed with cutting-edge technologies. This document is the result of collective contributions and valuable inputs from experts across the globe. The EicC physics program complements the ongoing scientific programs at the Jefferson Laboratory and the future EIC project in the United States. The success of this project will also advance both nuclear and particle physics as well as accelerator and detector technology in China.

arXiv commentEicC white paper, written by the whole EicC working group

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• Direct Evaluation of the Quark Content of Nucleons from Lattice QCD at the Physical Point
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• Scaling study of the pion electroproduction cross sections and the pion form factor
• Three-Quark Light-Cone Amplitudes of The Proton And Quark-Orbital-Motion Dependent Observables
• A high-precision polarimeter
• Revisiting the proton mass decomposition
• Baryon states with hidden charm in the extended local hidden gauge approach
• Impact of CLAS and COMPASS data on Polarized Parton Densities and Higher Twist
• Deeply Virtual Meson Production on the nucleon
• Studying the P_c(4450) resonance in J/psi photoproduction off protons
• Helium Nuclei in Quenched Lattice QCD
• Analysis of full-QCD and quenched-QCD lattice propagators
• Monte Carlo sampling variant of the DSSV14 set of helicity parton densities
• Amplitude analysis and the nature of the Zc(3900)
• Sketching the pion's valence-quark generalised parton distribution
• Glue spin and helicity in proton from lattice QCD
• A Lattice Study of Quark and Glue Momenta and Angular Momenta in the Nucleon
• Selected Science Opportunities for the EicC
• On timelike and spacelike deeply virtual Compton scattering at next to leading order
• Transverse-Momentum-Dependent Parton Distribution Functions from Large-Momentum Effective Theory
• Pion and kaon valence-quark quasiparton distributions
• nNNPDF2.0: Quark Flavor Separation in Nuclei from LHC Data
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• A detailed study of the nuclear dependence of the EMC effect and short-range correlations
• Ward-Green-Takahashi identities and the axial-vector vertex
• Nucleon spin structure at very high-x
• Decay behaviors of Pc hadronic molecules
• Search for tetraquark candidate Z(4430) in meson photoproduction
• Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering to the twist-four accuracy: Impact of finite-$t$ and target mass corrections
• Low-energy Scattering of $(D{\bar{D}}^{\ast }{)}^{\pm }$ System And the Resonance-like Structure $Z_c(3900)$
• Impressions of the Continuum Bound State Problem in QCD
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• Search for the doubly charmed baryon ${\Xi }_{cc}^{+}$
• Possibility to study pentaquark states $P_c(4312),P_c(4440)$, and $P_c(4457)$ in $\gamma p\to J/\psi p$ reaction
• Exposing strangeness: projections for kaon electromagnetic form factors
• Systematics of the HAL QCD Potential at Low Energies in Lattice QCD
• Open-source QCD analysis of nuclear parton distribution functions at NLO and NNLO
• Hidden beauty baryon states in the local hidden gauge approach with heavy quark spin symmetry
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• From Bethe-Salpeter Wave Functions to Generalised Parton Distributions
• Estimating the Production Rate of Loosely-bound Hadronic Molecules using Event Generators
• Quark contribution to the proton spin from 2+1+1-flavor lattice QCD
• The baryo-quarkonium picture for hidden-charm and bottom pentaquarks and LHCb $P_{\mathrm{c}}(4380)$ and $P_{\mathrm{c}}(4450)$ states
• A Glimpse of Gluons through Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering on the Proton
• Neural network generated parametrizations of deeply virtual Compton form factors
• Border and skewness functions from a leading order fit to DVCS data
• A Nakanishi-based model illustrating the covariant extension of the pion GPD overlap representation and its ambiguities
• Nucleon Resonances with Hidden Charm in $\gamma p$ reactions
• Accessing the real part of the forward $J/\psi$-p scattering amplitude from $J/\psi$ photo-production on protons around threshold
• Hadronic Production of the Doubly Charmed Baryon ${\Xi }_{cc}$ with Intrinsic Charm
• Production of the bottom analogues and the spin partner of the X(3872) at hadron colliders
• Discovery potential of hidden charm baryon resonances via photoproduction
• Drawing insights from pion parton distributions
• Confronting pentaquark photoproduction with new LHCb observations
• Hidden-Bottom Pentaquarks
• A Fixed-Target Programme at the LHC: Physics Case and Projected Performances for Heavy-Ion, Hadron, Spin and Astroparticle Studies
• Measurement of photon+b+X and photon+c+X production cross sections in ppbar collisions at sqrt(s)=1.96 TeV
• $⟨x⟩$ and $⟨x^2⟩$ of the pion PDF from Lattice QCD with $N_f=2+1+1$ dynamical quark flavours
• Initial Conditions for Modified DGLAP Evolution of the Modified Fragmentation Functions in Nuclear Medium
• A QCD analysis of near-threshold quarkonium leptoproduction at large photon virtualities
• Exclusive vector meson production at an electron-ion collider
• Note on X(3872) production at hadron colliders and its molecular structure
• XYZ spectroscopy at electron-hadron facilities: Exclusive processes
• GENXICC: A Generator for Hadronic Production of the Double Heavy Baryons ${\Xi }_{cc}$, ${\Xi }_{bc}$ and ${\Xi }_{bb}$
• Proton tensor charges from a Poincaré-covariant Faddeev equation
• Off-shell persistence of composite pions and kaons
• Mapping the Kinematical Regimes of Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering
• Quark orbital dynamics in the proton from Lattice QCD -- from Ji to Jaffe-Manohar orbital angular momentum
• Production of charged heavy quarkonium-like states at the LHC and the Tevatron
• Investigating the hidden-charm and hidden-bottom pentaquark resonances in scattering process
• Measurement of the longitudinal spin asymmetries for weak boson production in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 510 GeV
• Charged charmoniumlike state $Z_c(3900{)}^{\pm }$ via meson photoproduction
• Double Polarization Observables in Pentaquark Photoproduction
• Hadronic production of ${\Xi }_{cc}$ at a fixed-target experiment at the LHC
• Updating and Optimizing Error PDFs in the Hessian Approach. Part II
• Parton Energy Loss and Modified Beam Quark Distribution Functions in Drell-Yan Process in p+A Collisions
• Search for exclusive photoproduction of Z${}_c^{\pm }$(3900) at COMPASS
• Three-loop formula for quark and gluon contributions to the QCD trace anomaly
• Exploratory study of possible resonances in the heavy meson - heavy baryon coupled-channel interactions
• Assessing signals of TMD physics in SIDIS azimuthal asymmetries and in the extraction of the Sivers function
• Intrinsic Transverse Motion of the Pion's Valence Quarks
• Search for muoproduction of $X(3872)$ at COMPASS and indication of a new state $\tilde{X}(3872)$
• Decay behavior of the strange and beauty partners of $P_c$ hadronic molecules
• Photoproduction of hidden-bottom pentaquark and related topics
• Photoproduction of hidden-charm states in the $\gamma p\to {\bar{D}}^{\ast 0}{\Lambda }_c^{+}$ reaction near threshold
• GENXICC2.1: An Improved Version of GENXICC for Hadronic Production of Doubly Heavy Baryons
• Selected strong decays of pentaquark State $P_c(4312)$ in a chiral constituent quark model
• A universal Regge pole model for all vector meson exclusive photoproduction by real and virtual photons
• A Search for the LHCb Charmed 'Pentaquark' using Photo-Production of $J/\psi$ at Threshold in Hall C at Jefferson Lab
• Asymmetries in the Production of ${\Lambda }_c^{+}$ and ${\Lambda }_c^{-}$ Baryons in 500 GeV/c ${\pi }^{-}$ Nucleon Interactions
• Photoproduction of the charged charmoniumlike $Z_c^{+}(4200)$
• Photoproduction of Z(4430) through mesonic Regge trajectories exchange
• The GlueX Central Drift Chamber: Design and Performance
• Sea quark Sivers distribution
• Initial-state energy loss in cold QCD matter and the Drell-Yan process
• Target and Double Spin Asymmetries of Deeply Virtual ${\pi }^0$ Production with a Longitudinally Polarized Proton Target and CLAS
• Application of the Two-Scale Model to the HERMES Data on Nuclear Attenuation
• $Z_c(4430)$ and $Z_c(4200)$ as triangle singularities
• Triangle singularities in ${\bar{B}}^0\to {\chi }_{c1}{K}^{-}{\pi }^{+}$ relevant to $Z_1(4050)$ and $Z_2(4250)$
• Systematic study on production of hidden-bottom pentaquark via $\gamma p$ and ${\pi }^{-}p$ scatterings
• Discovery potential for charmonium-like state Y(3940) by the meson photoproduction
• The role of hidden-charm pentaquark resonance $P_c^{+}(4450)$ in $J/\psi$ photoproduction on nuclei near threshold
• Photoproduction of pentaquarks states at the LHC
• Impact of nuclear dependence of R=σ_L/σ_T on antishadowing in nuclear structure functions
• A novel comparison of Møller and Compton electron-beam polarimeters
• AFTER@LHC: a precision machine to study the interface between particle and nuclear physics
• Flavor Structure of the Nucleon Sea
• Semi-inclusive lepto-production of hidden-charm exotic hadrons
• Identify the hidden charm pentaquark signal from non-resonant background in electron-proton scattering
• Electron-deuteron DIS with spectator tagging at EIC: Development of theoretical framework
• Probing charmonium-like state $X(3915)$ through meson photoproduction
• Estimation of ${\rm Y}$(1S) production in ep process near threshold
• Properties of $Z_c^{\pm }(3900)$ produced in $p\bar{p}$ collision
• Differential cross sections, charge production asymmetry, and spin-density matrix elements for D*(2010) produced in 500 GeV/c pi^- nucleon interactions
• Pion and proton form factors in the Regge description of electroproduction $p(e,e^{\prime }{\pi }^{+})n$
• Ratio of strange to $u/d$ momentum fraction in disconnected insertions
• Impacts of the intrinsic charm content of the proton on the ${\Xi }_{cc}$ hadroproduction at a fixed target experiment at the LHC
• An Improved Hadronic Model for Pion Electroproduction
• Electron Spin Precession at CEBAF
• BCVEGPY and GENXICC for the hadronic production of the doubly heavy mesons and baryons
• A Radial Time Projection Chamber for $\alpha$ detection in CLAS at JLab
• Deeply Virtual Exclusive Processes and Generalized Parton Distributions
• The GlueX DIRC Program

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• Nonperturbative Determination of Collins-Soper Kernel from Quasi Transverse-Momentum Dependent Wave Functions
• Nucleon Tomography and Generalized Parton Distribution at Physical Pion Mass from Lattice QCD
• Precision Studies of QCD in the Low Energy Domain of the EIC
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• Phenomenology of double deeply virtual Compton scattering in the era of new experiments
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• Determining the helicity structure of the nucleon at the Electron Ion Collider in China
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• Semi-inclusive lepto-production of hidden-charm exotic hadrons
• Three-dimensional Imaging of Pion using Lattice QCD: Generalized Parton Distributions
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• Yadism: Yet Another Deep-Inelastic Scattering Module
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• Unpolarized generalized parton distributions of light and heavy vector mesons
• An FONLL prescription with coexisting flavor number PDFs
• Fragmentation Functions of Charged Hadrons at Next-to-Next-to-Leading Order and Constraints on the Proton Parton Distribution Functions
• Gluon mass scale through the Schwinger mechanism
• String-based parametrization of nucleon GPDs at any skewness: a comparison to lattice QCD
• Generation of Ultrarelativistic Vortex Leptons with Large Orbital Angular Momenta
• Measurements of Differential Cross Sections of Inclusive ${\pi }^0$ and $K_S^0$ Production in $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ Annihilation at Energies from 2.2324 to 3.6710 GeV
• Polarized gluon distribution in the proton from holographic light-front QCD
• Towards three-dimensional nucleon structures at the Electron-Ion Collider in China: A study of the Sivers function
• Mass radius and mechanical properties of the proton via strange $\varphi$ meson photoproduction
• Intrinsic asymmetries in semi-inclusive deeply inelastic scattering at the Electron-Ion Collider
• Backward timelike Compton scattering to decipher the photon content of the nucleon
• EpIC: novel Monte Carlo generator for exclusive processes
• First Extraction of Transverse Momentum Dependent Helicity Distributions
• TMD parton showers for associated $\gamma$+jet production in electron-proton collisions at high energies
• Semi-inclusive electroproduction of hidden-charm and double-charm hadronic molecules
• Inclusive and semi-inclusive production of spin-3/2 hadrons in $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ annihilation
• Exploring Baryon Resonances with Transition Generalized Parton Distributions: Status and Perspectives
• Matching generalised transverse-momentum-dependent distributions onto generalised parton distributions at one loop
• The suppressions of dijet azimuthal correlations in the future EIC
• Gluon TMD fragmentation function into quarkonium
• Probing gluon helicity with heavy flavor at the EIC
• Extraction of $\omega$n, $\omega$p and $\varphi$N scattering lengths from $\omega$ and $\varphi$ differential photoproduction cross sections on the deuterium target
• Equation-of-motion and Lorentz-invariance relations for tensor-polarized parton distribution functions of spin-1 hadrons
• Stress out of charmonia
• Twist-3 Contributions in Semi-Inclusive DIS in the Target Fragmentation Region
• Sivers and Boer-Mulders TMDs of proton in a light-front quark-diquark model
• Observation of azimuth-dependent suppression of hadron pairs in electron scattering off nuclei
• Gravitational form factor $D$ of charmonium from shear stress
• Gravitational form factors of the proton from near-threshold vector meson photoproduction
• Fixed-target charmonium production and pion parton distributions
• Gluon gravitational form factors of protons from charmonium photoproduction
• A note on quark and gluon energy-momentum tensors
• Parton distribution functions and fragmentation functions of spin-1 hadrons
• Precision three-dimensional imaging of nuclei using recoil-free jets
• Matching of Fracture Functions for SIDIS in Target Fragmentation Region
• Hadron Structure using Continuum Schwinger Function Methods
• 1-jettiness with jet axis at $O({\alpha }_s)$ in jeep inelastic scattering
• The light front wave functions and diffractive electroproduction of vector mesons
• Study of transversity GPDs from pseudoscalar mesons production at EIC of China
• Exclusive ${\pi }^0$ production at EIC of China within handbag approach
• Spin correlations and Bell nonlocality in $\Lambda \bar{\Lambda }$ pair production from $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ collisions with a thrust cut
• Generalized parton distributions of $\Delta$ resonance in a diquark spectator approach
• Hadronic structure on the light-front VI. Generalized parton distributions of unpolarized hadrons
• Impact of a positron beam at JLab on an unbiased determination of DVCS Compton Form Factors
• Pion gravitational form factors at large momentum transfer in the instant-form relativistic impulse approximation approach
• Timelike Compton scattering in ultraperipheral $pPb$ collisions
• Backward-Angle ($u$-channel) Production at an Electron-Ion Collider
• Transversity generalized parton distributions in spin-3/2 particles
• Initial condition for the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation at next-to-leading order
• Exclusive vector meson productions with the analytical solution of Balitsky-Kovchegov Equation
• N${}^3$LL + $\mathcal{O}({\alpha }_s^2)$ predictions of lepton-jet azimuthal angular distribution in deep-inelastic scattering
• Suppression of Spin Transfer to $\Lambda$ Hyperon in Deep-Inelastic Scattering
• Radially excited pion: electromagnetic form factor and the box contribution to the muon's $g-2$
• Analytic solution of Balitsky-Kovchegov equation with running coupling constant using homogeneous balance method
• Photo-production of ${\eta }_{c,b}$ near Threshold
• The neutron and proton mass radii from the vector meson photoproduction data on the deuterium target
• Gluonic contributions to semi-inclusive DIS in the target fragmentation region
• Density-dependent quark mean-field model for nuclear matter and neutron stars
• Analysis of the interaction between $\varphi$ meson and nucleus
• A step towards estimation of the neutral-hadron size: the gravitational mass radius of pi0 meson in a relativistic theory of composite particles
• Six-dimensional light-front Wigner distribution of hadrons
• Exclusive Charmonium Production at the Electron-ion collider in China
• Parametrization of the nuclear structure function
• Complete calculation of exclusive heavy vector meson production at next-to-leading order in the dipole picture
• A simple model for the charm structure function of nuclei
• Nonlinear corrections for the nuclear gluon distribution in $eA$ processes
• Six-dimensional light-front Wigner distributions of the proton
• An analysis of polarized parton distribution functions with nonlinear QCD evolution equations
• Reflections on Chiral Symmetry within QCD
• Parton distribution functions of ground state mesons composed of $c$ or $b$ quarks
• Accessing Compton Form Factors at the Electron Ion Collider in China: An Impact study on $\text{Im}\mathcal{E}$
• Semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering off a tensor-polarized spin-1 target
• Deciphering the mechanism of $J/\psi$-nucleon scattering
• Method for detector description conversion from DD4hep to Filmbox
• Top cross section in the LHeC and FCC-he energy range
• Study of deeply virtual Compton scattering at the future Electron-Ion Collider
• Tensor-polarized twist-3 parton distribution functions $f_{LT}(x)$ for the spin-1 deuteron by using twist-2 relations
• Nucleon Structure from Basis Light-Front Quantization : Status and Prospects
• Photoproduction of the $X(3872)$ beyond vector meson dominance: the open-charm coupled-channel mechanism
• Pseudoscalar Meson Parton Distributions Within Gauge-Invariant Nonlocal Chiral Quark Model
• Shedding light on charmonium
• Scalar-glueball-mediated scale-anomaly dominance of the confining pressure of the pion in holographic QCD
• Exploration of trace anomaly contribution to proton mass based on light vector meson photoproduction
• Double parton distributions of the proton from basis light-front quantization
• An alternative way to decipher the nature of the doubly charmed tetraquark $T_{cc}(3875{)}^{+}$: its antiparticle $T_{\bar{c}\bar{c}}(3875{)}^{-}$ photoproduction off nuclei near threshold
• XYZ spectroscopy at electron-hadron facilities III: Semi-inclusive processes with vector exchanges
• Determination of the initial condition for the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation with transformers
• The chiral limit of a fermion-scalar $(1/2{)}^{+}$ system in covariant gauges
• Unified and optimal frame choice for generalized parton distributions
• Weak Charge Form Factor Determination at the Electron-Ion Collider
• Gluon distributions and mass decompositions of the pion and kaon
• Feasibility Study of Pion and Kaon Structure via the Sullivan Process at EicC
• An analysis of the longitudinal structure function at next-to-leading order approximation at small-$x$
• Revisiting evolution equations for generalised parton distributions
• Transport coefficients of dense nucleon matter at low temperature
• Analysis of the Pion Electromagnetic Form Factor with Next-to-Next-to-Leading Order QCD Corrections
• Impact of Charge Symmetry Breaking on Gluon and Sea Quark Distributions in the Pion and Kaon
• The Forward Physics Facility at the High-Luminosity LHC
• Determination of the HERA coherent diffractive $J/\psi$ production cross section via artificial neural network
• Non-diagonal DVCS and transition GPDs: A unified framework for spinless hadron case ${\gamma }^{\ast }\pi \to \gamma \pi \pi$
• Threshold Upsilon-meson Photoproduction at EIC and EicC
• Machine learning-based direct solver for one-to-many problems on temporal shaping of relativistic electron beams
• Multiprocess imaging of nuclear modifications on parton distributions in proton-nucleus collisions
• Ground state pseudoscalar mesons on the light front: from the light to heavy sector
• Analysis of $J/\psi$ and $\psi (2S)$ Charmonium Production in Ultraperipheral Lead-Lead and Proton-Lead Collisions at LHC Energies
• Quantum simulating multi-particle processes in high energy nuclear physics: dijet production and color (de)coherence
• Twist-2 relations for the twist-3 tensor-polarized distribution function $f_{LT}$ of a spin-1 hadron by the operator-product-expansion method
• Generalizing the Soffer Bound: Positivity Constraints on Parton Distributions of Spin-3/2 Particles
• Neutron Star Equation of State with Nucleon Short-Range Correlations: A Concise Review and Open Issues
• Fermi-liquid view of viscosity in cold and dense nucleon matter
• Unpolarized gluon distribution in the nucleon from lattice quantum chromodynamics
• Assessing the impact of the electron ion collider in China on Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering
• Conformal moments of the two-loop coefficient functions in DVCS
• Pion generalized parton distributions at zero skewness
• NLO QCD Corrections to (${\gamma }^{\ast }\to Q\bar{Q}$)-Reggeon Vertex
• New framework for extracting GPDs from exclusive photon electroproduction
• Investigating nuclear effects in lepton-ion DIS at the LHC
• Reconstruction of the Dipole Amplitude in the Dipole Picture as a mathematical Inverse Problem
• Twist-2 relation and sum rule for tensor-polarized parton distribution functions of spin-1 hadrons
• The Sivers asymmetry of vector meson production in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering
• Nucleon Tomography with 0-jettiness
• Existence of nuclear modifications on longitudinal-transverse structure-function ratio
• R&D Efforts in Cherenkov Imaging Technologies for Particle Identification in Future Experiments
• Fresh Look at Polarized Deuterons at the Nuclotron/NICA \& HIAF and Beyond