Baryons as relativistic three-quark bound states

Abstract

We review the spectrum and electromagnetic properties of baryons described as relativistic three-quark bound states within QCD. The composite nature of baryons results in a rich excitation spectrum, whilst leading to highly non-trivial structural properties explored by the coupling to external (electromagnetic and other) currents. Both present many unsolved problems despite decades of experimental and theoretical research. We discuss the progress in these fields from a theoretical perspective, focusing on nonperturbative QCD as encoded in the functional approach via Dyson-Schwinger and Bethe-Salpeter equations. We give a systematic overview as to how results are obtained in this framework and explain technical connections to lattice QCD. We also discuss the mutual relations to the quark model, which still serves as a reference to distinguish 'expected' from 'unexpected' physics. We confront recent results on the spectrum of non-strange and strange baryons, their form factors and the issues of two-photon processes and Compton scattering determined in the Dyson-Schwinger framework with those of lattice QCD and the available experimental data. The general aim is to identify the underlying physical mechanisms behind the plethora of observable phenomena in terms of the underlying quark and gluon degrees of freedom.

arXiv comment140 pages, 52 figures, 3 tables. Invited review for Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics. Changes from v1: minor additions, corrected typos and added references; brief discussion on light-front and holographic QCD in Sec. 3.2; updated Figs. 3.22-3.23 and corresponding discussion

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• Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and the fermion--gauge-boson vertex
• The Magnetic Structure of Light Nuclei from Lattice QCD
• Practical corollaries of transverse Ward-Green-Takahashi identities
• Electromagnetic Form Factors of the Nucleon in an Improved Quark Model
• Spectra of heavy quarkonia in a Bethe-Salpeter-equation approach
• Future Prospects for Hadron Physics at PANDA
• Lattice Calculation of Hadronic Light-by-Light Contribution to the Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment
• The low-lying baryon spectrum with two dynamical twisted mass fermions
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• $\rho$ and $K^{\ast }$ resonances on the lattice at nearly physical quark masses and $N_f=2$
• Eta-meson production in the resonance energy region
• Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Factors from Lattice QCD using 2+1 Flavor Domain Wall Fermions on Fine Lattices and Chiral Perturbation Theory
• Disconnected quark loop contributions to nucleon observables in lattice QCD
• Model independent analysis of proton structure for hydrogenic bound states
• Measurement of the Rate of Muon Capture in Hydrogen Gas and Determination of the Proton's Pseudoscalar Coupling $g_P$
• Multipole Amplitudes of Pion Photoproduction on Nucleons up to 2GeV within Dispersion Relations and Unitary Isobar Model
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• Nucleon Properties in the Covariant Quark-Diquark Model
• Spectra of heavy mesons in the Bethe-Salpeter approach
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• Leading Quenching Effects in the Proton Magnetic Moment
• A Covariant model for the nucleon and the $\Delta$
• Hadronic light-by-light scattering in the muon g-2: a Dyson-Schwinger equation approach
• First Measurements of Timelike Form Factors of the Hyperons, Lambda0, Sigma0, Sigma+, Xi0, Xi-, and Omega-, and Evidence of Diquark Correlations
• Masses of light tetraquarks and scalar mesons in the relativistic quark model
• Remarks on the pion-nucleon sigma-term
• Pion cloud effects on baryon masses
• Exciting flavored bound states
• Electroexcitation of the Roper resonance in the relativistic quark models
• Reduction of the proton radius discrepancy by 3 sigma
• Quark Contributions to Baryon Magnetic Moments in Full, Quenched and Partially Quenched QCD
• Nucleon form factors and spin content in a quark-diquark model with a pion cloud
• Four-point functions and the permutation group S4
• Proton Polarizability Contribution: Muonic Hydrogen Lamb Shift and Elastic Scattering
• Chiral extrapolation of nucleon magnetic form factors
• Nucleon resonances in AdS/QCD
• Quark-gluon vertex dressing and meson masses beyond ladder-rainbow truncation
• Quadrupole Moments of N and Delta in the 1/N_c Expansion
• Variational Approach to the Calculation of gA
• Bethe-Salpeter Meson Masses Beyond Ladder Approximation
• Neutron electric polarizability from unquenched lattice QCD using the background field approach
• On the strange vector form factors of the nucleon in the NJL soliton model
• Delta and Omega masses in a three-quark covariant Faddeev approach
• Structure and Flow of the Nucleon Eigenstates in Lattice QCD
• Elastic and transition form factors of the Δ(1232)
• Electric quadrupole and magnetic octupole moments of the Delta
• Time- and Spacelike Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Factors beyond Relativistic Constituent Quark Models
• Nucleon Form Factors in a Covariant Diquark-Quark Model
• A Relativistic Quark Model for Mesons with an Instanton-Induced Interaction
• Perturbative QCD predictions for two-photon exchange
• Nucleon to Delta transition form factors with $N_F=2+1$ domain wall fermions
• Mass spectra and Regge trajectories of light mesons in the Bethe-Salpeter approach
• Spin and parity measurement of the Lambda(1405) baryon
• Precision electromagnetic structure of decuplet baryons in the chiral regime
• Valence quark contributions for the gamma N -> P11(1440) form factors
• A novel analysis method for excited states in lattice QCD - the nucleon case
• Revealing dressed-quarks via the proton's charge distribution
• Dirac and Pauli form factors from lattice QCD
• Delta and Omega electromagnetic form factors in a Dyson-Schwinger/Bethe-Salpeter approach
• Light Front Quantization--A Technique for Relativistic and Realistic Nuclear Physics
• Understanding the nucleon as a Borromean bound-state
• U_A(1) anomaly and eta' mass from an infrared singular quark-gluon vertex
• Compton scattering on the nucleon at intermediate energies and polarizabilities in a microscopic model
• Gauging of equations method. I. Electromagnetic currents of three distinguishable particles
• Electric form factors of the octet baryons from lattice QCD and chiral extrapolation
• Photoproduction of pions and properties of baryon resonances from a Bonn-Gatchina partial wave analysis
• Strange and charm baryon masses with two flavors of dynamical twisted mass fermions
• Electromagnetic Form Factors of Nucleons in a Light-cone Diquark Model
• Lattice baryon spectroscopy with multi-particle interpolators
• Nucleon Form Factors in a Relativistic Quark Model
• Electromagnetic form factors of the Delta with D-waves
• A covariant view on the nucleons' quark core
• Correlation functions of three-dimensional Yang-Mills theory from Dyson-Schwinger equations
• Light-cone Distribution Amplitudes of the Nucleon and Negative Parity Nucleon Resonances from Lattice QCD
• Electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon in the chiral quark soliton model
• A covariant model for the gamma N -> N(1535) transition at high momentum transfer
• Nucleon to Delta electromagnetic transition in the Dyson-Schwinger approach
• Electromagnetic Form Factors and Charge Densities From Hadrons to Nuclei
• QCD based quark description of pi-pi scattering up to the sigma and rho region
• Covariant axial form factor of the nucleon in a chiral constituent quark model
• Magnetic properties of the nucleon in a uniform background field
• Time-like and space-like electromagnetic form factors of nucleons, a unified description
• Determination of the Delta++ magnetic dipole moment
• Wave Function of the Roper from Lattice QCD
• Insights into the gamma* N -> Delta transition
• Virtual Compton scattering off the nucleon at low energies
• Generalized Parton Distributions: visions, basics, and realities
• Octet baryon electromagnetic form factors in a relativistic quark model
• Beyond Rainbow-Ladder in bound state equations
• Hadron structure at low Q^2
• The baryon static potential from lattice QCD
• Nucleon Form Factors - A Jefferson Lab Perspective
• Baryon form factors
• A covariant study of tensor mesons
• Selected nucleon form factors and a composite scalar diquark
• Nucleon resonances in πN scattering up to energies \sqrt(s) < 2.0 GeV
• Gauging of equations method. II. Electromagnetic currents of three identical particles
• Low-lying Lambda Baryons from the Lattice
• Some Aspects of Three-Quark Potentials
• Two-photon exchange corrections in elastic muon-proton scattering
• Strange Baryon Electromagnetic Form Factors and SU(3) Flavor Symmetry Breaking
• Hadronic Decays of N and ΔResonances in a Chiral Quark Model
• The electromagnetic form factors of the Omega in lattice QCD
• Probing the quark-gluon interaction with hadrons
• Effects of a dressed quark-gluon vertex in vector heavy-light mesons and theory average of B(c)* meson mass
• Octet to decuplet electromagnetic transition in a relativistic quark model
• Isolating Excited States of the Nucleon in Lattice QCD
• Techniques for n-Particle Irreducible Effective Theories
• Lepton flavor at the electroweak scale: A complete A4 model
• Current Conservation in the Covariant Quark-Diquark Model of the Nucleon
• The OLYMPUS Experiment
• Baryon resonance production and dielectron decays in proton-proton collisions at 3.5 GeV
• Precise determination of lattice phase shifts and mixing angles
• Excited Baryons in Holographic QCD
• QCD Form Factors and Hadron Helicity Non-Conservation
• Delta and Omega electromagnetic form factors in a three-body covariant Bethe-Salpeter approach
• Relativistic and Nuclear Medium Effects on the Coulomb Sum Rule
• Low-lying Odd-parity States of the Nucleon in Lattice QCD
• Electroproduction of the Roper resonance on the proton: the role of the three-quark core and the molecular N-sigma component
• Nucleon Compton scattering in the Dyson-Schwinger approach
• Octet and Decuplet masses: a covariant three-body Faddeev calculation
• Electromagnetic Form Factors and the Hypercentral CQM
• Helicity amplitudes and electromagnetic decays of hyperon resonances
• Radiative decays of the Sigma0(1385) and Lambda(1520) hyperons
• Solutions of the Bethe-Salpeter equation in Minkowski space and applications to electromagnetic form factors
• Nucleon Form Factors of the Isovector Axial-Vector Current: Situation of Experiments and Theory
• Rôle of the pion electromagnetic form factor in the $\Delta (1232)\to {\gamma }^{\ast }N$ timelike transition
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• Quasi-exotic open-flavor mesons
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• A comprehensive approach to the physics of mesons
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• Electromagnetic and strong isospin breaking in light meson masses
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• Two photon transition form factors of neutral pseudoscalar mesons
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• Regarding the distribution of glue in the pion
• nonlocal quark condensate from Dyson-Schwinger Equation and its contributions to the gluon vacuum polarization based on OPE approach
• Semileptonic transitions: $B_{(s)}\to \pi (K)$; $D_s\to K$; $D\to \pi ,K$; and $K\to \pi$
• Baryon and meson masses in the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model: A Bayesian approach
• Baryon Form Factors
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• Pion electromagnetic form factor with Minkowskian dynamics
• Pion GPDs: A path toward phenomenology
• $D^{\ast }D\pi$ and $B^{\ast }B\pi$ couplings from Dyson-Schwinger equations framework
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• Unphysical properties of the static quark-antiquark four-point correlator in Landau gauge
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• Quantum Computing Solution of the Bethe-Salpeter Equation for Relativistic Scalar Bound States via Tensor-Network VQE