Nucleon Polarizabilities: from Compton Scattering to Hydrogen Atom

Abstract

We review the current state of knowledge of the nucleon polarizabilities and of their role in nucleon Compton scattering and in hydrogen spectrum. We discuss the basic concepts, the recent lattice QCD calculations and advances in chiral effective-field theory. On the experimental side, we review the ongoing programs aimed to measure the nucleon (scalar and spin) polarizabilities via the Compton scattering processes, with real and virtual photons. A great part of the review is devoted to the general constraints based on unitarity, causality, discrete and continuous symmetries, which result in model-independent relations involving nucleon polarizabilities. We (re-)derive a variety of such relations and discuss their empirical value. The proton polarizability effects are presently the major sources of uncertainty in the assessment of the muonic hydrogen Lamb shift and hyperfine structure. Recent calculations of these effects are reviewed here in the context of the "proton-radius puzzle". We conclude with summary plots of the recent results and prospects for the near-future work.

83 pages, 51 figures, 9 tables; typos corrected; published version

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• Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis
• Unitary Isobar Model - MAID2007
• High-precision determination of the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton
• Electromagnetic excitation of the Delta(1232)-resonance
• Global analysis of proton elastic form factor data with two-photon exchange corrections
• The Proton Radius Puzzle
• Spin Structure of the Nucleon - Status and Recent Results
• Two-Photon Physics in Hadronic Processes
• Using effective field theory to analyse low-energy Compton scattering data from protons and light nuclei
• Upgrade of the Glasgow photon tagging spectrometer for Mainz MAMI-C
• Theoretical Constraints and Systematic Effects in the Determination of the Proton Form Factors
• Proton polarisability contribution to the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen at fourth order in chiral perturbation theory
• Chiral Effective-Field Theory in the Delta(1232) Region: Pion Electroproduction on the Nucleon
• Compton scattering from the proton in an effective field theory with explicit Delta degrees of freedom
• The Electromagnetic Self-Energy Contribution to M_p - M_n and the Isovector Nucleon Magnetic Polarizability
• Extracting Nucleon Magnetic Moments and Electric Polarizabilities from Lattice QCD in Background Electric Fields
• Electromagnetic and spin polarisabilities in lattice QCD
• The two-photon exchange contribution to muonic hydrogen from chiral perturbation theory
• Proton structure corrections to electronic and muonic hydrogen hyperfine splitting
• Neutron electric polarizability from unquenched lattice QCD using the background field approach
• Forward virtual Compton scattering and the Lamb shift in chiral perturbation theory
• Gold-plated moments of nucleon structure functions in baryon chiral perturbation theory
• New Measurement of Compton Scattering from the Deuteron and an Improved Extraction of the Neutron Electromagnetic Polarizabilities
• Two-photon exchange at low Q^2
• Proton spin polarizabilities from polarized Compton scattering
• Proton root-mean-square radii and electron scattering
• Chiral effective-field theory in the Delta(1232) region: II. radiative pion photoproduction
• QED is not endangered by the proton's size
• Measurements of Double-Polarized Compton Scattering Asymmetries and Extraction of the Proton Spin Polarizabilities
• Predictions of covariant chiral perturbation theory for nucleon polarisabilities and polarised Compton scattering
• Sea contributions to the electric polarizability of the hadrons
• Nucleon Compton scattering in the Dyson-Schwinger approach
• Nucleon Polarisabilities at and Beyond Physical Pion Masses
• Incoherent pion photoproduction on ${}^{12}$C
• Dispersive estimate of the electromagnetic charge symmetry violation in the octet baryon masses
• Higher order forward spin polarizability
• Model independent determination of the muonic hydrogen Lamb shift and proton radius
• Model-independent determination of the magnetic radius of the proton from spectroscopy of ordinary and muonic hydrogen
• What different variants of chiral EFT predict for the proton Compton differential cross section - and why
• A self-consistent value of the electric radius of the proton from the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen
• Breakdown of the expansion of finite-size corrections to the hydrogen Lamb shift in moments of charge distribution
• New Evaluation of Proton Structure Corrections to Hydrogen Hyperfine Splitting
• Dynamical Polarizabilities of SU(3) Octet of Baryons
• Low energy theorem for virtual Compton scattering and generalized sum rules of the nucleon

Cited by in corpus (59)

• Baryons as relativistic three-quark bound states
• The proton charge radius
• Pion-nucleon scattering in covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory with explicit Delta resonances
• The Present and Future of QCD
• The proton structure in and out of muonic hydrogen
• Expanding Nuclear Physics Horizons with the Gamma Factory
• Two-photon exchange contribution to elastic $e^{-}$-proton scattering: Full dispersive treatment of $\pi N$ states and comparison with data
• The next generation of laser spectroscopy experiments using light muonic atoms
• Two-photon exchange correction to the hyperfine splitting in muonic hydrogen
• Dispersion Theory in Electromagnetic Interactions
• Two-photon exchange correction to $2S$-$2P$ splitting in muonic helium-3 ions
• Nucleon resonances in Compton scattering
• Forward two-photon exchange in elastic lepton-proton scattering and hyperfine-splitting correction
• Two-photon exchange corrections to elastic $e^{-}$-proton scattering: Full dispersive treatment of $\pi N$ states at low momentum transfers
• Forward doubly-virtual Compton scattering off the nucleon in chiral perturbation theory: II. Spin polarizabilities and moments of polarized structure functions
• Dissecting the hadronic contributions to $(g-2{)}_{\mu }$ by Schwinger's sum rule
• Designing Optimal Experiments: An Application to Proton Compton Scattering
• Determination of the scalar polarizabilities of the proton using beam asymmetry ${\Sigma }_3$ in Compton scattering
• Generalized polarizabilities of the nucleon in baryon chiral perturbation theory
• Proton scalar dipole polarizabilities from real Compton scattering data, using fixed-t subtracted dispersion relations and the bootstrap method
• First extraction of the scalar proton dynamical polarizabilities from real Compton scattering data
• Sum rules across the unpolarized Compton processes involving generalized polarizabilities and moments of nucleon structure functions
• Measurement of the generalized spin polarizabilities of the neutron in the low $Q^2$ region
• Octet Baryons in Large Magnetic Fields
• Evaluation of the forward Compton scattering off protons: II. Spin-dependent amplitude and observables
• Hyperfine splitting in ordinary and muonic hydrogen
• Target-normal single-spin asymmetry in elastic electron-nucleon scattering
• Forward doubly-virtual Compton scattering off the nucleon in chiral perturbation theory: the subtraction function and moments of unpolarized structure functions
• Virtual Compton Scattering and Nucleon Generalized Polarizabilities
• Virtual Compton Scattering measurements in the nucleon resonance region
• Photo- and electro-production of narrow exotic states: from light quarks to charm and up to bottom
• Spin-dependent sum rules connecting real and virtual Compton scattering verified
• Spin polarizabilities of the proton by measurement of Compton double-polarization observables
• Enhanced neutrino polarizability
• Partial-wave analysis of proton Compton scattering data below the pion-production threshold
• $\Delta (1232)$-Resonance in the Hydrogen Spectrum
• The subtraction contribution to the muonic-hydrogen Lamb shift: a point for lattice QCD calculations of the polarizability effect
• Compton scattering from ${}^4$He at the TUNL HI$\gamma$S facility
• Proton Compton Scattering from Linearly Polarized Gamma Rays
• Nucleon polarizabilities in covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory with explicit $\Delta$ degrees of freedom
• Nucleon in a periodic magnetic field: Finite-volume aspects
• Dipole-dipole dispersion interactions between neutrons
• Two-photon exchange in (muonic) deuterium at N3LO in pionless effective field theory
• First concurrent extraction of the leading-order scalar and spin proton polarizabilities
• Forward doubly-virtual Compton scattering off an unpolarised deuteron in pionless effective field theory
• A theory vade mecum for PSI experiments
• Virtual Compton scattering at low energies with a positron beam
• Disperon QED
• Compton scattering off proton in the third resonance region
• Laser excitation of the 1s-hyperfine transition in muonic hydrogen
• Dipole-dipole interactions between neutrons
• Soft-photon radiative corrections to the $e^{-}p\to e^{-}p{l}^{-}{l}^{+}$ process
• Measurement of the nucleon spin structure functions for 0.01<$Q^2$<1 GeV${}^2$ using CLAS
• Few-neutron systems with the long-range Casimir-Polder force
• The Proton Electromagnetic Generalized Polarizabilities
• Charge and spin asymmetries in elastic lepton-nucleon scattering
• Reply to "Comment on `Breakdown of the expansion of finite-size corrections to the hydrogen Lamb shift in moments of charge distribution'"
• Energy of a point-like neutron in an external electromagnetic field
• A reassessment of nuclear effects in muonic deuterium using pionless effective field theory at N3LO