Review of two-photon exchange in electron scattering

Abstract

We review the role of two-photon exchange (TPE) in electron-hadron scattering, focusing in particular on hadronic frameworks suitable for describing the low and moderate Q^2 region relevant to most experimental studies. We discuss the effects of TPE on the extraction of nucleon form factors and their role in the resolution of the proton electric to magnetic form factor ratio puzzle. The implications of TPE on various other observables, including neutron form factors, electroproduction of resonances and pions, and nuclear form factors, are summarized. Measurements seeking to directly identify TPE effects, such as through the angular dependence of polarization measurements, nonlinear epsilon contributions to the cross sections, and via e+ p to e- p cross section ratios, are also outlined. In the weak sector, we describe the role of TPE and gamma-Z interference in parity-violating electron scattering, and assess their impact on the extraction of the strange form factors of the nucleon and the weak charge of the proton.

73 pages, 40 figures, review article for Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. (dedicated to the memory of John A. Tjon)

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• Baryons as relativistic three-quark bound states
• Muonic hydrogen and the proton radius puzzle
• The electric and magnetic form factors of the proton
• Explanation and Prediction of Observables using Continuum Strong QCD
• High Precision Measurement of the Proton Elastic Form Factor Ratio ${\mu }_p{G}_E/G_M$ at low $Q^2$
• Precision Measurement of the Weak Charge of the Proton
• Final Analysis of Proton Form Factor Ratio Data at ${\mathbf{Q}}^2=4.0$, 4.8 and 5.6 GeV${}^2$
• Extraction of the proton radius from electron-proton scattering data
• Proton and neutron electromagnetic form factors and uncertainties
• Nucleon form factors, generalized parton distributions and quark angular momentum
• The proton charge radius
• Theoretical Constraints and Systematic Effects in the Determination of the Proton Form Factors
• Measurement of the two-photon exchange contribution to the elastic $e^{\pm }p$ scattering cross sections at the VEPP-3 storage ring
• Two-photon exchange in elastic electron-proton scattering
• Low Q^2 measurements of the proton form factor ratio $m{u}_p{G}_E/G_M$
• Towards a resolution of the proton form factor problem: new electron and positron scattering data
• Nucleon Polarizabilities: from Compton Scattering to Hydrogen Atom
• Polarization Transfer Observables in Elastic Electron Proton Scattering at $Q^2=$2.5, 5.2, 6.8, and 8.5 GeV${}^2$
• The electromagnetic form factors of the proton in the timelike region
• Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Factors in the Timelike Region
• PANDA Phase One
• Flavor decomposition of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors
• QED at NNLO with McMule
• Measurement of two-photon exchange effect by comparing elastic $e^{\pm }p$ cross sections
• Electromagnetic Structure of Few-Nucleon Ground States
• New Measurements of the Transverse Beam Asymmetry for Elastic Electron Scattering from Selected Nuclei
• Single-spin asymmetries in inclusive deep inelastic scattering and multiparton correlations in the nucleon
• A dispersive approach to two-photon exchange in elastic electron-proton scattering
• Revealing dressed-quarks via the proton's charge distribution
• Dispersion-theoretical analysis of the electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon: Past, present and future
• Two-photon exchange corrections to elastic electron-proton scattering at large momentum transfer within the SCET approach
• Two-photon exchange correction in elastic unpolarized electron-proton scattering at small momentum transfer
• On Delta resonance contribution to two-photon exchange amplitude
• Two photon exchange amplitude with πN intermediate states: P33 channel
• Evaluation of the strength of electron-proton scattering data for determining the proton charge radius
• Constrained gamma-Z interference corrections to parity-violating electron scattering
• Two-photon exchange contribution to elastic $e^{-}$-proton scattering: Full dispersive treatment of $\pi N$ states and comparison with data
• Effective field theory for large logarithms in radiative corrections to electron proton scattering
• Reexamination of phenomenological two-photon exchange corrections to the proton form factors and e+-p scattering
• A new event generator for the elastic scattering of charged leptons on protons
• Extracting nuclear form factors with coherent neutrino scattering
• Parity Violation in Elastic Electron-Nucleon Scattering: Strangeness Content in the Nucleon
• Nucleon Compton scattering in the Dyson-Schwinger approach
• Review of experimental and theoretical status of the proton radius puzzle
• $\Delta (1232)$ Resonance Contribution to Two-Photon Exchange in Electron-Proton Scattering Revisited
• Comparison of Neural Network and Hadronic Model Predictions of Two-Photon Exchange Effect
• Measurement of the Target-Normal Single-Spin Asymmetry in Deep-Inelastic Scattering from the Reaction ${}^3{\mathrm{He}}^{\uparrow }(e,e^{\prime })X$
• Form Factors and Two-Photon Exchange in High-Energy Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering
• Measurement of the Target-Normal Single-Spin Asymmetry in Quasi-Elastic Scattering from the Reaction ${}^3$He${}^{\uparrow }(e,e^{\prime })$
• Charge asymmetry in elastic scattering of massive leptons on protons
• Reanalysis of Rosenbluth measurements of the proton form factors
• Two-photon exchange from intermediate state resonances in elastic electron-proton scattering
• Nucleon resonances in Compton scattering
• Forward two-photon exchange in elastic lepton-proton scattering and hyperfine-splitting correction
• Two-photon exchange corrections to elastic $e^{-}$-proton scattering: Full dispersive treatment of $\pi N$ states at low momentum transfers
• Demonstration of a novel technique to measure two-photon exchange effects in elastic $e^{\pm }p$ scattering
• Measurements of the Separated Longitudinal Structure Function F_L from Hydrogen and Deuterium Targets at Low Q^2
• Unified description of hadron-photon and hadron-meson scattering in the Dyson-Schwinger approach
• Second-Order Leptonic Radiative Corrections for Lepton-Proton Scattering
• Applications of Neural Networks in Hadron Physics
• Forward sum rule for the $2\gamma$-exchange correction to the charge radius extraction from elastic electron scattering
• Measurement of the two-photon exchange contribution in elastic $ep$ scattering at VEPP-3
• Lepton-Proton Two-Photon Exchange in Chiral Perturbation Theory
• Lattice QCD calculation of the two-photon exchange contribution to the muonic-hydrogen Lamb shift
• On higher order radiative corrections to elastic electron-proton scattering
• Phenomenological extraction of two-photon exchange amplitudes from elastic electron-proton scattering cross section data
• Up- and down-quark contributions to the nucleon electromagnetic form factors at low $Q^2$
• Target-normal single-spin asymmetry in elastic electron-nucleon scattering
• Target mass corrections in lepton--nucleus DIS: theory and applications to nuclear PDFs
• Two-photon-exchange effects in the unpolarized $\mu p$ scattering within the hadronic model
• The OLYMPUS Internal Hydrogen Target
• How much two-photon exchange is needed to resolve the proton form factor discrepancy?
• Delta(1232) contribution to real photon radiative corrections for elastic electron-proton scattering
• Two-photon exchange corrections to ${\gamma }^{\ast }N\Delta$ form factors for $Q^2\le 4$ (Gev/$c$)${}^2$
• JLab Measurement of the ${}^4$He Charge Form Factor at Large Momentum Transfers
• Meson exchange in lepton-nucleon scattering and proton radius puzzle
• Radiative and chiral corrections to elastic lepton-proton scattering in chiral perturbation theory
• Beam-normal single-spin asymmetry in elastic scattering of electrons from a spin-0 nucleus
• Alternative way to understand the unexpected results of the JLab polarization experiments to measure the Sachs form factors ratio
• Design and Performance of a Lead Fluoride Detector as a Luminosity Monitor
• Up- and Down-Quark Contributions to the Nucleon Form Factors
• Relevance of Two Boson Exchange Effect in Quasi-Elastic Charged Current Neutrino-Nucleon Interaction
• Two-Photon-Exchange Effects and $\Delta (1232)$ Deformation
• Meson exchange effects in elastic $ep$ scattering at loop level and the electromagnetic form factors of the proton
• On the physical meaning of Sachs form factors and on the violation of the dipole dependence of G_E and G_M on Q^2
• Hadronic gamma-Z box corrections in M\oller scattering
• Model independent radiative corrections to elastic deuteron-electron scattering
• Lepton mass effects for beam-normal single-spin asymmetry in elastic muon-proton scattering
• Radiative Correction to Lepton Proton Scatterings in Manifestly Lorentz-Invariant Chiral Perturbation Theory
• Determination of two-photon exchange via $e^{+}p/e^{-}p$ Scattering with CLAS12
• Radiative corrections to elastic muon-proton scattering at low momentum transfers
• A theory vade mecum for PSI experiments
• Generalized Sachs Form Factors and the Possibility of Their Measurement in Processes without and with Proton Spin Flip
• Dispersive Corrections to the Born Approximation in Elastic Electron-Nucleus Scattering in the Intermediate Energy Regime
• Looking at QED with Dyson-Schwinger equations: basic equations, Ward-Takahashi identities and the two-photon-two-fermion irreducible vertex
• Two-photon exchange and elastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electron on polarized deuteron
• Flavour structure of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors and transverse charge densities in the chiral quark-soliton model
• Disperon QED
• On the cancellation of radiative corrections to the cross section of electron-proton scattering
• Resonances contribution to two-photon exchange effects and possible large forward-backward asymmetry in $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to p\bar{p}$
• Two-Boson Exchange Physics: A Brief Review
• Reliability Analysis of the Results of the Known Experiments on Measuring of the Sachs Form Factor Ratio Using the Rosenbluth Technique. Polarization of the Final Proton in the $e\vec{p}\to e\vec{p}$ Elastic Process
• Gross-Llewellyn Smith sum rule from lattice QCD
• Towards a microscopic understanding of nucleon polarizabilities
• Electron Beam Single-Spin Asymmetries in the Resonance Region with Final Hadrons Observed
• A measurement of two-photon exchange in Super-Rosenbluth separations with positron beams
• Direct TPE Measurement via $e^{+}p/e^{-}p$ Scattering at low $\epsilon$ in Hall A
• Beam energy measurements for an experiment on elastic $e^{\pm }p$ scattering at the VEPP-3 storage ring
• Super-Rosenbluth Measurements with Electrons and Positrons
• Scaling Transformation for Nonlocal Interactions
• Charge and spin asymmetries in elastic lepton-nucleon scattering
• Resonance Contributions to Radiative Corrections in Charged-Current Elastic (Anti)Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering at GeV Energies
• A novel measurement of the neutron magnetic form factor from A=3 mirror nuclei
• Baryon Form Factors