Theoretical Constraints and Systematic Effects in the Determination of the Proton Form Factors

Abstract

We calculate the two-photon exchange corrections to electron-proton scattering with nucleon and $\Delta$ intermediate states. The results show a dependence on the elastic nucleon and nucleon-$\Delta$-transition form factors used as input which leads to significant changes compared to previous calculations. We discuss the relevance of these corrections and apply them to the most recent and precise data set and world data from electron-proton scattering. Using this, we show how the form factor extraction from these data is influenced by the subsequent inclusion of physical constraints. The determination of the proton charge radius from scattering data is shown to be dominated by the enforcement of a realistic spectral function. Additionally, the third Zemach moment from the resulting form factors is calculated. The obtained radius and Zemach moment are shown to be consistent with Lamb shift measurements in muonic hydrogen.

minor changes, added references, version to appear in PRD

References in corpus (15)

• Electromagnetic excitation of the Delta(1232)-resonance
• Dispersion analysis of the nucleon form factors including meson continua
• Measurement of sigma(e+ e- -> pi+ pi-) from threshold to 0.85 GeV^2 using Initial State Radiation with the KLOE detector
• Model independent extraction of the proton charge radius from electron scattering
• The size of the proton - closing in on the radius puzzle
• Resonance production by neutrinos: The second resonance region
• Proton polarisability contribution to the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen at fourth order in chiral perturbation theory
• Model independent extraction of the proton magnetic radius from electron scattering
• Roy-Steiner equations for pion-nucleon scattering
• The two-photon exchange contribution to muonic hydrogen from chiral perturbation theory
• Reduction of the proton radius discrepancy by 3 sigma
• QED is not endangered by the proton's size
• The Proton Radius from Bayesian Inference
• Third Zemach Moment of the Proton
• Forward sum rule for the $2\gamma$-exchange correction to the charge radius extraction from elastic electron scattering

Cited by in corpus (32)

• The proton charge radius
• On the pi pi continuum in the nucleon form factors and the proton radius puzzle
• Extraction of the neutron charge radius from a precision calculation of the deuteron structure radius
• Determining the leading-order contact term in neutrinoless double $\mathbf{\beta }$ decay
• The proton structure in and out of muonic hydrogen
• High-precision determination of the electric and magnetic radius of the proton
• Comprehensive theory of the Lamb shift in light muonic atoms
• Dispersion-theoretical analysis of the electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon: Past, present and future
• Dispersion relation analysis of the radiative corrections to $g_A$ in the neutron $\beta$-decay
• The proton radius: From a puzzle to precision
• Proton radius from electron-proton scattering and chiral perturbation theory
• Two-photon exchange contribution to elastic $e^{-}$-proton scattering: Full dispersive treatment of $\pi N$ states and comparison with data
• Electromagnetic Transition Form Factors of Baryon Resonances
• Precision calculation of the electromagnetic radii of the proton and neutron from lattice QCD
• Radiative corrections to semileptonic beta decays: Progress and challenges
• Superallowed nuclear beta decays and precision tests of the Standard Model
• Model independent determination of the muonic hydrogen Lamb shift and proton radius
• Electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon from $N_f=2+1$ lattice QCD
• The Standard Model theory of neutron beta decay
• New insights into the oscillation of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors
• Spectral functions of nucleon form factors: Three-pion continua at low energies
• Breakdown of the expansion of finite-size corrections to the hydrogen Lamb shift in moments of charge distribution
• The electromagnetic Sigma-to-Lambda transition form factors with coupled-channel effects in the space-like region
• The Structure of the Nucleon: Elastic Electromagnetic Form Factors
• Radiative Correction to Lepton Proton Scatterings in Manifestly Lorentz-Invariant Chiral Perturbation Theory
• Hybrid analysis of radiative corrections to neutron decay with current algebra and effective field theory
• Radiative corrections to elastic muon-proton scattering at low momentum transfers
• Chiral constraints on the isoscalar electromagnetic spectral functions of the nucleon from leading order vector meson couplings
• Differential Cross Section Predictions for PRad-II from Dispersion Theory
• Resonance Contributions to Radiative Corrections in Charged-Current Elastic (Anti)Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering at GeV Energies
• Baryon Form Factors
• Nuclear deformation effects on charge radius measurements of the proton and deuteron