The proton structure in and out of muonic hydrogen

Abstract

Laser spectroscopy of muonic atoms has been recently used to probe properties of light nuclei with unprecedented precision. We introduce nuclear effects in hydrogen-like atoms, nucleon structure quantities (form factors, structure functions, polarizabilities) and their effects in the Lamb shift and hyperfine splitting (HFS) of muonic hydrogen ($\mu$H). Updated theory predictions for the Lamb shift and HFS in $\mu$H are presented. We review the challenges of the ongoing effort to measure the ground-state HFS in $\mu$H and its impact on our understanding of the nucleon spin structure. To narrow down this search, we present a novel theory prediction obtained by scaling the measured HFS in hydrogen leveraging radiative corrections. We also summarize recent developments in the spectroscopy of simple atomic and molecular systems and emphasize how they allow for precise determinations of fundamental constants, bound-state QED tests and New Physics searches.

arXiv comment48 pages; 11 figures; 4 tables; final version with extended Supplement; posted with permission from the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Volume 72 by Annual Reviews, http://www.annualreviews.org

References in corpus (87)

• CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2010
• Search for New Physics with Atoms and Molecules
• CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2014
• Theory of Light Hydrogenlike Atoms
• High-precision determination of the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton
• Improved Measurement of the Hydrogen 1S - 2S Transition Frequency
• High-precision measurement of the atomic mass of the electron
• Global analysis of proton elastic form factor data with two-photon exchange corrections
• The Proton Radius Puzzle
• New measurement of the $1S-3S$ transition frequency of hydrogen: contribution to the proton charge radius puzzle
• A new parameterization of the nucleon elastic form factors
• Dispersion analysis of the nucleon form factors including meson continua
• Nucleon structure functions from lattice operator product expansion
• Extraction of the proton radius from electron-proton scattering data
• Proton structure effects in muonic hydrogen
• Proton-Electron Mass Ratio from Laser Spectroscopy of HD${}^{+}$ at the Part-Per-Trillion Level
• The proton charge radius
• The RMS Charge Radius of the Proton and Zemach Moments
• Theoretical Constraints and Systematic Effects in the Determination of the Proton Form Factors
• Higher order proton structure corrections to the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen
• Proton polarisability contribution to the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen at fourth order in chiral perturbation theory
• Lamb Shift in Light Muonic Atoms - Revisited
• Predictive powers of chiral perturbation theory in Compton scattering off protons
• Benchmarking theory with an improved measurement of the ionization and dissociation energies of H${}_2$
• Nucleon Polarizabilities: from Compton Scattering to Hydrogen Atom
• New insights into the nucleon's electromagnetic structure
• Proton-electron mass ratio by high-resolution optical spectroscopy of ion ensembles in the resolved-carrier regime
• Chiral perturbation theory of muonic hydrogen Lamb shift: polarizability contribution
• Theory of the Lamb shift in hydrogen and light hydrogen-like ions
• Measurement of the $2$S${}_{1/2}-8$D${}_{5/2}$ transition in hydrogen
• Proton Zemach radius from measurements of the hyperfine splitting of hydrogen and muonic hydrogen
• The Proton Radius from Electron Scattering Data
• Nuclear Structure-Dependent Radiative Corrections to the Hydrogen Hyperfine Splitting
• Constraints on muon-specific dark forces
• Parameterization and applications of the low-$Q^2$ nucleon vector form factors
• Precise determination of low-Q nucleon electromagnetic form factors and their impact on parity-violating e-p elastic scattering
• Proton structure corrections to hyperfine splitting in muonic hydrogen
• Proton Polarizability Contribution: Muonic Hydrogen Lamb Shift and Elastic Scattering
• Proton structure corrections to electronic and muonic hydrogen hyperfine splitting
• Three-photon exchange nuclear structure correction in hydrogenic systems
• Proton charge radius extraction from electron scattering data using dispersively improved chiral effective field theory
• Determination of the Proton Spin Structure Functions for 0.05 < Q^2 < 5 GeV^2 using CLAS
• Non-perturbative evaluation of some QED contributions to the muonic hydrogen $\mathbf{n}=2$ Lamb shift and hyperfine structure
• Zemach and magnetic radius of the proton from the hyperfine splitting in hydrogen
• Nonadiabatic relativistic correction in H${}_2$, D${}_2$, and HD
• Extraction of the electron mass from $g$ factor measurements on light hydrogenlike ions
• Proton polarizability effect in the Lamb shift of the hydrogen atom
• New precise spectroscopy of the hyperfine structure in muonium with a high-intensity pulsed muon beam
• $\mu -H$ Lamb shift: dispersing the nucleon-excitation uncertainty with a finite energy sum rule
• Deuteron charge radius and Rydberg constant from spectroscopy data in atomic deuterium
• High-precision mass spectrometer for light ions
• Two-photon exchange correction to the Lamb shift and hyperfine splitting of S levels
• Proton radius from electron-proton scattering and chiral perturbation theory
• Lattice QCD evaluation of the Compton amplitude employing the Feynman-Hellmann theorem
• QED is not endangered by the proton's size
• Ab initio calculation of nuclear structure corrections in muonic atoms
• Light Scalars and Dark Photons in Borexino and LSND Experiments
• Theory of the Lamb shift and Fine Structure in muonic ${}^4\mathrm{He}$ ions and the muonic ${}^3\mathrm{He}{-}^4\mathrm{He}$ Isotope Shift
• Predictions of covariant chiral perturbation theory for nucleon polarisabilities and polarised Compton scattering
• Nucleon spin-averaged forward virtual Compton tensor at large $Q^2$
• The proton radius (puzzle?) and its relatives
• Dispersion Theory in Electromagnetic Interactions
• The ${\alpha }^2(Z\alpha {)}^{4}m$ contributions to the Lamb shift and the fine structure in light muonic atoms
• Model-independent determination of the two-photon exchange contribution to hyperfine splitting in muonic hydrogen
• Trapping, cooling, and photodissociation analysis of state-selected H$\_2^{+}$ ions produced by (3+1) multiphoton ionization
• The Lamb shift of the $1s$ state in hydrogen: two-loop and three-loop contributions
• Probing new physics using Rydberg states of atomic hydrogen
• The contribution of pseudoscalar mesons to hyperfine structure of muonic hydrogen
• Single pion contribution to the hyperfine splitting in muonic hydrogen
• Deuteron charge radius from the Lamb-shift measurement in muonic deuterium
• Sum rules across the unpolarized Compton processes involving generalized polarizabilities and moments of nucleon structure functions
• Lattice QCD calculation of the two-photon exchange contribution to the muonic-hydrogen Lamb shift
• Hyperfine splitting in ordinary and muonic hydrogen
• Muonic vs electronic dark forces: a complete EFT treatment for atomic spectroscopy
• Generalised Onsager Algebra in Quantum Lattice Models
• Eta Decay and Muonic Puzzles
• Measurement of the muon transfer rate from muonic hydrogen to oxygen in the range 70-336 K
• Spin-dependent sum rules connecting real and virtual Compton scattering verified
• Muonium Lamb shift: theory update and experimental prospects
• Extending theories on muon-specific interactions
• Polarizability relations across real and virtual Compton scattering processes
• $\Delta (1232)$-Resonance in the Hydrogen Spectrum
• The subtraction contribution to the muonic-hydrogen Lamb shift: a point for lattice QCD calculations of the polarizability effect
• Breakdown of the expansion of finite-size corrections to the hydrogen Lamb shift in moments of charge distribution
• Low energy doubly-virtual Compton scattering from di-lepton electroproduction on a nucleon
• The g2p Experiment: A Measurement of the Proton's Spin Structure Functions
• Low Q2 Measurement of g2p and the LT Spin Polarizability

Cited by in corpus (13)

• Precision calculation of the electromagnetic radii of the proton and neutron from lattice QCD
• Electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon from $N_f=2+1$ lattice QCD
• Revisiting the helium isotope-shift puzzle with improved uncertainties from nuclear structure corrections
• Sub-part-per-trillion test of the Standard Model with atomic hydrogen
• Two-photon exchange in (muonic) deuterium at N3LO in pionless effective field theory
• The proton magnetic radius: a new puzzle?
• Relativistic and Recoil Corrections to Vacuum polarization in muonic systems: Three--photon exchange, gauge invariance and numerical values
• Zemach and Friar radii of the proton and neutron from lattice QCD
• Method for measuring the charge radii of charged hyperons from the time-like region
• Radiative Corrections and the Renormalization Group for the Two-Nucleon Interaction in Effective Field Theory
• Lattice QCD calculation of the Compton amplitude subtraction function
• Recoil corrections to $\mu$H hyperfine splitting
• A reassessment of nuclear effects in muonic deuterium using pionless effective field theory at N3LO