The proton structure in and out of muonic hydrogen

Abstract

Laser spectroscopy of muonic atoms has been recently used to probe properties of light nuclei with unprecedented precision. We introduce nuclear effects in hydrogen-like atoms, nucleon structure quantities (form factors, structure functions, polarizabilities) and their effects in the Lamb shift and hyperfine splitting (HFS) of muonic hydrogen ($\mu$H). Updated theory predictions for the Lamb shift and HFS in $\mu$H are presented. We review the challenges of the ongoing effort to measure the ground-state HFS in $\mu$H and its impact on our understanding of the nucleon spin structure. To narrow down this search, we present a novel theory prediction obtained by scaling the measured HFS in hydrogen leveraging radiative corrections. We also summarize recent developments in the spectroscopy of simple atomic and molecular systems and emphasize how they allow for precise determinations of fundamental constants, bound-state QED tests and New Physics searches.

48 pages; 11 figures; 4 tables; final version with extended Supplement; posted with permission from the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Volume 72 by Annual Reviews, http://www.annualreviews.org

References in corpus (33)

• High-precision determination of the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton
• High-precision measurement of the atomic mass of the electron
• Global analysis of proton elastic form factor data with two-photon exchange corrections
• The Proton Radius Puzzle
• A new parameterization of the nucleon elastic form factors
• Dispersion analysis of the nucleon form factors including meson continua
• Proton-Electron Mass Ratio from Laser Spectroscopy of HD${}^{+}$ at the Part-Per-Trillion Level
• The proton charge radius
• The RMS Charge Radius of the Proton and Zemach Moments
• Theoretical Constraints and Systematic Effects in the Determination of the Proton Form Factors
• Proton polarisability contribution to the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen at fourth order in chiral perturbation theory
• Benchmarking theory with an improved measurement of the ionization and dissociation energies of H${}_2$
• New insights into the nucleon's electromagnetic structure
• Proton-electron mass ratio by high-resolution optical spectroscopy of ion ensembles in the resolved-carrier regime
• Measurement of the $2$S${}_{1/2}-8$D${}_{5/2}$ transition in hydrogen
• Precise determination of low-Q nucleon electromagnetic form factors and their impact on parity-violating e-p elastic scattering
• Proton structure corrections to electronic and muonic hydrogen hyperfine splitting
• Determination of the Proton Spin Structure Functions for 0.05 < Q^2 < 5 GeV^2 using CLAS
• Deuteron charge radius and Rydberg constant from spectroscopy data in atomic deuterium
• High-precision mass spectrometer for light ions
• Proton radius from electron-proton scattering and chiral perturbation theory
• QED is not endangered by the proton's size
• The proton radius (puzzle?) and its relatives
• The Lamb shift of the $1s$ state in hydrogen: two-loop and three-loop contributions
• Trapping, cooling, and photodissociation analysis of state-selected H$\_2^{+}$ ions produced by (3+1) multiphoton ionization
• Lattice QCD calculation of the two-photon exchange contribution to the muonic-hydrogen Lamb shift
• Muonic vs electronic dark forces: a complete EFT treatment for atomic spectroscopy
• Generalised Onsager Algebra in Quantum Lattice Models
• Measurement of the muon transfer rate from muonic hydrogen to oxygen in the range 70-336 K
• Muonium Lamb shift: theory update and experimental prospects
• Polarizability relations across real and virtual Compton scattering processes
• Breakdown of the expansion of finite-size corrections to the hydrogen Lamb shift in moments of charge distribution
• The g2p Experiment: A Measurement of the Proton's Spin Structure Functions

Cited by in corpus (13)

• Precision calculation of the electromagnetic radii of the proton and neutron from lattice QCD
• Electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon from $N_f=2+1$ lattice QCD
• Revisiting the helium isotope-shift puzzle with improved uncertainties from nuclear structure corrections
• Sub-part-per-trillion test of the Standard Model with atomic hydrogen
• Two-photon exchange in (muonic) deuterium at N3LO in pionless effective field theory
• The proton magnetic radius: a new puzzle?
• Relativistic and Recoil Corrections to Vacuum polarization in muonic systems: Three--photon exchange, gauge invariance and numerical values
• Zemach and Friar radii of the proton and neutron from lattice QCD
• Method for measuring the charge radii of charged hyperons from the time-like region
• Radiative Corrections and the Renormalization Group for the Two-Nucleon Interaction in Effective Field Theory
• Lattice QCD calculation of the Compton amplitude subtraction function
• Recoil corrections to $\mu$H hyperfine splitting
• A reassessment of nuclear effects in muonic deuterium using pionless effective field theory at N3LO