Nucleon electromagnetic form factors

Abstract

Elastic electromagnetic nucleon form factors have long provided vital information about the structure and composition of these most basic elements of nuclear physics. The form factors are a measurable and physical manifestation of the nature of the nucleons' constituents and the dynamics that binds them together. Accurate form factor data obtained in recent years using modern experimental facilities has spurred a significant reevaluation of the nucleon and pictures of its structure; e.g., the role of quark orbital angular momentum, the scale at which perturbative QCD effects should become evident, the strangeness content, and meson-cloud effects. We provide a succinct survey of the experimental studies and theoretical interpretation of nucleon electromagnetic form factors.

Topical review invited by Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics; 34 pages (contents listed on page 34), 11 figures

References in corpus (131)

• Measurement of GEp/GMp in ep -> ep to Q2 = 5.6 GeV2
• Dyson-Schwinger equations: a tool for hadron physics
• Pion mass and decay constant
• Proton elastic form factor ratios to $Q^2$ = 3.5 GeV${}^2$ by polarization transfer
• Goldstone Theorem and Diquark Confinement Beyond Rainbow-Ladder Approximation
• How to reconcile the Rosenbluth and the polarization transfer method in the measurement of the proton form factors
• Nucleon Form Factors from Generalized Parton Distributions
• Determination of the Charged Pion Form Factor at Q2=1.60 and 2.45 (GeV/c)2
• Precision Rosenbluth measurement of the proton elastic form factors
• Strange Quark Contributions to Parity-Violating Asymmetries in the Forward G0 Electron-Proton Scattering Experiment
• Practical all-to-all propagators for lattice QCD
• On the rms-radius of the proton
• Dispersion analysis of the nucleon form factors including meson continua
• Two-photon exchange in elastic electron-nucleon scattering
• The $\pi$, $K^{+}$, and $K^0$ electromagnetic form factors
• The Strange Quark Contribution to the Proton's Magnetic Moment
• Precise Neutron Magnetic Form Factors
• The Charge Form Factor of the Neutron from the Reaction \pol{2H}(\pol{e},e'n)p
• Precision Measurements of the Nucleon Strange Form Factors at Q^2 ~0.1 GeV^2
• Dynamical Study of the Delta Excitation in N(e,e' pi) Reactions
• Radiative Corrections to Electron-Proton Scattering
• The two-photon exchange contribution to elastic electron-nucleon scattering at large momentum transfer
• Perturbative QCD Analysis of the Nucleon's Pauli Form Factor F_2(Q^2)
• Physical Nucleon Properties from Lattice QCD
• Electromagnetic Meson Production in the Nucleon Resonance Region
• How well do we know the electromagnetic form factors of the proton?
• Nucleon Form Factors in QCD
• Decuplet Baryon Structure from Lattice QCD
• Measurements of GEn/GMn from the ^2H(vec{e},e'vec{n})^1H Reaction to Q^2=1.45 (GeV/c)^2
• Measurement of the Electric Form Factor of the Neutron at Q^2=0.5 and 1.0 (GeV/c)^2
• Aspects and consequences of a dressed-quark-gluon vertex
• Electromagnetic Form Factors of the Nucleon and Compton Scattering
• Parity-Violating Electron Scattering from 4He and the Strange Electric Form Factor of the Nucleon
• Light Front Cloudy Bag Model: Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Factors
• Precise determination of the strangeness magnetic moment of the nucleon
• Ground-state Spectrum of Light-quark Mesons
• Nucleon Charge and Magnetization Densities from Sachs Form Factors
• Measurement of the Electric Form Factor of the Neutron at Q^2 = 0.3-0.8 (GeV/c)^2
• Constraints on the Nucleon Strange Form Factors at Q^2 ~ 0.1 GeV^2
• Implications of the discrepancy between proton form factor measurements
• Extraction of electromagnetic neutron form factors through inclusive and exclusive polarized electron scattering on polarized 3He target
• $\Delta$ resonance contribution to two-photon exchange in electron-proton scattering
• Bethe-Salpeter equation and a nonperturbative quark-gluon vertex
• The neutron charge form factor and target analyzing powers from pol.3He(pol e,e'n)-scattering
• Nucleon electromagnetic form factors on the lattice and in chiral effective field theory
• Octet and Decuplet Baryons in a Covariant and Confining Diquark-Quark Model
• Neutron charge form factor at large $q^2$
• Extracting nucleon strange and anapole form factors from world data
• The Role of Color Neutrality in Nuclear Physics--Modifications of Nucleonic Wave Functions
• Relativistic Constituent Quark Model of Electroweak Properties of Baryons
• Evidence for diquarks in lattice QCD
• Effective masses of diquarks
• The SAMPLE Experiment and Weak Nucleon Structure
• Re-analysis of the nucleon space- and time-like electromagnetic form factors in a two-component model
• Pseudovector components of the pion, pi^0 -> gamma gamma, and F_pi(q^2)
• Parity-violating Electron Deuteron Scattering and the Proton's Neutral Weak Axial Vector Form Factor
• Light-Cone Sum Rules for the Nucleon Form Factors
• Electromagnetic Form Factors of Charged and Neutral Kaons
• Status on nucleon electromagnetic form factors
• Measurement of the vector analyzing power in elastic electron-proton scattering as a probe of double photon exchange amplitudes
• Lattice Calculation of the Strangeness Magnetic Moment of the Nucleon
• Nucleon Magnetic Moments Beyond the Perturbative Chiral Regime
• Strange Electric Form Factor of the Proton
• Measurement of the Transverse Beam Spin Asymmetry in Elastic Electron Proton Scattering and the Inelastic Contribution to the Imaginary Part of the Two-Photon Exchange Amplitude
• The nucleon electromagnetic form factors from Lattice QCD
• A Study of the Quasi-elastic (e,e'p) Reaction on ${}^{12}$C, ${}^{56}$Fe and ${}^{97}$Au
• Diquark Masses from Lattice QCD
• Diquark confinement in an extended NJL model
• Nucleon mass and pion loops
• Proton G_E/G_M from beam-target asymmetry
• Evidence for two-photon exchange contributions in electron-proton and positron-proton elastic scattering
• Proton radii and two-photon exchange
• $Q^2$ Independence of $Q{F}_2/F_1$, Poincare Invariance and the Non-Conservation of Helicity
• Electromagnetic form factors of light vector mesons
• The Strangeness Radius and Magnetic Moment of the Nucleon Revisited
• Strange vector currents and the OZI-rule
• Baryon magnetic moments in the background field method
• Extended Gari-Krumpelmann model fits to nucleon electromagnetic form factors
• SU(6) breaking effects in the nucleon elastic electromagnetic form factors
• A Comparison of Polarization Observables in Electron Scattering from the Proton and Deuteron
• Extraction of two-photon contributions to the proton form factors
• The nucleon's strange electromagnetic and scalar matrix elements
• Strange nucleon form factors in the perturbative chiral quark model
• Box diagram in the elastic electron-proton scattering
• Pion Loop Contribution to the Electromagnetic Pion Charge Radius
• The covariant structure of light-front wave functions and the behavior of hadronic form factors
• Magnetic polarizability of hadrons from lattice QCD in the background field method
• Stranger Still: Kaon Loops and Strange Quark Matrix Elements of the Nucleon
• Experimental constraints on non-linearities induced by two-photon effects in elastic and inelastic Rosenbluth separations
• On Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Factors
• Baryon Form Factors of Relativistic Constituent-Quark Models
• Leading Quenching Effects in the Proton Magnetic Moment
• Precise determination of low-Q nucleon electromagnetic form factors and their impact on parity-violating e-p elastic scattering
• Incorporating Chiral Symmetry in Extrapolations of Octet Baryon Magnetic Moments
• Chiral Limit of Nucleon Lattice Electromagnetic Form Factors
• Chiral Symmetry and the Intrinsic Structure of the Nucleon
• Generalized Parton Distributions for large $x$
• On the strange vector form factors of the nucleon in the NJL soliton model
• Aspects of the confinement mechanism in Coulomb-gauge QCD
• Incorporating Chiral Symmetry and Heavy Quark Theory in Extrapolations of Octet Baryon Charge Radii
• Electric Polarizability of Neutral Hadrons from Lattice QCD
• Generalized form factors, generalized parton distributions and the spin contents of the nucleon
• Two-Photon-Exchange Correction to Parity-Violating Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering
• Electromagnetic properties of diquarks
• On the pion cloud of the nucleon
• Current Conservation in the Covariant Quark-Diquark Model of the Nucleon
• QCD Form Factors and Hadron Helicity Non-Conservation
• Flavour singlet physics in lattice QCD with background fields
• Coulomb distortion in high-Q^2 elastic e-p scattering
• Chiral Corrections to Lattice Calculations of Charge Radii
• Spectator-model operators in point-form relativistic quantum mechanics
• Color-singlet direct J/ψand ψ' production at Tevatron in the k_t factorization approach
• On Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Factors: A Pre'cis
• Resummation effects in Higgs boson transverse momentum distribution within the framework of unintegrated parton distributions
• Baryon structure in a quark-confining non-local NJL model
• Strange Magnetic Moment of The Nucleon from Lattice QCD
• Dispersion Analysis of the Strange Vector Form Factors of the Nucleon
• Background-Field Formalism in Quantum Systems
• Nucleon form factors and O(a) Improvement
• Precise Determination of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor to Higher $Q^2$
• Regarding proton form factors
• Two-photon exchange and elastic scattering of electrons/positrons on the proton. (Proposal for an experiment at VEPP-3)
• The Skyrme Model for Baryons
• Electromagnetic Gauge Invariance of the Cloudy Bag Model
• Modeling Quasi-elastic Form Factors for Electron and Neutrino Scattering
• Hadron Physics and Dyson-Schwinger Equations
• Lattice Results on the Connected Neutron Charge Radius
• Theory and Phenomenology of Hadrons
• The neutron magnetic form factor G_M^n(Q^2) from Quasi-Elastic inclusive scattering data on D and 4He
• Two Photon Exchange Contributions to Elastic ep Scattering in the Nonlocal Field Formalism
• Baryon correlators containing different diquarks from lattice simulations

Cited by in corpus (129)

• QCD and strongly coupled gauge theories: challenges and perspectives
• Baryons as relativistic three-quark bound states
• Global analysis of proton elastic form factor data with two-photon exchange corrections
• Explanation and Prediction of Observables using Continuum Strong QCD
• Chiral perturbation theory for heavy hadrons and chiral effective field theory for heavy hadronic molecules
• Inclusive quasi-elastic electron-nucleus scattering
• Generalized Parton Distributions in the valence region from Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering
• High Precision Measurement of the Proton Elastic Form Factor Ratio ${\mu }_p{G}_E/G_M$ at low $Q^2$
• Review of two-photon exchange in electron scattering
• Two-Photon Physics in Hadronic Processes
• Proton and neutron electromagnetic form factors and uncertainties
• Hadron structure from lattice quantum chromodynamics
• Survey of nucleon electromagnetic form factors
• Transverse Charge Densities
• Nucleon electromagnetic form factors from the covariant Faddeev equation
• Empirical transverse charge densities in the nucleon and the nucleon-to-$\Delta$ transition
• Nucleon form factors with 2+1 flavor dynamical domain-wall fermions
• Defining the Proton Radius: a Unified Treatment
• Measurement of the two-photon exchange contribution to the elastic $e^{\pm }p$ scattering cross sections at the VEPP-3 storage ring
• Precision Electromagnetic Structure of Octet Baryons in the Chiral Regime
• Neutrino Interactions with Nucleons and Nuclei: Importance for Long-Baseline Experiments
• Low Q^2 measurements of the proton form factor ratio $m{u}_p{G}_E/G_M$
• Towards a resolution of the proton form factor problem: new electron and positron scattering data
• Nucleon electromagnetic form factors from lattice QCD using a nearly physical pion mass
• Realistic Transverse Images of the Proton Charge and Magnetic Densities
• Polarization Transfer Observables in Elastic Electron Proton Scattering at $Q^2=$2.5, 5.2, 6.8, and 8.5 GeV${}^2$
• Electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon: new fit and analysis of uncertainties
• A pure S-wave covariant model for the nucleon
• Charge Distributions of Moving Nucleons
• Many-Body Interactions of Neutrinos with Nuclei - Observables
• Nucleon electromagnetic form factors in twisted mass lattice QCD
• Parton momentum and helicity distributions in the nucleon
• Axial Nucleon and Nucleon to Delta form fractors and the Goldberger-Treiman Relations from Lattice QCD
• Flavor decomposition of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors
• Delta-baryon electromagnetic form factors in lattice QCD
• Magnetic form factors of the octet baryons from lattice QCD and chiral extrapolation
• Quark transverse charge densities in the $\Delta (1232)$ from lattice QCD
• D-state effects in the electromagnetic N-Delta transition
• Hyperon Form Factors & Diquark Correlations
• Precise determination of low-Q nucleon electromagnetic form factors and their impact on parity-violating e-p elastic scattering
• A Covariant model for the nucleon and the $\Delta$
• Interpretation of the Flavor Dependence of Nucleon Form Factors in a Generalized Parton Distribution Model
• Nucleon form factors and spin content in a quark-diquark model with a pion cloud
• New Measurements of the Transverse Beam Asymmetry for Elastic Electron Scattering from Selected Nuclei
• Nucleon to Delta transition form factors with $N_F=2+1$ domain wall fermions
• Precision electromagnetic structure of decuplet baryons in the chiral regime
• Dirac and Pauli form factors from lattice QCD
• Revealing dressed-quarks via the proton's charge distribution
• Diurnal Effect of Sub-GeV Dark Matter Boosted by Cosmic Rays
• High-accuracy calculation of the deuteron charge and quadrupole form factors in chiral effective field theory
• Electric form factors of the octet baryons from lattice QCD and chiral extrapolation
• Transition between nuclear and quark-gluon descriptions of hadrons and light nuclei
• A covariant view on the nucleons' quark core
• Distribution amplitudes of light-quark mesons from lattice QCD
• Electromagnetic Form Factors and Charge Densities From Hadrons to Nuclei
• The Proton Elastic Form Factor Ratio at Low Momentum Transfer
• Hadron structure at low Q^2
• Nucleon Form Factors - A Jefferson Lab Perspective
• Nucleon elastic form factors at accessible large spacelike momenta
• Electromagnetic nucleon form factors in instant and point form
• Strange Baryon Electromagnetic Form Factors and SU(3) Flavor Symmetry Breaking
• Reexamination of phenomenological two-photon exchange corrections to the proton form factors and e+-p scattering
• Decaying light particles in the SHiP experiment: Signal rate estimates for hidden photons
• Large-$N_c$ relations for the electromagnetic N to Delta(1232) transition
• Soft spectator scattering in the nucleon form factors at large $Q^2$ within the SCET approach
• Electromagnetic Transition Form Factors of Baryon Resonances
• Parton distributions of light quarks and antiquarks in the proton
• Covariant nucleon wave function with S, D, and P-state components
• Magnetic and quadrupole moments of the $Z_c(3900)$
• Reanalysis of Rosenbluth measurements of the proton form factors
• Magnetic and quadrupole moments of light spin-1 mesons in light cone QCD sum rules
• Nucleon axial form factor from a Bayesian neural-network analysis of neutrino-scattering data
• Chiral extrapolations for nucleon electric charge radii
• Trigonometric quark confinement potential of QCD traits
• Dressed Quark Mass Dependence of Pion and Kaon Form Factors
• Electromagnetic form factors of the $\Lambda$ and $\Sigma$ baryons in an alternative baryonic current approach
• Chiral extrapolations for nucleon magnetic moments
• Demonstration of a novel technique to measure two-photon exchange effects in elastic $e^{\pm }p$ scattering
• Proton Electromagnetic Form Factor Ratios at Low Q^2
• Radiative transitions and magnetic moments of the charmed and bottom vector mesons in chiral perturbation theory
• Two-Photon Exchange Effect Studied with Neural Networks
• The neutron negative central charge density: an inclusive-exclusive connection
• Baryon Octet Electromagnetic Form Factors in a confining NJL model
• Applications of Neural Networks in Hadron Physics
• Nucleon relativistic polarization and magnetization distributions
• Two-photon exchange effect on deuteron electromagnetic form factors
• Production rates of $D_s^{+}{D}_s^{-}$ and $D\bar{D}$ molecules in $B$ decays
• On the deuteron relativistic charge distributions
• Nucleon axial form factor at large momentum transfers
• The magnetic moments and electromagnetic form factors of the decuplet baryons in chiral perturbation theory
• Phenomenological extraction of two-photon exchange amplitudes from elastic electron-proton scattering cross section data
• Systematic study of octet-baryon electromagnetic form factors in covariant chiral perturbation theory
• Meson cloud contributions to baryon axial form factors
• Electromagnetic form factors of ${\Lambda }_b$ in the Bethe-Salpeter equation approach
• Charge and magnetization densities in transverse coordinate and impact parameter space
• Proton and neutron form factors from deformed gravity/gauge duality
• Chiral Effective Theory Methods and their Application to the Structure of Hadrons from Lattice QCD
• Electromagnetic form factors of octet baryons in QCD
• Modification of generalized vector form factors and transverse charge densities of the nucleon in nuclear matter
• A Euclidean bridge to the relativistic constituent quark model
• Theoretical Analysis of the $p\bar{p}\to {\pi }^0{e}^{+}{e}^{-}$ Process within a Regge Framework
• Understanding the systematic differences in extractions of the proton electric form factors at low-$Q^2$
• Connecting the Breit Frame to the Infinite Momentum Light Front Frame: How G_E turns into F_1
• Factorizing the hard and soft spectator scattering contributions for the nucleon form factor F_1 at large Q^2
• Hadron Structure in Lattice QCD
• Study of Two-Photon Corrections in the $p\bar{p}-->e+e-$ Process: Hard Rescattering Mechanism
• QED medium effects in (anti)neutrino-nucleus and electron-nucleus scattering: elastic scattering on nucleons
• A Field-Theoretic Parametrization of Low-Energy Nucleon Form Factors
• Lattice Investigations of Nucleon Structure at Light Quark Masses
• The Pauli Form Factor of Quark and Nontrivial Topological Structure of the QCD
• Eikonal model analysis of elastic proton-proton collisions at 52.8 GeV and 8 TeV
• Transverse charge densities in the nucleon in nuclear matter
• Flavour structure of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors and transverse charge densities in the chiral quark-soliton model
• Lowest-order QED radiative corrections in unpolarized elastic electron-deuteron scattering beyond the ultra-relativistic limit for the proposed deuteron charge radius measurement at Jefferson Laboratory
• Investigations of hadron structure on the lattice
• Baryons from quarks in curved space and deconfinement
• Parity Violating Effects in Elastic Electron Deuteron Scattering
• Theoretical Descriptions of the Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Factors in the Space- and Time-like regions
• Overview of nucleon structure studies
• Two Photon Exchange Contributions to Elastic e + p --> e + p Process in a Nonlocal Field Formalism
• Super-Rosenbluth Measurements with Electrons and Positrons
• A measurement of two-photon exchange in Super-Rosenbluth separations with positron beams
• Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions at the LBNF Near Detector
• On the physics behind the form factor ratio ${\mu }_p{G}_E^p(Q^2)/G_M^p(Q^2)$
• The Inclusive-Exclusive Connection and the Neutron Negative Central Charge Density
• Unpolarized nucleon structure studies utilizing polarized electromagnetic probes
• A novel measurement of the neutron magnetic form factor from A=3 mirror nuclei
• Nucleon electromagnetic form factors in a quark-gluon core model
• Images of the Origin of Mass