Spin Structure of the Nucleon - Status and Recent Results

Abstract

After the initial discovery of the so-called "spin crisis in the parton model" in the 1980's, a large set of polarization data in deep inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering was collected at labs like SLAC, DESY and CERN. More recently, new high precision data at large x and in the resonance region have come from experiments at Jefferson Lab. These data, in combination with the earlier ones, allow us to study in detail the polarized parton densities, the Q^2 dependence of various moments of spin structure functions, the duality between deep inelastic and resonance data, and the nucleon structure in the valence quark region. Together with complementary data from HERMES, RHIC and COMPASS, we can put new limits on the flavor decomposition and the gluon contribution to the nucleon spin. In this report, we provide an overview of our present knowledge of the nucleon spin structure and give an outlook on future experiments. We focus in particular on the spin structure functions g_1 and g_2 of the nucleon and their moments.

69 pages, 46 figures. Report to be published in "Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics". v2 with added references and minor edits

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• Hadronic Spectra and Light-Front Wavefunctions in Holographic QCD
• Models for the Polarized Parton Distributions of the Nucleon
• Measurements of the Proton and Deuteron Spin Structure Functions g1 and g2
• Precise determination of the spin structure function ${\mathbf{g}}_1$ of the proton, deuteron and neutron
• Precision Determination of the Neutron Spin Structure Function g1n
• QCD Constrains on the Shape of Polarized Quark and Gluon Distributions
• Measurement of the Neutron Spin Structure Function $g_1^n$ with a Polarized ^3He Target
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• Global Analysis of Fragmentation Functions for Protons and Charged Hadrons
• QCD Analysis of Polarized Deep Inelastic Data and Parton Distributions
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• Inclusive cross section and double helicity asymmetry for π^0 production in p+p collisions at sqrt(s)=200 GeV: Implications for the polarized gluon distribution in the proton
• Next-to-leading order QCD corrections to high-p_T pion production in longitudinally polarized pp collisions
• Measurement of the Deuteron Spin Structure Function g_1^d(x) for 1 (GeV/c)^2 < Q^2 < 40 (GeV/c)^2
• Precision Measurement of the Neutron Spin Asymmetries and Spin-dependent Structure Functions in the Valence Quark Region
• A Rederivation of the Spin-dependent Next-to-leading Order Splitting Functions
• Precision Measurement of the Proton and Deuteron Spin Structure Functions g2 and Asymmetries A2
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• First measurement of the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn integral for Hydrogen from 200 to 800 MeV
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• Longitudinal Polarized Parton Densities Updated
• The GDH Sum Rule and Related Integrals
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• The Polarised Valence Quark Distribution from semi-inclusive DIS
• Valence Quark Spin Distribution Functions
• Impact of CLAS and COMPASS data on Polarized Parton Densities and Higher Twist
• The Q^2 evolution of the generalized Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn integral for the neutron using a He-3 target
• Spin structure of the nucleon at low energies
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• Q^2 Evolution of the Neutron Spin Structure Moments using a He-3 Target
• Measurement of the Proton Spin Structure Function $g_1(x,Q^2)$ for $Q^2$ from 0.15 to 1.6 GeV${}^2$ with CLAS
• Target mass effects in polarized deep-inelastic scattering
• Generalized Sum Rules for Spin-Dependent Structure Functions of the Nucleon
• Measurement of the Proton and Deuteron Spin Structure Function g_1 in the Resonance Region
• Experimental study of isovector spin sum rules
• A New Evaluation of Polarized Parton Densities in the Nucleon
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• Parameterisation of σ_{1/2}-σ_{3/2} for Q^2 \geq 0 and non-resonance contribution to the GDH sum rule
• Resolution of the Proton Spin Problem
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• Spin asymmetry A_1^d and the spin-dependent structure function g_1^d of the deuteron at low values of x and Q^2
• Leading and higher twists in the proton polarized structure function at large Bjorken x
• Effect of Orbital Angular Momentum on Valence-Quark Helicity Distributions
• Beam-Spin Asymmetries in the Azimuthal Distribution of Pion Electroproduction
• Polarized Parton Densities in the Nucleon
• Burkhardt-Cottingham sum rule and forward spin polarizabilities in Heavy Baryon Chiral Perturbation Theory
• Evidence for Quark-Hadron Duality in the Proton Spin Asymmetry $A_1$
• Symmetry breaking and quark-hadron duality in structure functions
• Complete analysis of spin structure function g1 of He-3
• Scheme Dependence in Polarized Deep Inelastic Scattering
• An exact sum rule for transversely polarized DIS
• Quark-Hadron Duality in Spin Structure Functions g1p and g1d
• Measurement of the Generalized Forward Spin Polarizabilities of the Neutron
• Q^2-Dependence of the Neutron Spin Structure Function g_2^n at Low Q^2
• Proton Spin Structure in the Resonance Region
• Measurement of Inclusive Spin Structure Functions of the Deuteron
• On the Extraction of the Neutron Spin Structure Functions and the Gerasimov -- Drell -- Hearn Integral from ${}^3\overrightarrow{He}(\vec{e},e^{\prime })X$ data
• Polarized structure function $g_2$ in the CM bag model
• The $Q^2$-dependence of the generalised Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn integral for the deuteron, proton and neutron
• Generalized Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn Sum Rule for the Proton-Neutron Difference in Chiral Perturbation Theory
• QCD radiative and power corrections and Generalized GDH sum rules
• Investigation of the Neutron Form Factors by Inclusive Quasi-Elastic Scattering of Polarized Electrons off Polarized ${}^3$He: A Theoretical Overview
• Polarized Structure Functions g_2 (x) in the Chiral Quark Soliton Model
• SU(3) Breaking in Hyperon Beta Decays: a Prediction for Xi^0 -> Sigma^+ e nu-bar
• Improved Measurement of Double Helicity Asymmetry in Inclusive Midrapidity pi^0 Production for Polarized p+p Collisions at sqrt(s)=200 GeV
• Can the polarization of the strange quarks in the proton be positive ?
• Global Analysis of Data on the Proton Structure Function g1 and Extraction of its Moments
• Running coupling effects for the singlet structure function g_1 at small x
• Target mass corrections for spin-dependent structure functions in collinear factorization
• 3He Spin-Dependent Cross Sections and Sum Rules
• The Spin of the Proton
• First measurement of target and double spin asymmetries for polarized e- polarized p --> e p pi0 in the nucleon resonance region above the Delta(1232)
• Higher twist analysis of the proton g_1 structure function
• First Measurement of the Double Spin Asymmetry in $\vec{e}\vec{p}\to e^{\prime }{\pi }^{+}n$ in the Resonance Region
• Non-local generalization of the axial anomaly and $x$-dependence of the anomalous gluon contribution
• Transverse Momentum in Semi-Inclusive Polarized Deep Inelastic Scattering and the Spin-Flavor Structure of the Proton
• Hadron Structure Functions within a Chiral Quark Model

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• The Theory of Deeply Inelastic Scattering
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• Nucleon Polarizabilities: from Compton Scattering to Hydrogen Atom
• Is gauge-invariant complete decomposition of the nucleon spin possible ?
• Unquenched quark model for baryons: magnetic moments, spins and orbital angular momenta
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• Cross Section and Parity Violating Spin Asymmetries of W^+/- Boson Production in Polarized p+p Collisions at sqrt(s)=500 GeV
• Exploring strange nucleon form factors on the lattice
• New insights into the spin structure of the nucleon
• Nucleon spin structure and pQCD frontier on the move
• The nucleon's octet axial-charge g_A^8 with chiral corrections
• Impact of hadronic and nuclear corrections on global analysis of spin-dependent parton distributions
• Transverse Spin Structure of the Nucleon through Target Single Spin Asymmetry in Semi-Inclusive Deep-Inelastic $(e,e^{\prime }{\pi }^{\pm })$ Reaction at Jefferson Lab
• Determination of the Proton Spin Structure Functions for 0.05 < Q^2 < 5 GeV^2 using CLAS
• Possible studies at the first stage of the NICA collider operation with polarized and unpolarized proton and deuteron beams
• Gold-plated moments of nucleon structure functions in baryon chiral perturbation theory
• Understanding the proton's spin structure
• Polarized DIS in N=4 SYM: Where is spin at strong coupling?
• Two-photon exchange correction to the Lamb shift and hyperfine splitting of S levels
• Precise Determination of the Deuteron Spin Structure at Low to Moderate $Q^2$ with CLAS and Extraction of the Neutron Contribution
• The role of the chiral anomaly in polarized deeply inelastic scattering I: Finding the triangle graph inside the box diagram in Bjorken and Regge asymptotics
• Nucleon spin structure at low momentum transfers
• Nucleon spin structure functions at NNLO in the presence of target mass corrections and higher twist effects
• Measurements of $d_2^n$ and $A_1^n$: Probing the neutron spin structure
• Measurement of the Bjorken Sum at very low $Q^2$
• Two-photon exchange correction to the hyperfine splitting in muonic hydrogen
• Dispersion Theory in Electromagnetic Interactions
• The role of the chiral anomaly in polarized deeply inelastic scattering II: Topological screening and transitions from emergent axion-like dynamics
• Tensor-polarized quark and antiquark distribution functions in a spin-one hadron
• Transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution functions up to twist 4 for spin-1 hadrons
• Measurement of the Target-Normal Single-Spin Asymmetry in Quasi-Elastic Scattering from the Reaction ${}^3$He${}^{\uparrow }(e,e^{\prime })$
• Measurement of the Q^2 Dependence of the Deuteron Spin Structure Function g_1 and its Moments at Low Q^2 with CLAS
• Nuclear physics with a medium-energy Electron-Ion Collider
• Small- and large-x nucleon spin structure from a global QCD analysis of polarized Parton Distribution Functions
• Forward two-photon exchange in elastic lepton-proton scattering and hyperfine-splitting correction
• Forward doubly-virtual Compton scattering off the nucleon in chiral perturbation theory: II. Spin polarizabilities and moments of polarized structure functions
• Polarized electron-deuteron deep-inelastic scattering with spectator nucleon tagging
• Spin and angular momentum in the nucleon
• Measurement of the proton spin structure at long distances
• More on the relation between the two physically inequivalent decompositions of the nucleon spin and momentum
• Analysis of the double-spin asymmetry A_LT in inelastic nucleon-nucleon collisions
• Measurement of the 3He Spin-Structure Functions and of Neutron (3He) Spin-Dependent Sum Rules at 0.035<Q^2<0.24 GeV^2
• Moments of Spin Structure Functions: Sum Rules and Polarizabilities
• Neutron spin structure with polarized deuterons and spectator proton tagging at EIC
• Measurement of pretzelosity asymmetry of charged pion production in Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering on a polarized ${}^3$He target
• Sum rules across the unpolarized Compton processes involving generalized polarizabilities and moments of nucleon structure functions
• Twist-3 Generalized Parton Distribution for the Proton from Basis Light-Front Quantization
• Distorted spin-dependent spectral function of an A=3 nucleus and semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering processes
• Gluon transversity in polarized proton-deuteron Drell-Yan process
• Hyperfine splitting in ordinary and muonic hydrogen
• Neutral-Current Weak Interactions at an EIC
• Forward doubly-virtual Compton scattering off the nucleon in chiral perturbation theory: the subtraction function and moments of unpolarized structure functions
• Spin-dependent sum rules connecting real and virtual Compton scattering verified
• Target mass corrections and higher twist effects in polarized deep-inelastic scattering
• Moments of the neutron $g_2$ structure function at intermediate $Q^2$
• Perturbative and nonperturbative contributions to the strange quark asymmetry in the nucleon
• Polarized GPDs and structure functions of $\rho$ meson
• Deuteron polarizations in the proton-deuteron Drell-Yan process for finding the gluon transversity
• Neutron spin structure from polarized deuteron DIS with proton tagging
• Double Spin Asymmetries of Inclusive Hadron Electroproductions from a Transversely Polarized ${}^3\mathrm{He}$ Target
• Two-photon exchange on neutron and the hyperfine splitting
• Polarizability relations across real and virtual Compton scattering processes
• Impact of recent COMPASS data on polarized parton distributions and structure functions
• Proton spin in leading order of the covariant approach
• First measurement of unpolarized SIDIS cross section and cross section ratios from a ${}^3$He target
• The spin alignment of vector mesons with light front quarks
• Final state interactions and the extraction of neutron single spin asymmetries from SIDIS by a transversely polarized ${}^3$He target
• Gluon polarization in the proton
• The axial charges of proton within an extended chiral constituent quark model
• The Bjorken sum rule with Monte Carlo and Neural Network techniques
• Spin and Polarization in High-Energy Hadron-Hadron and Lepton-Hadron Scattering
• Orbital angular momentum of the proton and intrinsic five-quark Fock states
• Investigations on the flavor-dependent axial charges of the octet baryons
• Mapping the transverse spin sum rule in position space
• Semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering off a tensor-polarized spin-1 target
• Accessing Compton Form Factors at the Electron Ion Collider in China: An Impact study on $\text{Im}\mathcal{E}$
• Small-x behavior of non-singlet spin structure function and Bjorken sum rule with pQCD correction up to NNLO and Higher twist correction
• Measurement of the nucleon spin structure functions for 0.01<$Q^2$<1 GeV${}^2$ using CLAS
• Why is GeV physics relevant in the age of the LHC?
• The quark orbital angular momentum of ground state octet baryons
• Baryons in the unquenched quark model
• Single/Double-Spin Asymmetry Measurements of Semi-Inclusive Pion Electroproduction on a Transversely Polarized 3He Target through Deep Inelastic Scattering
• Relations between generalized parton distributions and transverse momentum dependent parton distributions
• Calculation of gluon contribution to the proton spin by using the non-perturbative quantization à la Heisenberg
• On the role of quark orbital angular momentum in the proton spin
• Nucleon spin structure functions, considering target mass correction and higher twist effects at the NNLO accuracy and their transverse momentum dependence
• Helicity dependent parton distributions
• Neutron Spin Structure from e-3He Scattering with Double Spectator Tagging at the Electron-Ion Collider
• Progress in the Neural Network Determination of Polarized Parton Distributions