The Spin Structure of the Nucleon

Abstract

We review the present understanding of the spin structure of protons and neutrons, the fundamental building blocks of nuclei collectively known as nucleons. The field of nucleon spin provides a critical window for testing Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the gauge theory of the strong interactions since it involves fundamental aspects of hadron structure, and it can be probed in detail in experiments, particularly deep inelastic lepton scattering on polarized targets. QCD was initially probed in high energy deep inelastic lepton scattering with unpolarized beams and targets. With time, interest shifted from testing perturbative QCD to illuminating the nucleon structure itself. In fact, the spin degrees of freedom of hadrons provide an essential and detailed verification of both perturbative and nonperturbative QCD dynamics. Nucleon spin was initially thought of coming mostly from the spin of its quark constituents, based on intuition from the parton model. However, the first experiments showed that this expectation was incorrect. It is now clear that nucleon physics is much more complex, involving quark orbital angular momenta as well as gluonic and sea quark contributions. Thus, the nucleon spin structure remains a most active aspect of QCD research, involving important advances such as the developments of generalized parton distributions (GPD) and transverse momentum distributions (TMD). Elastic and inelastic lepton-proton scattering, as well as photoabsorption experiments provide various ways to investigate non-perturbative QCD. Fundamental sum rules -- such as the Bjorken sum rule for polarized photoabsorption on polarized nucleons -- are also in the non-perturbative domain. This realization triggered a vigorous program to link the low energy effective hadronic description of the strong interactions to fundamental quarks and gluon degrees of freedom of...

119 pages, 19 figures. Review commissioned by Report on Progress in Physics. V4: typo corrected in Eq. (20)

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• Parton Physics on Euclidean Lattice
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• Deep Inelastic Scattering and Gauge/String Duality
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• Hadronic Spectrum of a Holographic Dual of QCD
• Measurements of the Proton and Deuteron Spin Structure Functions g1 and g2
• Extraction of Spin-Dependent Parton Densities and Their Uncertainties
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• The theory and phenomenology of polarized deep inelastic scattering
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• Proton elastic form factor ratios to $Q^2$ = 3.5 GeV${}^2$ by polarization transfer
• Dispersion-Theoretical Analysis of the Nucleon Electromagnetic Formfactors
• A first unbiased global determination of polarized PDFs and their uncertainties
• Precision Determination of the Neutron Spin Structure Function g1n
• Measurement of the Spin-Dependent Structure Function $g_1(x)$ of the Proton
• Light-Front Holography: A First Approximation to QCD
• How to reconcile the Rosenbluth and the polarization transfer method in the measurement of the proton form factors
• Initial-State Interactions and Single-Spin Asymmetries in Drell-Yan Processes
• First Measurement of the Transverse Spin Asymmetries of the Deuteron in Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering
• Evidence for polarization of gluons in the proton
• QCD Constrains on the Shape of Polarized Quark and Gluon Distributions
• Light-Cone Representation of the Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum of Relativistic Composite Systems
• Measurement of the Neutron Spin Structure Function $g_1^n$ with a Polarized ^3He Target
• Measurement of the Light Antiquark Flavor Asymmetry in the Nucleon Sea
• Nucleon Generalized Parton Distributions from Full Lattice QCD
• Charge Density of the Neutron
• Nucleon Form Factors from Generalized Parton Distributions
• Deep Inelastic Scattering of Polarized Electrons by Polarized ${}^3$He and the Study of the Neutron Spin Structure
• Next-to-Leading Order Radiative Parton Model Analysis of Polarized Deep Inelastic Scattering
• Positivity Constraints for Spin-Dependent Parton Distributions
• The QCD Running Coupling
• Transverse-momentum distributions in a diquark spectator model
• Measurements of the $Q^2$-Dependence of the Proton and Neutron Spin Structure Functions g1p and g1n
• Global Analysis of Helicity Parton Densities and Their Uncertainties
• Spin Structure of the Proton from Polarized Inclusive Deep-Inelastic Muon-Proton Scattering
• Naive nonabelianization and resummation of fermion bubble chains
• Nucleon structure from mixed action calculations using 2+1 flavors of asqtad sea and domain wall valence fermions
• Quark helicity distributions in the nucleon for up, down, and strange quarks from semi--inclusive deep--inelastic scattering
• Light-Cone Wavefunction Representation of Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering
• Parton distributions and lattice QCD calculations: a community white paper
• Dispersion relations in real and virtual Compton scattering
• QCD Analysis of Polarized Deep Inelastic Data and Parton Distributions
• Quark Wigner Distributions and Orbital Angular Momentum
• Measurement of the Proton Spin Structure Function g1p with a Pure Hydrogen Target
• Single Spin Asymmetries in Charged Pion Production from Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering on a Transversely Polarized ${}^3$He Target
• Partonic calculation of the two-photon exchange contribution to elastic electron-proton scattering at large momentum transfer
• Generalized parton distributions from nucleon form factor data
• Dynamical coupled-channel model of meson production reactions in the nucleon resonance region
• First simultaneous extraction of spin-dependent parton distributions and fragmentation functions from a global QCD analysis
• Nucleon Parton Distributions at Low Normalization Point in the Large N_c Limit
• Resummation of $({\beta }_0{\alpha }_s{)}^n$ Corrections in QCD: Techniques and Applications to the $\tau$ Hadronic Width and the Heavy Quark Pole Mass
• Adler Function, Bjorken Sum Rule, and the Crewther Relation to Order alpha_s^4 in a General Gauge Theory
• Nucleon Helicity and Transversity Parton Distributions from Lattice QCD
• Flavor Structure of the Nucleon Sea from Lattice QCD
• The Quark/Antiquark Asymmetry of the Nucleon Sea
• Extracting Parton Distribution Functions from Lattice QCD Calculations
• Moments of Nucleon Generalized Parton Distributions in Lattice QCD
• Reply to the Comment on "Spin and orbital angular momentum in gauge theories: Nucleon spin structure and multipole radiation revisited" [PRL 100:232002 (2008)]
• Spin and orbital angular momentum in gauge theories: Nucleon spin structure and multipole radiation revisited
• A Lattice Calculation of Parton Distributions
• Measurement of the Deuteron Spin Structure Function g_1^d(x) for 1 (GeV/c)^2 < Q^2 < 40 (GeV/c)^2
• Nonperturbative QCD Coupling and its $\beta$ function from Light-Front Holography
• Consistent Analysis of the Spin Content of the Nucleon
• The Flavor Asymmetry of the Light Quark Sea from Semi-inclusive Deep-inelastic Scattering
• A Systematic All-Orders Method to Eliminate Renormalization-Scale and Scheme Ambiguities in PQCD
• Precision Measurement of the Neutron Spin Asymmetries and Spin-dependent Structure Functions in the Valence Quark Region
• Spin and orbital angular momentum in gauge theories (II): QCD and nucleon spin structure
• One-Loop Matching for Parton Distributions: Non-Singlet Case
• Generalized Parton Distributions from Lattice QCD
• Determination of the Bjorken Sum and Strong Coupling from Polarized Structure Functions
• Electromagnetic Meson Production in the Nucleon Resonance Region
• Determination of Polarized PDFs from a QCD Analysis of Inclusive and Semi-inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering Data
• Transverse-Spin and Transverse-Momentum Effects in High-Energy Processes
• The Spin Structure of the Proton
• The Spin-dependent Structure Function of the Proton g_1^p and a Test of the Bjorken Sum Rule
• Notes on the orbital angular momentum of quarks in the nucleon
• Polarised Quark Distributions in the Nucleon from Semi-Inclusive Spin Asymmetries
• Transverse momentum dependent parton distributions in a light-cone quark model
• Azimuthal and Single Spin Asymmetries in Hard Scattering Processes
• Precision Measurement of the Proton and Deuteron Spin Structure Functions g2 and Asymmetries A2
• The Spin Structure of the Nucleon
• Polarized Parton Distribution Functions in the Nucleon
• Spin Structure of the Nucleon - Status and Recent Results
• Light-Front Dynamics and AdS/QCD Correspondence: Gravitational Form Factors of Composite Hadrons
• The quark orbital angular momentum from Wigner distributions and light-cone wave functions
• Flavor Decomposition of the Polarized Quark Distributions in the Nucleon from Inclusive and Semi-inclusive Deep-inelastic Scattering
• Systematic Scale-Setting to All Orders: The Principle of Maximum Conformality and Commensurate Scale Relations
• QCD Analysis of the Polarized World Data
• Structure Functions are not Parton Probabilities
• First measurement of the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn integral for Hydrogen from 200 to 800 MeV
• Reconstruction of light-cone parton distribution functions from lattice QCD simulations at the physical point
• QCD Analysis of Polarized Deep Inelastic Scattering Data
• Initial-State Interactions in the Unpolarized Drell-Yan Process
• Measurements of the Proton and Deuteron Spin Structure Function g2 and Asymmetry A2
• ERRATUM TO: Power corrections $1/Q^2$ to parton sum rules for deep inelastic scattering from polarized targets
• Quark-hadron duality in electron scattering
• Quark-Hadron Duality in Electron Scattering
• Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering off the neutron
• pi- and rho-mesons, and their diquark partners, from a contact interaction
• Universality of Generalized Parton Distributions in Light-Front Holographic QCD
• Iterative Monte Carlo analysis of spin-dependent parton distributions
• Eliminating the Renormalization Scale Ambiguity for Top-Pair Production Using the Principle of Maximum Conformality
• Non--Singlet QCD Analysis of Deep Inelastic World Data at \boldmath $O({\alpha }_s^3)$
• Moments of Nucleon Light Cone Quark Distributions Calculated in Full Lattice QCD
• The nucleon axial charge from lattice QCD with controlled errors
• Nucleon form factors, generalized parton distributions and quark angular momentum
• Scale Setting Using the Extended Renormalization Group and the Principle of Maximum Conformality: the QCD Coupling Constant at Four Loops
• Quark helicity distributions from longitudinal spin asymmetries in muon-proton and muon-deuteron scattering
• Physics Opportunities of a Fixed-Target Experiment using the LHC Beams
• The Renormalization Scale-Setting Problem in QCD
• Meson Transition Form Factors in Light-Front Holographic QCD
• Polarized and Unpolarized Nucleon Structure Functions from Lattice QCD
• The Three-Loop Splitting Functions in QCD: The Helicity-Dependent Case
• Gravitational Form Factors of Vector Mesons in an AdS/QCD Model
• Virtual Compton Scattering and Generalized Polarizabilities of the Proton
• Measurement of the Spin Asymmetry in the Photoproduction of Pairs of High-pT Hadrons at HERMES
• Setting the Renormalization Scale in QCD: The Principle of Maximum Conformality
• Charge Symmetry Breaking and QCD
• Proton Spin Structure from Measurable Parton Distributions
• Gluon polarization in the nucleon from quasi-real photoproduction of high-pT hadron pairs
• dbar/ubar Asymmetry and the Origin of the Nucleon Sea
• Updated Lattice Results for Parton Distributions
• Flavor Singlet Contribution to the Structure Function $g_1$ at Small-x
• A Next-to-Leading Determination of the Singlet Axial Charge and the Polarized Gluon Content of the Nucleon
• Measurement of the Spin Structure of the Deuteron in the DIS Region
• Empirical transverse charge densities in the nucleon and the nucleon-to-$\Delta$ transition
• Chiral perturbation theory
• Next-to-Leading Order QCD Analysis of Polarized Deep Inelastic Scattering Data
• A statistical approach for polarized parton distributions
• Measurement of the $x$- and $Q^2$-Dependence of the Asymmetry $A_1$ on the Nucleon
• Target Mass Corrections for Polarized Structure Functions and New Sum Rules
• The Spin Structure of the Nucleon in the Asymptotic Limit
• FLAVOR-SINGLET g_A FROM LATTICE QCD
• The Spin Structure Function $g_1^{\mathrm{p}}$ of the Proton and a Test of the Bjorken Sum Rule
• Flavor and Spin Contents of the Nucleon in the Quark Model with Chiral Symmetry
• Nucleon form factors and moments of generalized parton distributions using $N_f=2+1+1$ twisted mass fermions
• Confinement contains condensates
• Precision Measurement of the Longitudinal Double-spin Asymmetry for Inclusive Jet Production in Polarized Proton Collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV
• Generalized parton distributions in AdS/QCD
• Precision Measurement of the Neutron Spin Asymmetry $A_1^n$ and Spin-Flavor Decomposition in the Valence Quark Region
• Determination of polarized parton distribution functions and their uncertainties
• B-Meson Gateways to Missing Charmonium Levels
• Measurement of Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering with a Polarized Proton Target
• Threefold Complementary Approach to Holographic QCD
• Heavy quark mass expansion and intrinsic charm in light hadrons
• Novel Six-Quark Hidden-Color Dibaryon States in QCD
• Interplay of Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum in the Proton
• The Theory of Deeply Inelastic Scattering
• Experimental determination of the effective strong coupling constant
• Flavor decomposition of the sea quark helicity distributions in the nucleon from semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering
• Measurement of the Proton and Deuteron Spin Structure Functions g2 and Asymmetry A2
• Strangeness in the nucleon: neutrino-nucleon and polarized electron-nucleon scattering
• Baryon Spectrum from Superconformal Quantum Mechanics and its Light-Front Holographic Embedding
• Longitudinal Polarized Parton Densities Updated
• The GDH Sum Rule and Related Integrals
• Determination of the effective strong coupling constant alpha_{s,g_1}(Q^2) from CLAS spin structure function data
• On Gauge-Invariant Decomposition of Nucleon Spin
• Experimental determination of the evolution of the Bjorken integral at low Q^2
• Superconformal Baryon-Meson Symmetry and Light-Front Holographic QCD
• DVCS amplitude in the parton model
• Do gluons carry half of the nucleon momentum?
• Proton Spin Structure from Lattice QCD
• Measurement of Single and Double Spin Asymmetries in Deep Inelastic Pion Electroproduction with a Longitudinally Polarized Target
• Measurements of the Q2-Dependence of the Proton and Deuteron Spin Structure Functions g1p and g1d
• Strangeness Contribution to the Proton Spin from Lattice QCD
• Constraining quark angular momentum through semi-inclusive measurements
• Wavefunction-Independent Relations between the Nucleon Axial-Coupling g_A and the Nucleon Magnetic Moments
• Up, down, and strange nucleon axial form factors from lattice QCD
• Light-front quark model consistent with Drell-Yan-West duality and quark counting rules
• Gluon orbital angular momentum at small-$x$
• Q^2-Dependence of the Proton's G_1 Structure Function Sum Rule
• The Polarised Valence Quark Distribution from semi-inclusive DIS
• A critique of the angular momentum sum rules and a new angular momentum sum rule
• Spatial distribution of angular momentum inside the nucleon
• Effective confining potentials for QCD
• Valence Quark Spin Distribution Functions
• The target asymmetry in hard vector-meson electroproduction and parton angular momenta
• Status of the Proton Spin Problem
• Disconnected quark loop contributions to nucleon observables in lattice QCD
• Determination of gluon polarization from deep inelastic scattering and collider data
• First Measurement of the Tensor Structure Function $b_1$ of the Deuteron
• Helicity Evolution at Small $x$: Flavor Singlet and Non-Singlet Observables
• The Q^2 evolution of the generalized Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn integral for the neutron using a He-3 target
• Impact of CLAS and COMPASS data on Polarized Parton Densities and Higher Twist
• Measurement of the Neutron Spin Structure Function g2n and Asymmetry A2n
• Measurement of longitudinal spin asymmetries for weak boson production in polarized proton-proton collisions at RHIC
• Spin structure of the nucleon at low energies
• The Quark Spin Distributions of the Nucleon
• Q^2 Evolution of the Neutron Spin Structure Moments using a He-3 Target
• Helicity Evolution at Small-x
• Flavour Separation of Helicity Distributions from Deep Inelastic Muon-Deuteron Scattering
• Measurement of the Proton Spin Structure Function $g_1(x,Q^2)$ for $Q^2$ from 0.15 to 1.6 GeV${}^2$ with CLAS
• Chiral Perturbation Theory and the first moments of the Generalized Parton Distriputions in a Nucleon
• Generalized parton distributions and transverse densities in a light-front quark-diquark model for the nucleons
• Is gauge-invariant complete decomposition of the nucleon spin possible ?
• Small-$x$ asymptotics of the quark helicity distribution
• A Lattice Study of Quark and Glue Momenta and Angular Momenta in the Nucleon
• Generalized Parton Distributions for the Proton in AdS/QCD
• Glue spin and helicity in proton from lattice QCD
• Parton Orbital Angular Momentum and Final State Interactions
• Generalized Sum Rules for Spin-Dependent Structure Functions of the Nucleon
• Measurement of the Proton and Deuteron Spin Structure Function g_1 in the Resonance Region
• Twist analysis of the nucleon spin in QCD
• Strange nucleon form factors in the perturbative chiral quark model
• QCD Sum Rule Calculation of Twist-3 Contributions to Polarized Nucleon Structure Functions
• Experimental study of isovector spin sum rules
• Twist-2 Generalized TMDs and the Spin/Orbital Structure of the Nucleon
• Quark Orbital Angular Momentum from Lattice QCD
• A New Evaluation of Polarized Parton Densities in the Nucleon
• QCD Sum Rule Calculation of Twist-4 Corrections to Bjorken and Ellis-Jaffe Sum Rules
• Nucleon quark distributions in a covariant quark-diquark model
• Geometrical approach to the proton spin decomposition
• Generalized Drell-Hearn-Gerasimov Sum Rule at Order {\cal O}(p^4) in Chiral Perturbation Theory
• Analysis of nucleon electromagnetic form factors from light-front holographic QCD : The spacelike region
• Gluon polarization in the nucleon demystified
• Nucleon spin structure at very high-x
• Universal Effective Hadron Dynamics from Superconformal Algebra
• High precision determination of the $Q^2$-evolution of the Bjorken Sum
• Perturbative expansion of the energy of static sources at large orders in four-dimensional SU(3) gauge theory
• Moments of nucleon generalized parton distributions from lattice QCD
• Physics of Gluon Helicity Contribution to Proton Spin
• Compelling evidence of renormalons in QCD from high order perturbative expansions
• Leading and Next-to-Leading Order Gluon Polarisation in the Nucleon and Longitudinal Double Spin Asymmetries from Open Charm Muoproduction
• Supersymmetry Across the Light and Heavy-Light Hadronic Spectrum
• NLO QCD Analysis of Polarized Deep Inelastic Scattering
• The Singlet Contribution to the Structure Function $g_1(x,Q^2)$ at Small $x$
• Exploring strange nucleon form factors on the lattice
• Parameterisation of σ_{1/2}-σ_{3/2} for Q^2 \geq 0 and non-resonance contribution to the GDH sum rule
• Parity-Violating Electron Scattering and the Electric and Magnetic Strange Form Factors of the Nucleon
• Resolution of the Proton Spin Problem
• Connecting the Hadron Mass Scale to the Fundamental Mass Scale of Quantum Chromodynamics
• First Calculation of Hyperon Axial Couplings from Lattice QCD
• Determination of polarized parton distribution functions with recent data on polarization asymmetries
• A lattice calculation of the nucleon's spin-dependent structure function g_2 revisited
• Angular Momentum Decomposition for an Electron
• Aspects of SU(N_c) Gauge Theories in the Limit of Small Number of Colors
• Nucleon spin structure and pQCD frontier on the move
• New insights into the spin structure of the nucleon
• Leading-Order Determination of the Gluon Polarization from high-$p_T$ Hadron Electroproduction
• Lorentz Symmetry and the Internal Structure of the Nucleon
• Single and double spin asymmetries for deeply virtual Compton scattering measured with CLAS and a longitudinally polarized proton target
• Measurement of Dijet Production at Low Q^2 at HERA
• Interpretation of the Flavor Dependence of Nucleon Form Factors in a Generalized Parton Distribution Model
• The nucleon's octet axial-charge g_A^8 with chiral corrections
• The Complete $O({\alpha }_s^2)$ Non-Singlet Heavy Flavor Corrections to the Structure Functions $g_{1,2}^{ep}(x,Q^2)$, $F_{1,2,L}^{ep}(x,Q^2)$, $F_{1,2,3}^{\nu (\bar{\nu })}(x,Q^2)$ and the Associated Sum Rules
• Probing Parton Orbital Angular Momentum in Longitudinally Polarized Nucleon
• Impact of hadronic and nuclear corrections on global analysis of spin-dependent parton distributions
• Spin asymmetry A_1^d and the spin-dependent structure function g_1^d of the deuteron at low values of x and Q^2
• Flavor Structure of the Nucleon Sea
• A light front quark-diquark model for the nucleons
• The Validity of Charge Symmetry for Parton Distributions
• Charge Symmetry at the Partonic Level
• Single-spin asymmetries in inclusive deep inelastic scattering and multiparton correlations in the nucleon
• Hunting the Gluon Orbital Angular Momentum at the Electron-Ion Collider
• Effect of Orbital Angular Momentum on Valence-Quark Helicity Distributions
• Beam-Target Double Spin Asymmetry A_LT in Charged Pion Production from Deep Inelastic Scattering on a Transversely Polarized He-3 Target at 1.4<Q^2<2.7 GeV^2
• Burkhardt-Cottingham sum rule and forward spin polarizabilities in Heavy Baryon Chiral Perturbation Theory
• Leading order determination of the gluon polarisation from DIS events with high-p_T hadron pairs
• Virtual meson cloud of the nucleon and generalized parton distributions
• Polarized Parton Densities in the Nucleon
• On the controversy concerning the definition of quark and gluon angular momentum
• Polarized Nucleon Structure Functions within a Chiral Soliton Model
• Determination of the Deep Inelastic Contribution to the Generalised Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn Integral for the Proton and Neutron
• New developments in the statistical approach of parton distributions: tests and predictions up to LHC energies
• Determination of the Proton Spin Structure Functions for 0.05 < Q^2 < 5 GeV^2 using CLAS
• Spin Physics Experiments at NICA-SPD with polarized proton and deuteron beams
• Light-flavor sea-quark distributions in the nucleon in the SU(3) chiral quark soliton model (I) -- phenomenological predictions --
• Evidence for Quark-Hadron Duality in the Proton Spin Asymmetry $A_1$
• Regge Asymptotics of Scattering with Flavour Exchange in QCD
• Chiral Symmetry and the Nucleon Structure Functions
• Spin observables and spin structure functions: inequalities and dynamics
• Chiral-odd generalized parton distributions for proton in a light-front quark-diquark model
• Moments of the Spin Structure Functions g_1^p and g_1^d for 0.05 < Q^2 < 3.0 GeV^2
• Symmetry breaking and quark-hadron duality in structure functions
• Strangeness spin, magnetic moment and strangeness configurations of the proton
• Final COMPASS results on the deuteron spin-dependent structure function $g_1^{\mathrm{d}}$ and the Bjorken sum rule
• Disconnected contributions to the spin of the nucleon
• Electroweak structure of the nucleon, meson cloud and light-cone wavefunctions
• Generalized parton distributions in an AdS/QCD hard-wall model
• On the Interface between Perturbative and Nonperturbative QCD
• Gluon Helicity Delta G from a Universality Class of Operators on a Lattice
• Electromagnetic Form Factors of Nucleons in a Light-cone Diquark Model
• Longitudinal target-spin asymmetries for deeply virtual Compton scattering
• Evidence for the Absence of Gluon Orbital Angular Momentum in the Nucleon
• New analysis concerning the strange quark polarization puzzle
• Investigation of the Second Moment of the Nucleon's g1 and g2 Structure Functions in Two-Flavor Lattice QCD
• Scheme Dependence in Polarized Deep Inelastic Scattering
• A dynamical model for longitudinal wave functions in light-front holographic QCD
• Gold-plated moments of nucleon structure functions in baryon chiral perturbation theory
• An exact sum rule for transversely polarized DIS
• Precision measurements of $g_1$ of the proton and the deuteron with 6 GeV electrons
• Transverse Polarization of the Nucleon in Parton Picture
• Hadronic Momentum Densities in the Transverse Plane
• Generalized form factors, generalized parton distributions and the spin contents of the nucleon
• Measurement of the virtual-photon asymmetry A2 and the spin-structure function g2 of the proton
• Quark Wigner distributions in a light-cone spectator model
• Higher twist parton distributions from light-cone wave functions
• Quark-Hadron Duality in Spin Structure Functions g1p and g1d
• Gravitational form factors and transverse spin sum rule in a light front quark-diquark model in AdS/QCD
• Novel analysis of chiral loop effects in the generalized Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn sum rule
• Hadronic Superpartners from Superconformal and Supersymmetric Algebra
• Q^2-Dependence of the Neutron Spin Structure Function g_2^n at Low Q^2
• Measurement of the Generalized Forward Spin Polarizabilities of the Neutron
• Single Spin Asymmetries of Inclusive Hadrons Produced in Electron Scattering from a Transversely Polarized ${}^3$He Target
• Nucleon Structure Functions from a Chiral Soliton
• Proton Spin Structure in the Resonance Region
• The Parton Orbital Angular Momentum: Status and Prospects
• Next-to-next-to-leading order QCD analysis of spin-dependent parton distribution functions and their uncertainties: Jacobi polynomials approach
• The Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn Sum Rule and the Spin Structure of the Nucleon
• α_S from $F_{\pi }$ and Renormalization Group Optimized Perturbation
• Single Spin Asymmetries in Charged Kaon Production from Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering on a Transversely Polarized ${}^3\mathrm{He}$ Target
• Measurement of Inclusive Spin Structure Functions of the Deuteron
• Supersymmetry Across the Light and Heavy-Light Hadronic Spectrum II
• Parton Distributions for the Octet and Decuplet Baryons
• Precise Determination of the Deuteron Spin Structure at Low to Moderate $Q^2$ with CLAS and Extraction of the Neutron Contribution
• Wigner distributions and orbital angular momentum of a proton
• Justifying the Naive Partonic Sum Rule for Proton Spin
• Search for a Two-Photon Exchange Contribution to Inclusive Deep-Inelastic Scattering
• Constraints on the gluon Sivers distribution via transverse single spin asymmetries at midrapidity in p(transv. polarized) p -> pi^0 X processes at BNL RHIC
• Gluon Polarisation in the Nucleon and Longitudinal Double Spin Asymmetries from Open Charm Muoproduction
• A Possible Resolution of the Strange Quark Polarization Puzzle ?
• Nucleon structure in a light-front quark model consistent with quark counting rules and data
• Constraints on spin-dependent parton distributions at large x from global QCD analysis
• The Ellis-Jaffe Sum Rule: The Estimates of the Next-to-Next-to- Leading-Order QCD Corrections
• Transverse target spin asymmetry in inclusive DIS with two-photon exchange
• Quasi-parton distribution functions: a study in the diquark spectator model
• A New Study of the Polarized Parton Densities in the Nucleon
• The transverse structure of the pion in momentum space inspired by the AdS/QCD correspondence
• Nucleon spin structure at low momentum transfers
• Renormalons at the boundaries between perturbative and non-perturbative QCD
• Measurement of parity-violating spin asymmetries in W${}^{\pm }$ production at midrapidity in longitudinally polarized $p$$+$$p$ collisions
• Nucleon spin structure functions at NNLO in the presence of target mass corrections and higher twist effects
• The Nucleon Spin Polarizability at Order $\mathcal{O}(p^4$) in Chiral Perturbation Theory
• Polarized structure function $g_2$ in the CM bag model
• Quark Wigner distributions and spin-spin correlations
• Measurements of $d_2^n$ and $A_1^n$: Probing the neutron spin structure
• Quark orbital dynamics in the proton from Lattice QCD -- from Ji to Jaffe-Manohar orbital angular momentum
• Transverse structure of proton in a light-front quark-diquark model
• Polarized parton distributions from charged-current deep-inelastic scattering and future neutrino factories
• Parton Transverse Momentum and Orbital Angular Momentum Distributions
• Sum Rules and Moments of the Nucleon Spin Structure Functions
• Axial-vector form factors of the nucleon within the chiral quark-soliton model and their strange components
• "Massive" Perturbative QCD, regular in the IR limit
• Single-Spin Asymmetries in Semi-inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering and Drell-Yan Processes
• Lattice Calculation of Nucleon Isovector Axial Charge with Improved Currents
• Empirical transverse charge densities in the deuteron
• Strange Quark Contribution to the Vector and Axial Form Factors of the Nucleon: Combined Analysis of G0, HAPPEx, and Brookhaven E734 Data
• The $Q^2$-dependence of the generalised Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn integral for the deuteron, proton and neutron
• Analyzing the Boer-Mulders function within different quark models
• The intrinsic charm contribution to the proton spin
• Wilson loops to 20th order numerical stochastic perturbation theory
• Generalized Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn Sum Rule for the Proton-Neutron Difference in Chiral Perturbation Theory
• Next-To-Leading Order Analysis of Polarized and Unpolarized Structure Functions
• Small Momentum Evolution of the Extended Drell--Hearn--Gerasimov Sum Rule
• Dispersion Theory in Electromagnetic Interactions
• Nucleon parton distributions in a light-front quark model
• The Spin Structure of a Polarized Photon
• On the Role of Higher Twist in Polarized Deep Inelastic Scattering
• Flavor Singlet Axial Vector Coupling of the Proton with Dynamical Wilson Fermions
• Nonperturbative strange-quark sea from lattice QCD, light-front holography, and meson-baryon fluctuation models
• The role of orbital angular momentum in the proton spin
• Precision Measurements of $A_1^n$ in the Deep Inelastic Regime
• Reggeon Interactions in Perturbative QCD
• The flavour asymmetry of polarized anti-quarks in the nucleon
• Axial Charges of Octet Baryons in Two-flavor Lattice QCD
• Polarized Structure Functions g_2 (x) in the Chiral Quark Soliton Model
• Polarized light-antiquark distributions in a meson-cloud model
• Lambda^{QCD}_{MS} from Renormalization Group Optimized Perturbation
• QCD radiative and power corrections and Generalized GDH sum rules
• The strangeness form factors of the proton
• Renormalons as a Bridge between Perturbative and Nonperturbative Physics
• Pion light-front wave function, parton distribution and the electromagnetic form factor
• Probing Quark-Gluon Interactions with Transverse Polarized Scattering
• Feasibility Studies for Single Transverse-Spin Asymmetry Measurements at a Fixed-Target Experiment Using the LHC Proton and Lead Beams (AFTER@LHC)
• Transverse Spin Structure of the Nucleon
• Implications of the Principle of Maximum Conformality for the QCD Strong Coupling
• Helicity-dependent generalized parton distributions for nonzero skewness
• Measurement of the Q^2 Dependence of the Deuteron Spin Structure Function g_1 and its Moments at Low Q^2 with CLAS
• Measurement of the Target-Normal Single-Spin Asymmetry in Quasi-Elastic Scattering from the Reaction ${}^3$He${}^{\uparrow }(e,e^{\prime })$
• Measurements of polarized photo-pion production on longitudinally polarized HD and Implications for Convergence of the GDH Integral
• Supersymmetry in the Double-Heavy Hadronic Spectrum
• Measurement of the Target-Normal Single-Spin Asymmetry in Deep-Inelastic Scattering from the Reaction ${}^3{\mathrm{He}}^{\uparrow }(e,e^{\prime })X$
• Relating transverse structure of various parton distributions
• Leading twist generalized parton distributions and spin densities in a proton
• Light-flavor sea-quark distributions in the nucleon in the SU(3) chiral quark soliton model (II) -- theoretical formalism --
• Baryon properties from light-front holographic QCD
• Is nucleon spin structure inconsistent with constituent quark model?
• Spin-dependent twist-4 matrix elements from the instanton vacuum: Flavor-singlet and nonsinglet
• Anomalous Magnetic Moments and Quark Orbital Angular Momentum
• Evaluation of the forward Compton scattering off protons: I. Spin-independent amplitude
• Higher order forward spin polarizability
• Phenomenological analysis of the nucleon spin contents and their scale dependence
• The Spin and Flavour Dependence of High-Energy Photoabsorption
• Gravitational form factors and angular momentum densities in light-front quark-diquark model
• Quark-Hadron Duality in Neutron (3He) Spin Structure
• Determination of ${\Lambda }_{\overline{MS}}$ at five loops from holographic QCD
• On the Sensitivity of the Polarized Parton Densities to Flavour SU(3) Symmetry Breaking
• Study of polarized-e polarized-p --> e-prime p pi0 in the Delta(1232) mass region using polarization asymmetries
• GPDs at non-zero skewness in ADS/QCD model
• The Q^2-dependence of the Generalised Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn Integral for the Proton
• Comparison of two Minkowski-space approaches to heavy quarkonia
• 3He Spin-Dependent Cross Sections and Sum Rules
• Gluon Spin, Canonical Momentum, and Gauge Symmetry
• New relation between transverse angular momentum and generalized parton distributions
• First measurement of target and double spin asymmetries for polarized e- polarized p --> e p pi0 in the nucleon resonance region above the Delta(1232)
• Moments of Spin Structure Functions: Sum Rules and Polarizabilities
• The effective cross section for double parton scattering within a holographic AdS/QCD approach
• Longitudinal momentum densities in transverse plane for nucleons
• A Precision Measurement of the Neutron Twist-3 Matrix Element $d_2^n$: Probing Color Forces
• Polarized rho mesons and the asymmetry between Delta d^bar(x) and Delta u^bar(x) in the sea of the nucleon
• First Measurement of the Double Spin Asymmetry in $\vec{e}\vec{p}\to e^{\prime }{\pi }^{+}n$ in the Resonance Region
• Generalized polarizabilities of the nucleon in baryon chiral perturbation theory
• Angular Momentum Conservation Law in Light-Front Quantum Field Theory
• Measurement of pretzelosity asymmetry of charged pion production in Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering on a polarized ${}^3$He target
• Do we expect light flavor sea-quark asymmetry also for the spin-dependent distribution functions of the nucleon?
• Target and Double Spin Asymmetries of Deeply Virtual ${\pi }^0$ Production with a Longitudinally Polarized Proton Target and CLAS
• Charge Symmetry Breaking in Parton Distribution Functions from Lattice QCD
• The gluon and charm content of the deuteron
• Orbital Angular Momentum and Generalized Transverse Momentum Distribution
• Fermi-momentum dependence of relativistic effective mass below saturation from superscaling of quasielastic electron scattering
• Charge and longitudinal momentum distributions in transverse coordinate space
• Evaluation of the forward Compton scattering off protons: II. Spin-dependent amplitude and observables
• Form factors and transverse charge and magnetization densities in the hard-wall AdS/QCD model
• On the small-$x$ behavior of the orbital angular momentum distributions in QCD
• Generalized parton distributions in the soft-wall model of AdS/QCD
• Polarized antiquark flavor asymmetry: Pauli blocking vs. the pion cloud
• Higher twists in polarized DIS and the size of the constituent quark
• Generalized Parton Distributions: confining potential effects within AdS/QCD
• Statistical description of the proton spin with a large gluon helicity distribution
• Strange nucleon form factors: Solitonic approach to $G_M^s$, $G_E^s$, ${\tilde{G}}_A^p$ and ${\tilde{G}}_A^n$ and comparison with world data
• Moments of the neutron $g_2$ structure function at intermediate $Q^2$
• Spin-dependent sum rules connecting real and virtual Compton scattering verified
• The spin of the proton in chiral effective field theory
• Collinear parton distributions and the structure of the nucleon sea in a light-front meson-cloud model
• Role of Positivity Constraints in Determining Polarized Parton Densities
• On the polarization of the nucleon sea in the meson cloud model
• Double Spin Asymmetries of Inclusive Hadron Electroproductions from a Transversely Polarized ${}^3\mathrm{He}$ Target
• Orbital Angular Momentum in the Nucleon
• Instantons and Polarized Structure Functions
• Polarizability relations across real and virtual Compton scattering processes
• Charge Symmetry Breaking in Spin Dependent Parton Distributions and the Bjorken Sum Rule
• Nucleon structure functions and longitudinal spin asymmetries in the chiral quark constituent model
• Measurement of Target and Double-spin Asymmetries for the $\vec{e}\vec{p}\to e{\pi }^{+}(n)$ Reaction in the Nucleon Resonance Region at Low $Q^2$
• Tensor-polarized structure functions: Tensor structure of deuteron in 2020's
• Understanding Parton Distributions from Lattice QCD: Present Limitations and Future Promise
• Target and beam-target spin asymmetries in exclusive pion electroproduction for $Q^2>1$ GeV${}^2$. II. $ep\to e{\pi }^{0}p$
• Superconformal Algebraic Approach to Hadron Structure
• Nucleon Structure Functions in the Three Flavor NJL Soliton Model
• Orbital structure of quarks inside the nucleon in the light-cone diquark model
• Spin constraints on Regge predictions and perturbative evolution in high energy collisions
• Quark Orbital Angular Momentum in the MIT Bag Model
• Spin structure of the nucleon: QCD evolution, lattice results and models
• Target and Beam-Target Spin Asymmetries in Exclusive Pion Electroproduction for $Q^2>1$ GeV${}^2$. I. $ep\to e{\pi }^{+}n$
• Spin effects within the instanton model
• Gluon polarization in the proton
• Target and Beam-Target Spin Asymmetries in Exclusive ${\pi }^{+}$ and ${\pi }^{-}$ Electroproduction with 1.6 to 5.7 GeV Electrons
• Chiral Quark Model
• Transverse Force on Transversely Polarized Quarks in Longitudinally Polarized Nucleons
• Beam-target double spin asymmetry in quasi-elastic electron scattering off the deuteron with CLAS
• A Constraint on the x Dependence of the Light Antiquarks Ratio
• Hadron Physics From Superconformal Quantum Mechanics and its Light-Front Holographic Embedding
• Hard-gluon Evolution of Nucleon Generalized Parton Distributions in Soft-Wall AdS/QCD Model
• Re-examining valence quark spin distributions

Cited by in corpus (69)

• An updated review of the new hadron states
• Large-Momentum Effective Theory
• 50 Years of Quantum Chromodynamics
• Complete flavor decomposition of the spin and momentum fraction of the proton using lattice QCD simulations at physical pion mass
• Nucleon structure from basis light-front quantization
• Proton structure from a light-front Hamiltonian
• QCD Running Couplings and Effective Charges
• Possible studies at the first stage of the NICA collider operation with polarized and unpolarized proton and deuteron beams
• Gluon Gravitational Form Factors at Large Momentum Transfer
• The role of the chiral anomaly in polarized deeply inelastic scattering I: Finding the triangle graph inside the box diagram in Bjorken and Regge asymptotics
• Unified Description of Polarized and Unpolarized Quark Distributions in the Proton
• Measurement of the Bjorken Sum at very low $Q^2$
• Nucleon resonance contributions to unpolarised inclusive electron scattering
• Charm jets as a probe for strangeness at the future Electron-Ion Collider
• Transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution functions up to twist 4 for spin-1 hadrons
• Probing the internal structure of baryons
• General relativity effects in precision spin experimental tests of fundamental symmetries
• Forward doubly-virtual Compton scattering off the nucleon in chiral perturbation theory: II. Spin polarizabilities and moments of polarized structure functions
• Nucleon spin decomposition with one dynamical gluon
• Chiral symmetry breaking, entanglement, and the nucleon spin decomposition
• Measurement of the proton spin structure at long distances
• Measurement of the 3He Spin-Structure Functions and of Neutron (3He) Spin-Dependent Sum Rules at 0.035<Q^2<0.24 GeV^2
• Novel twist-three transverse-spin sum rule for the proton and related generalized parton distributions
• Relativistic spin sum rules and the role of the pivot
• Nucleon axial form factor at large momentum transfers
• Contact interaction analysis of octet baryon axialvector and pseudoscalar form factors
• Twist-3 Generalized Parton Distribution for the Proton from Basis Light-Front Quantization
• Measurement of the generalized spin polarizabilities of the neutron in the low $Q^2$ region
• Polarised parton distribution functions and proton spin
• Gluon transversity in polarized proton-deuteron Drell-Yan process
• ${}^3$He Universe 2020
• Spin-exchange collisions in hot vapors create and sustain bipartite entanglement
• $O({\alpha }_s^2$) Polarized Heavy Flavor Corrections}to Deep-Inelastic Scattering at $Q^2\gg m^2$
• Transverse spin sum rule of the proton
• 70 Years of Hyperon Spectroscopy: A review of strange $\Xi$, $\Omega$ baryons, and the spectrum of charmed and bottom baryons
• Glue in hadrons at medium resolution and the QCD instanton vacuum
• Deuteron polarizations in the proton-deuteron Drell-Yan process for finding the gluon transversity
• Measurements of Differential Cross Sections of Inclusive ${\pi }^0$ and $K_S^0$ Production in $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ Annihilation at Energies from 2.2324 to 3.6710 GeV
• Quantum trajectories in spin-exchange collisions reveal the nature of spin-noise correlations in multi-species alkali vapors
• First Extraction of Transverse Momentum Dependent Helicity Distributions
• The $\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$-scheme ${\alpha }_s^5$ QCD contributions to the Adler function and Bjorken polarized sum rule in the Crewther-type two-fold $\{\beta \}$-expanded representation
• Nonsinglet polarized nucleon structure function in infrared-safe QCD
• Single-pion contribution to the Gerasimov--Drell--Hearn sum rule and related integrals
• $\Delta$-baryon axialvector and pseudoscalar form factors, and associated PCAC relations
• Spin Density Matrix for ${\Omega }^{-}$ and its Polarization Alignment in $\psi (3686)\to {\Omega }^{-}{\bar{\Omega }}^{+}$
• The axial charges of proton within an extended chiral constituent quark model
• Spin and Polarization in High-Energy Hadron-Hadron and Lepton-Hadron Scattering
• Recent data analysis to revisit the spin structure function of nucleon in Laplace space
• Investigations on the flavor-dependent axial charges of the octet baryons
• Semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering off a tensor-polarized spin-1 target
• High precision measurements of alpha_s at the future EIC
• Chiral Soliton Models and Nucleon Structure Functions
• Nucleon Structure from Basis Light-Front Quantization : Status and Prospects
• Electromagnetic angular momentum of the electron: One-loop studies
• Measurement of the nucleon spin structure functions for 0.01<$Q^2$<1 GeV${}^2$ using CLAS
• Effect of symmetry breaking of polarized light sea quarks on the nucleon and nuclear structure functions, and sum rules
• Angular momentum of the electron: One-loop studies
• The quark orbital angular momentum of ground state octet baryons
• AAK24: Global QCD analysis on polarized parton distribution in the presence of $A_2$ asymmetry measurements
• The Proton Electromagnetic Generalized Polarizabilities
• The isoscalar octet axial form factor of the nucleon from lattice QCD
• Mechanical properties of the proton from a deformed AdS holographic model
• Updated Determination of Ellis-Jaffe Sum Rules up to ${\mathrm{N}}^3\mathrm{LO}$ QCD corrections
• Twist-2 relation and sum rule for tensor-polarized parton distribution functions of spin-1 hadrons
• Neutron Spin Structure from e-3He Scattering with Double Spectator Tagging at the Electron-Ion Collider
• Coupled-channel contributions to the GDH sum rule from the Jülich-Bonn approach
• Twist-2 relations for the twist-3 tensor-polarized distribution function $f_{LT}$ of a spin-1 hadron by the operator-product-expansion method
• Universal features of high-energy scattering of Laguerre-Gaussian states
• Proton momentum and angular momentum decompositions with overlap fermions