Flavor Structure of the Nucleon Sea

Abstract

We review the current status and future prospects on the subject of flavor structure of the nucleon sea. The flavor structure of the nucleon sea provides unique information on the non-perturbative aspects of strong interactions allowing stringent tests of various models on the partonic structures of the nucleons as well as lattice QCD calculations. The scope of this review covers the unpolarized, polarized, and the transverse-momentum dependent sea-quark distributions of the nucleons. While the main focus of this review is on the physics motivation and recent progress on the subject of the nucleon sea, we also discuss future prospects of addressing some outstanding issues on the flavor structure of the nucleon sea.

arXiv comment61 pages and 36 figures; published version

References in corpus (210)

• Parton distributions for the LHC
• Parton distributions with LHC data
• Implications of CTEQ global analysis for collider observables
• The Three-Loop Splitting Functions in QCD: The Non-Singlet Case
• Fragmentation of Transversely Polarized Quarks Probed in Transverse Momentum Distributions
• Leading-twist Single-transverse-spin asymmetries: Drell-Yan and Deep-Inelastic Scattering
• Time-reversal odd distribution functions in leptoproduction
• Parton Physics on Euclidean Lattice
• Final-State Interactions and Single-Spin Asymmetries in Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering
• Combined Measurement and QCD Analysis of the Inclusive ep Scattering Cross Sections at HERA
• A Precise Determination of Electroweak Parameters in Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering
• Global analysis of fragmentation functions for pions and kaons and their uncertainties
• Single-spin asymmetries in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering on a transversely polarized hydrogen target
• The CT10 NNLO Global Analysis of QCD
• The Spin Structure of the Nucleon
• Transverse Polarisation of Quarks in Hadrons
• Models for the Polarized Parton Distributions of the Nucleon
• Improved Measurement of the $\bar{d}/\bar{u}$ Asymmetry in the Nucleon Sea
• Measurements of the Proton and Deuteron Spin Structure Functions g1 and g2
• Extraction of Spin-Dependent Parton Densities and Their Uncertainties
• Precise determination of the spin structure function ${\mathbf{g}}_1$ of the proton, deuteron and neutron
• Hadronic Uncertainties in the Elastic Scattering of Supersymmetric Dark Matter
• Precision Determination of the Neutron Spin Structure Function g1n
• Parton Distributions in Light-Cone Gauge: Where Are the Final-State Interactions?
• Measurement of the Light Antiquark Flavor Asymmetry in the Nucleon Sea
• Observation of the Naive-T-odd Sivers Effect in Deep-Inelastic Scattering
• The Deuteron Spin-dependent Structure Function g1d and its First Moment
• Deep Inelastic Scattering of Polarized Electrons by Polarized ${}^3$He and the Study of the Neutron Spin Structure
• Next-to-Leading Order Radiative Parton Model Analysis of Polarized Deep Inelastic Scattering
• Positivity Constraints for Spin-Dependent Parton Distributions
• Measurements of the $Q^2$-Dependence of the Proton and Neutron Spin Structure Functions g1p and g1n
• Sivers Effect for Pion and Kaon Production in Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering
• Prospects for Spin Physics at RHIC
• Quark helicity distributions in the nucleon for up, down, and strange quarks from semi--inclusive deep--inelastic scattering
• Investigating the origins of transverse spin asymmetries at RHIC
• Precise Measurement of Dimuon Production Cross-Sections in muon neutrino Fe and muon antineutrino Fe Deep Inelastic Scattering at the Tevatron
• Collins and Sivers asymmetries for pions and kaons in muon-deuteron DIS
• Flavor Asymmetry of Antiquark Distributions in the Nucleon
• QCD Analysis of Polarized Deep Inelastic Data and Parton Distributions
• Determination of the Strange Quark Content of the Nucleon from a Next-to-Leading-Order QCD Analysis of Neutrino Charm Production
• A new measurement of the Collins and Sivers asymmetries on a transversely polarised deuteron target
• Single Spin Asymmetries in Charged Pion Production from Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering on a Transversely Polarized ${}^3$He Target
• Nucleon Parton Distributions at Low Normalization Point in the Large N_c Limit
• Determination of fragmentation functions and their uncertainties
• Measurement of the proton and the deuteron structure functions F2p and F2d
• The Quark/Antiquark Asymmetry of the Nucleon Sea
• Measurement of Azimuthal Asymmetries in Inclusive Production of Hadron Pairs in e+e- Annihilation at Belle
• Update on transversity and Collins functions from SIDIS and e+ e- data
• Update on the Direct Detection of Supersymmetric Dark Matter
• Spin Physics and Polarized Structure Functions
• Effects of transversity in deep-inelastic scattering by polarized protons
• Measurement of the Deuteron Spin Structure Function g_1^d(x) for 1 (GeV/c)^2 < Q^2 < 40 (GeV/c)^2
• The Flavor Asymmetry of the Light Quark Sea from Semi-inclusive Deep-inelastic Scattering
• Multiplicities of charged pions and kaons from semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering by the proton and the deuteron
• Global parton distributions with nuclear and finite-Q^2 corrections
• Measurement of Azimuthal Asymmetries in Inclusive Production of Hadron Pairs in e+e- Annihilation at \sqrt{s} = 10.58 GeV
• Determination of Polarized PDFs from a QCD Analysis of Inclusive and Semi-inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering Data
• The Spin-dependent Structure Function of the Proton g_1^p and a Test of the Bjorken Sum Rule
• Polarised Quark Distributions in the Nucleon from Semi-Inclusive Spin Asymmetries
• Determination of ${\alpha }_s$ and the Nucleon Spin Decomposition Using Recent Polarized Structure Function Data
• Measurement of the Collins and Sivers asymmetries on transversely polarised protons
• Higgs production in gluon fusion beyond NNLO
• Flavour and Spin of the Proton and the Meson Cloud
• Determination of the strange quark density of the proton from ATLAS measurements of the W->l nu and Z->ll cross sections
• Flavor Decomposition of the Polarized Quark Distributions in the Nucleon from Inclusive and Semi-inclusive Deep-inelastic Scattering
• QCD Analysis of the Polarized World Data
• Delineating parton distributions and the strong coupling
• Old and new physics interpretations of the NuTeV anomaly
• QCD Analysis of Polarized Deep Inelastic Scattering Data
• Initial-State Interactions in the Unpolarized Drell-Yan Process
• The Charm Parton Content of the Nucleon
• Transverse spin structure of the nucleon from lattice QCD simulations
• Quark helicity distributions from longitudinal spin asymmetries in muon-proton and muon-deuteron scattering
• Physics Opportunities of a Fixed-Target Experiment using the LHC Beams
• Flavor Asymmetry of Light Quarks in the Nucleon Sea
• Progress in the Determination of the Partonic Structure of the Proton
• Measurement of Parton Distributions of Strange Quarks in the Nucleon from Charged-Kaon Production in Deep-Inelastic Scattering on the Deuteron
• dbar/ubar Asymmetry and the Origin of the Nucleon Sea
• A statistical approach for polarized parton distributions
• Measurement of the $x$- and $Q^2$-Dependence of the Asymmetry $A_1$ on the Nucleon
• FLAVOR-SINGLET g_A FROM LATTICE QCD
• Accurate Measurement of F2d/F2p and Rd-Rp
• Structure Functions of the Nucleon and their Interpretation
• Flavor and Spin Contents of the Nucleon in the Quark Model with Chiral Symmetry
• Precision Measurement of the Neutron Spin Asymmetry $A_1^n$ and Spin-Flavor Decomposition in the Valence Quark Region
• Experimental investigation of transverse spin asymmetries in muon-p SIDIS processes: Collins asymmetries
• Measurement of the production of a W boson in association with a charm quark in pp collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector
• Sivers function in a spectator model with axial-vector diquarks
• Transverse Quark Spin Effects and the Flavor Dependence of the Boer-Mulders Function
• The Theory of Deeply Inelastic Scattering
• Interplay of Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum in the Proton
• Measurement of associated W + charm production in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV
• Sea quark and gluon polarization in the nucleon at NLO accuracy
• Flavor decomposition of the sea quark helicity distributions in the nucleon from semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering
• Sivers Function in the MIT Bag Model
• On the Effect of Asymmetric Strange Seas and Isospin-Violating Parton Distribution Functions on sin2thetaW Measured at NuTeV
• Strangeness in the nucleon: neutrino-nucleon and polarized electron-nucleon scattering
• Longitudinal Polarized Parton Densities Updated
• Novel Transversity Properties in Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering
• Perturbative generation of a strange-quark asymmetry in the nucleon
• The Boer-Mulders effect in unpolarized SIDIS: an analysis of the COMPASS and HERMES data on the $\cos 2\varphi$ asymmetry
• Size of the neutralino--nucleon cross--section in the light of a new determination of the pion--nucleon sigma term
• Strangeness Contribution to the Proton Spin from Lattice QCD
• Measurement of Angular Distributions of Drell-Yan Dimuons in p + d Interaction at 800 GeV/c
• The Polarised Valence Quark Distribution from semi-inclusive DIS
• Novel Phenomenology of Parton Distributions from the Drell-Yan Process
• Transversity distributions in the nucleon in the large-N_c limit
• Phenomenology of nonperturbative charm in the nucleon
• Light-Cone Models for Intrinsic Charm and Bottom
• Strange quark contributions to nucleon mass and spin from lattice QCD
• Dynamical Symmetry Breaking in the Sea of the Nucleon
• Determination of gluon polarization from deep inelastic scattering and collider data
• Disconnected quark loop contributions to nucleon observables in lattice QCD
• Impact of CLAS and COMPASS data on Polarized Parton Densities and Higher Twist
• Azimuthal distributions of charged hadrons, pions, and kaons produced in deep-inelastic scattering off unpolarized protons and deuterons
• Flavour Separation of Helicity Distributions from Deep Inelastic Muon-Deuteron Scattering
• Uncertainties in determining parton distributions at large x
• Strange nucleon form factors in the perturbative chiral quark model
• Parton momentum and helicity distributions in the nucleon
• Intrinsic Charm Parton Distribution Functions from CTEQ-TEA Global Analysis
• SU(3) Breaking in Neutral Current Axial Matrix Elements and the Spin Content of the Nucleon
• Energy Evolution for the Sivers Asymmetries in Hard Processes
• Are all Boer-Mulders functions alike?
• Measurement of charm production in neutrino charged-current interactions
• Cross Section and Parity Violating Spin Asymmetries of W^+/- Boson Production in Polarized p+p Collisions at sqrt(s)=500 GeV
• Polarized Lambda-Baryon Production in pp Collisions
• The Parton Structure of the Nucleon and Precision Determination of the Weinberg Angle in Neutrino Scattering
• Parity-Violating Electron Scattering and the Electric and Magnetic Strange Form Factors of the Nucleon
• Exploring strange nucleon form factors on the lattice
• First Calculation of Hyperon Axial Couplings from Lattice QCD
• Determination of polarized parton distribution functions with recent data on polarization asymmetries
• The statistical parton distributions: status and prospects
• On the Flavor Structure of the Constituent Quark
• The nucleon's octet axial-charge g_A^8 with chiral corrections
• Flavor Asymmetry of the Nucleon Sea and the Five-Quark Components of the Nucleons
• Direct Photon Production in Association With A Heavy Quark At Hadron Colliders
• Chiral Quark Model of Nucleon Spin-Flavor Structure with SU(3) and Axial-U(1) Breakings
• Transverse Spin Structure of the Nucleon through Target Single Spin Asymmetry in Semi-Inclusive Deep-Inelastic $(e,e^{\prime }{\pi }^{\pm })$ Reaction at Jefferson Lab
• Measurement of the parity-violating longitudinal single-spin asymmetry for $W^{\pm }$ boson production in polarized proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=500$GeV
• Chiral Symmetry and the Nucleon Structure Functions
• Light-flavor sea-quark distributions in the nucleon in the SU(3) chiral quark soliton model (I) -- phenomenological predictions --
• Strangeness spin, magnetic moment and strangeness configurations of the proton
• Measurement of Angular Distributions of Drell-Yan Dimuons in $p+p$ Interactions at 800 GeV/c
• Structure Functions
• Drell-Yan processes, transversity and light-cone wavefunctions
• Effect of Asymmetric Strange-Antistrange Sea to the NuTeV Anomaly
• Reevaluation of the parton distribution of strange quarks in the nucleon
• Determination of the strange form factors of the nucleon from $\nu p$, $\bar{\nu }p$, and parity-violating $\vec{e}p$ elastic scattering
• Extracting Boer-Mulders functions from $p+D$ Drell-Yan processes
• Helicity Parton Distributions from Spin Asymmetries in W-Boson Production at RHIC
• Statistical effect in the parton distribution functions of the nucleon
• The Charm Content of W+1 Jet Events as a Probe of the Strange Quark Distribution Function
• Charm production in association with an electroweak gauge boson at the LHC
• Updating Boer-Mulders functions from unpolarized pd and pp Drell-Yan data
• The quark - antiquark asymmetry of the strange sea of the nucleon
• Azimuthal asymmetry in unpolarized $\pi N$ Drell-Yan process
• Nucleon sea in the effective chiral quark model
• Extraction of Various Five-Quark Components of the Nucleons
• A Possible Resolution of the Strange Quark Polarization Puzzle ?
• Single-spin asymmetries with weak bosons at RHIC
• The Quark and Gluon Structure of the Proton
• Strange Quark PDFs and Implications for Drell-Yan Boson Production at the LHC
• Comparative analysis of the transversities and the longitudinally polarized distribution functions of the nucleon
• Strangeness asymmetry of the nucleon in the statistical parton model
• The Flavor Asymmetry of the Nucleon Sea
• The $Q^2$ evolution of Soffer inequality
• Axial-vector form factors of the nucleon within the chiral quark-soliton model and their strange components
• Detailed Balance and Sea-Quark Flavor Asymmetry of Proton
• Strange Quark Contribution to the Vector and Axial Form Factors of the Nucleon: Combined Analysis of G0, HAPPEx, and Brookhaven E734 Data
• Transverse momentum distributions of quarks in the nucleon from the Chiral Quark Soliton Model
• Leading order analysis of neutrino induced dimuon events in the CHORUS experiment
• Flavor Singlet Axial Vector Coupling of the Proton with Dynamical Wilson Fermions
• The role of orbital angular momentum in the proton spin
• Polarized light-antiquark distributions in a meson-cloud model
• The flavour asymmetry of polarized anti-quarks in the nucleon
• Axial Charges of Octet Baryons in Two-flavor Lattice QCD
• The strangeness form factors of the proton
• Principle of Balance and the Sea Content of the Proton
• QCD Spin Physics: Partonic Spin Structure of the Nucleon
• Measurement of azimuthal asymmetries of the unpolarized cross section at HERMES
• Non-perturbative structure of the polarized nucleon sea
• On the phenomenological analyses of $s$-$\bar{s}$ asymmetry in the nucleon sea
• Quark asymmetries in the proton from a model for parton densities
• Strange quark asymmetry in the nucleon and the NuTeV anomaly
• Longitudinal Spin Transfer to $\Lambda$ and $\bar{\Lambda }$ Hyperons in Polarized Proton-Proton Collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV
• Connected-Sea Partons
• On the NuTeV anomaly and the asymmetry of the strange sea in the nucleon
• Flavor separation of the Boer-Mulders function from unpolarized ${\pi }^{-}p$ and ${\pi }^{-}D$ Drell-Yan processes
• Anti-Lambda polarization in high energy pp collisions with polarized beam
• Recent tests for the statistical parton distributions
• Polarized rho mesons and the asymmetry between Delta d^bar(x) and Delta u^bar(x) in the sea of the nucleon
• Do we expect light flavor sea-quark asymmetry also for the spin-dependent distribution functions of the nucleon?
• Parton Distribution of Proton in a Simple Statistical Model
• The pionic Drell-Yan process: a brief survey
• Light flavor asymmetry of nucleon sea
• On the Momentum Dependence of the Flavor Structure of the Nucleon Sea
• Sea flavor content of octet baryons and intrinsic five-quark Fock states
• Polarized antiquark flavor asymmetry: Pauli blocking vs. the pion cloud
• Strange nucleon form factors: Solitonic approach to $G_M^s$, $G_E^s$, ${\tilde{G}}_A^p$ and ${\tilde{G}}_A^n$ and comparison with world data
• On the polarization of the nucleon sea in the meson cloud model
• Perturbative and nonperturbative contributions to the strange quark asymmetry in the nucleon
• Strangeness Vector and Axial-Vector Form Factors of the Nucleon
• Orbital Angular Momentum in the Nucleon
• Influence of Heavy Quark Recombination on the Nucleon Strangeness Asymmetry
• COMPASS results on Collins and Sivers asymmetries for charged hadrons
• Physics with charm particles produced in neutrino interactions. A historical recollection
• Sea Quark Flavor Asymmetry of Hadrons in Statistical Balance Model
• Spin effects within the instanton model
• A Constraint on the x Dependence of the Light Antiquarks Ratio
• How is transversity related to helicity for quarks and antiquarks inside the proton?

Cited by in corpus (40)

• Large-Momentum Effective Theory
• Nucleon Helicity and Transversity Parton Distributions from Lattice QCD
• Flavor Structure of the Nucleon Sea from Lattice QCD
• The Forward Physics Facility: Sites, Experiments, and Physics Potential
• Parton distributions and lattice QCD calculations: toward 3D structure
• Transversity parton distribution functions from lattice QCD
• Updated Lattice Results for Parton Distributions
• The Spin Structure of the Nucleon
• The Asymmetry of Antimatter in the Proton
• Scalar strangeness content of the nucleon and baryon sigma terms
• Polarized Antimatter in the Proton from Global QCD Analysis
• Measurement of the longitudinal spin asymmetries for weak boson production in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 510 GeV
• The Sea of Quarks and Antiquarks in the Nucleon: a Review
• Probing the Sea Quark Content of the Proton with One-Particle-Inclusive Processes
• Dynamical parton distributions from DGLAP equations with nonlinear corrections
• Chiral Light Front Perturbation Theory and the Flavor Dependence of the Light-Quark Nucleon Sea
• Phenomenological implications of the intrinsic charm in the $Z$ boson production at the LHC
• Cross section and longitudinal single-spin asymmetry $A_L$ for forward $W^{\pm }\to {\mu }^{\pm }\nu$ production in polarized $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=510$ GeV
• Intrinsic charm content of the nucleon and charmness-nucleon sigma term
• On the extraction of the intrinsic light-quark sea in the proton
• Collinear parton distributions and the structure of the nucleon sea in a light-front meson-cloud model
• Lepton angular distributions of fixed-target Drell-Yan experiments in perturbative QCD and a geometric approach
• A New Extraction of Pion Parton Distributions in the Statistical Model
• Measurement of flavor asymmetry of light-quark sea in the proton with Drell-Yan dimuon production in $p+p$ and $p+d$ collisions at 120 GeV
• Nucleon structure functions and longitudinal spin asymmetries in the chiral quark constituent model
• Pure sea-quark contributions to the magnetic form factors of $\Sigma$ baryons
• Quark flavor distribution functions for the octet baryons in the chiral quark constituent model
• Pions in Proton Structure and Everywhere Else
• Electromagnetic and Axial-Vector Form Factors of the Quarks and Nucleon
• The axial charges of proton within an extended chiral constituent quark model
• Improved determination of $\bar{d}(x)-\bar{u}(x)$ flavor asymmetry in the proton by BONuS experiment at JLAB and using an approach by Brodsky, Hoyer, Peterson, and Sakai
• Intrinsic light and strange quark--antiquark pairs in the proton and nonperturbative strangeness suppression
• Orbital angular momentum of the proton and intrinsic five-quark Fock states
• Study of the $s-\bar{s}$ asymmetry in the proton
• Flavor asymmetry from the non-perturbative nucleon sea
• Transverse Spin Effects in Future Drell-Yan Experiments
• Achievements and open issues in the determination of polarized parton distribution functions
• The Forward Physics Facility at the High-Luminosity LHC
• The quark orbital angular momentum of ground state octet baryons
• Bayesian Monte Carlo extraction of sea asymmetry with SeaQuest and STAR data