Exotics: Heavy Pentaquarks and Tetraquarks

Abstract

For many decades after the invention of the quark model in 1964 there was no evidence that hadrons are formed from anything other than the simplest pairings of quarks and antiquarks, mesons being formed of a quark-antiquark pair and baryons from three quarks. In the last decade, however, in an explosion of data from both $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ and hadron colliders, there are many recently observed states that do not fit into this picture. These new particles are called generically "exotics". They can be either mesons or baryons. Remarkably, they all decay into at least one meson formed of either a $c\overline{c}$ or $b\overline{b}$ pair. In this review, after the introduction, we explore each of these new discoveries in detail first from an experimental point of view, then subsequently give a theoretical discussion. These exotics can be explained if the new mesons contain two-quarks and two-antiquarks (tetraquarks), while the baryons contain four-quarks plus an antiquark (pentquarks). The theoretical explanations for these states take three divergent tracks: tightly bound objects, just as in the case of normal hadrons, but with more constituents, or loosely bound "molecules" similar to the deuteron, but formed from two mesons, or a meson or baryon, or more wistfully, they are not multiquark states but appear due to kinematic effects caused by different rescatterings of virtual particles; most of these models have all been post-dictions. Both the tightly and loosely bound models predict the masses and related quantum numbers of new, as yet undiscovered states. Thus, future experimental discoveries are needed along with theoretical advances to elucidate the structure of these new exotic states.

arXiv commentReview article to appear in Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 109 pages, 55 figures, v2 contains corrections due to reviewers and others comments

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• Matrix elements of unstable states
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• Low-energy Scattering of $(D{\bar{D}}^{\ast }{)}^{\pm }$ System And the Resonance-like Structure $Z_c(3900)$
• Charmonium spectroscopy and mixing with light quark and open charm states from nF=2 lattice QCD
• The $X(3872)\to J/\psi \gamma$ decay in the $D{\bar{D}}^{\ast }$ molecular picture
• Channel coupling in heavy quarkonia: energy levels, mixing, widths and new states
• Hidden-Beauty Charged Tetraquarks and Heavy Quark Spin Conservation
• Study of $B{\bar{B}}^{\ast }$ and $B^{\ast }{\bar{B}}^{\ast }$ interactions in $I=1$ and relationship to the $Z_b(10610)$, $Z_b(10650)$ states
• Possible Molecular States of $D_s^{\ast }{\bar{D}}_s^{\ast }$ System and Y(4140)
• The hidden charm decay of Y(4140) by the rescattering mechanism
• General considerations on the nature of $Z_b(10610)$ and $Z_b(10650)$ from their pole positions
• Interpretation of Axial Resonances in J/psi-phi at LHCb
• The Evidence for a Pentaquark Signal and Kinematic Reflections
• $J/\psi ({\eta }_c)N$ and ${\rm Y}({\eta }_b)N$ cross sections
• Prediction of the bottomonium D-wave spectrum from full lattice QCD
• Pentaquark Exotic Baryons in the Skyrme Model
• $(Q\bar{s}{)}^{(\ast )}(\bar{Q}s{)}^{(\ast )}$ molecular states from QCD sum rules: a view on Y(4140)
• Tetraquark-based analysis and predictions of the cross sections and distributions for the processes e^+ e^- --> Upsilon(1S) (pi^+ pi^-, K^+ K^-, eta pi^0) near Upsilon(5S)
• XYZ-like Spectra from Laplace Sum Rule at N2LO in the Chiral Limit
• Radiative Decays X(3872) -> psi(2S)+gamma and psi(4040) -> X(3872)+gamma in Effective Field Theory
• Positive parity pentaquarks in a Goldstone boson exchange model
• Radiative E1 decays of X(3872)
• Search for the $Z_1(4050{)}^{+}$ and $Z_2(4250{)}^{+}$ states in ${\bar{B}}^0\to {\chi }_{c1}{K}^{-}{\pi }^{+}$ and $B^{+}\to {\chi }_{c1}{K}_S^0{\pi }^{+}$
• Observation of $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to \omega {\chi }_{c1,2}$ near $\sqrt{s}$ = 4.42 and 4.6 GeV
• Energy scan of the $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to h_b(nP){\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}$ $(n=1,2)$ cross sections and evidence for ${\rm Y}(11020)$ decays into charged bottomonium-like states
• Study of B{+-,0} --> J/ψ K+ K- K{+-,0} and search for B0 --> J/ψ ϕ at BABAR
• Analysis of the Y(4140) and related molecular states with QCD sum rules
• Production of the Exotic $1^{--}$ Hadrons $\varphi (2170)$, X(4260) and $Y_b(10890)$ at the LHC and Tevatron via the Drell-Yan Mechanism
• The hidden charm pentaquarks are the hidden color-octet $uud$ baryons?
• Cusps and Exotic Charmonia
• Observation of the ${\Lambda }_b^0\to J/\psi p{\pi }^{-}$ decay
• First Results from The GlueX Experiment
• Using Line Shapes to Discriminate between Binding Mechanisms for the X(3872)
• Exchange Current Operators and Electromagnetic Dipole Transitions in Heavy Quarkonia
• Tetraquark state candidates: $Y(4140)$, $Y(4274)$ and $X(4350)$
• A tetraquark or not a tetraquark: A holography inspired stringy hadron (HISH) perspective
• Observation of two new $N^{\ast }$ resonances in $\psi (3686)\to p\bar{p}{\pi }^0$
• A model-independent confirmation of the $Z(4430{)}^{-}$ state
• Bottom Baryon Decays to Pseudoscalar Meson and Pentaquark
• The ratio of decay widths of X(3872) to ${\psi }^{\prime }\gamma$ and $J/\psi \gamma$ as a test of the X(3872) dynamical structure
• Heavy quark symmetry and weak decays of the $b$-baryons in pentaquarks with a $c\bar{c}$ component
• A Refined Analysis on the $X(3872)$ Resonance
• Observation of the decays ${\Lambda }_b^0\to {\chi }_{c1}p{K}^{-}$ and ${\Lambda }_b^0\to {\chi }_{c2}p{K}^{-}$
• Exotic resonances due to $\eta$ exchange
• Measurement of the D*(2010)+ meson width and the D*(2010)+ - D0 mass difference
• Possibility of Exotic States in the Upsilon system
• A new tetra-quark interpretation of X(3872)
• Observation of e+e- to K+K-J/psi via Initial State Radiation at Belle
• The string-junction picture of multiquark states: an update
• Triply heavy tetraquark states with the $QQ\bar{Q}\bar{q}$ configuration
• Search for a narrow charmed baryonic state decaying to D^*+/- p^-/+ in ep collisions at HERA
• Experimental constraints on the possible J^PC quantum numbers of the X(3872)
• The Physics of Instantons in the pseudoscalar and vector meson mixing
• Measurements of the ${\rm Y}(10860)$ and ${\rm Y}(11020)$ resonances via $\sigma (e^{+}{e}^{-}\to {\rm Y}(n\mathrm{S}){\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-})$
• $P_c(4380)$ in a constituent quark model
• Radiative and dilepton decays of the hadronic molecule Zc(3900)+
• Angular distributions in $J/\psi (\rho ,\omega )$ states near threshold
• Resonant parameters of the $Y(4220)$
• The line shape of the radiative open-charm decay of Y(4140) and Y(3930)
• Inclusive and exclusive measurements of $B$ decays to ${\chi }_{c1}$ and ${\chi }_{c2}$ at Belle
• From Pentaquarks to Dibaryons in Lambda_b(5620) decays
• A Search for the LHCb Charmed 'Pentaquark' using Photo-Production of $J/\psi$ at Threshold in Hall C at Jefferson Lab
• Observation of the ${\Xi }_b^{-}\to J/\psi \Lambda K^{-}$ decay
• omega-rho^0 mixing as a possible origin of the hypothetical isospin non-conservation in the X(3872) --> pi^+ pi^- J/psi decay
• Hadron spectroscopy and interactions from lattice QCD
• A triangle singularity and the LHCb pentaquarks
• B_c^+- decays into tetraquarks
• The X(3872) and the 3941 MeV peak in omega+J/Psi
• Exotic mesons with hidden charm as diquark-antidiquark states
• Molecular Interpretation of the Supercharmonium State Z(4475)
• Exotic baryons with charm number $\pm 1$ from Skyrme model
• Measurement of branching fractions for B \to J/ψηK decays and search for a narrow resonance in the J/ψηfinal state
• Production of X(3872) at PANDA
• $XYZ$ particles at Belle
• The X(4260) and possible confirmation of psi(3D), psi(5S), psi(4D), psi(6S) and psi(5D) in J/psi pi+ pi-
• Precision measurements of branching fractions for ${\psi }^{\prime }\to {\pi }^{0}J\psi$ and $\eta J\psi$
• New Studies of XYZ States at PANDA
• Measurement of Branching Fractions for $B\to {\chi }_{c1(2)}K(K^{\ast })$ at Belle
• Channel coupling in e+ e- annihilation into heavy meson pairs at the D* {\bar D}* threshold
• Mass of \emph{Y}(4140) in Bethe-Salpeter equation for quarks
• Machine learning and multivariate goodness of fit
• The covalent bond in Particle Spectroscopy
• Systematic Study of Hadronic Molecules in the Heavy-Quark Sector
• Impressions of the Meson Spectrum: Hybrids & Exotics, present and future
• A Review of Heavy Exotic States

Cited by in corpus (376)

• Non-Standard Heavy Mesons and Baryons, an Experimental Review
• Pentaquark and Tetraquark states
• An updated review of the new hadron states
• Electron-Ion Collider in China
• Study of the doubly charmed tetraquark $T_{cc}^{+}$
• Heavy-quark symmetry implies stable heavy tetraquark mesons $Q_i{Q}_j{\bar{q}}_k{\bar{q}}_l$
• Threshold cusps and triangle singularities in hadronic reactions
• Chiral perturbation theory for heavy hadrons and chiral effective field theory for heavy hadronic molecules
• A survey of heavy-heavy hadronic molecules
• Amplitude analysis of the $B^{+}\to D^{+}{D}^{-}{K}^{+}$ decay
• STCF Conceptual Design Report: Volume 1 -- Physics & Detector
• 50 Years of Quantum Chromodynamics
• Study of doubly heavy tetraquarks in Lattice QCD
• Model-independent study of structure in $B^{+}\to D^{+}{D}^{-}{K}^{+}$ decays
• Heavy quark spin symmetric molecular states from ${\bar{D}}^{(\ast )}{\Sigma }_c^{(\ast )}$ and other coupled channels in the light of the recent LHCb pentaquarks
• Exploring the molecular scenario of $P_c(4312)$, $P_c(4440)$, and $P_c(4457)$
• Heavy-flavored tetraquark states with the $QQ\bar{Q}\bar{Q}$ configuration
• Diquark Correlations in Hadron Physics: Origin, Impact and Evidence
• Anatomy of the newly observed hidden-charm pentaquark states: $P_c(4312)$, $P_c(4440)$ and $P_c(4457)$
• Explaining the Many Threshold Structures in the Heavy-Quark Hadron Spectrum
• Precise predictions of charmed-bottom hadrons from lattice QCD
• Masses of fully heavy tetraquarks $QQ\bar{Q}\bar{Q}$ in an extended relativized quark model
• Isospin breaking decays as a diagnosis of the hadronic molecular structure of the $P_c(4457)$
• All-heavy tetraquarks
• Establishing the first hidden-charm pentaquark with strangeness
• Evidence for charm-bottom tetraquarks and the mass dependence of heavy-light tetraquark states from lattice QCD
• Hidden-charm pentaquarks and $P_c$ states
• A Theory of X and Z Multiquark Resonances
• A $bb\bar{b}\bar{b}$ di-bottomonium at the LHC?
• Towards a theory of hadron resonances
• Spectrum of the fully-heavy tetraquark state $QQ{\bar{Q}}^{\prime }{\bar{Q}}^{\prime }$
• $P_c(4457{)}^{+}$, $P_c(4440{)}^{+}$, and $P_c(4312{)}^{+}$: molecules or compact pentaquarks?
• Discovery potential of stable and near-threshold doubly heavy tetraquarks at the LHC
• Heavy hadronic molecules with pion exchange and quark core couplings: a guide for practitioners
• Doubly Charmed Tetraquark $T_{cc}^{+}$ from Lattice QCD near Physical Point
• Implications of Heavy Quark-Diquark Symmetry for Excited Doubly Heavy Baryons and Tetraquarks
• Systematics of fully heavy tetraquarks
• Masses of doubly heavy tetraquarks $T_{Q{Q}^{\prime }}$ in a relativized quark model
• On the nature of near-threshold bound and virtual states
• Towards a new paradigm for heavy-light meson spectroscopy
• Prospects of discovering stable double-heavy tetraquarks at a Tera-$Z$ factory
• Few-body quark dynamics for doubly-heavy baryons and tetraquarks
• Selected Science Opportunities for the EicC
• $X_0(2900)$ and $X_1(2900)$: hadronic molecules or compact tetraquarks
• $P_c$ pentaquarks with chiral tensor and quark dynamics
• Molecular ${\Omega }_c$ states generated from coupled meson-baryon channels
• Hidden-charm and bottom tetra- and pentaquarks with strangeness in the hadro-quarkonium and compact tetraquark models
• A New Look at the $Y$ Tetraquarks and ${\Omega }_c$ Baryons in the Diquark Model
• Decays of $P_c$ into $J/\psi N$ and ${\eta }_{c}N$ with heavy quark spin symmetry
• Hadronic molecules in B decays
• Spectroscopy of the hidden-charm $[qc][\bar{q}\bar{c}]$ and $[sc][\bar{s}\bar{c}]$ tetraquarks
• Stability of tetrons
• Fully-heavy tetraquarks in strongly interacting medium
• Novel Method for Precisely Measuring the $X(3872)$ Mass
• Hidden-charm and bottom meson-baryon molecules coupled with five-quark states
• Deciphering the nature of X(3872) in heavy ion collisions
• Evidence for an ${\eta }_c(1S){\pi }^{-}$ resonance in $B^0\to {\eta }_c(1S)K^{+}{\pi }^{-}$ decays
• Some decay properties of hidden-charm pentaquarks as baryon-meson molecules
• Search for beautiful tetraquarks in the ${\rm Y}(1S)\mu \mu$ invariant-mass spectrum
• Open charm and bottom tetraquarks in an extended relativized quark model
• Spectroscopy, lifetime and decay modes of the $T_{bb}^{-}$ tetraquark
• Masses and magnetic moments of hadrons with one and two open heavy quarks: heavy baryons and tetraquarks
• The Dynamical Diquark Model: First Numerical Results
• Magnetic dipole moments of the hidden-charm pentaquark states: $P_c(4440)$, $P_c(4457)$ and $P_{cs}(4459)$
• Study of the $DK$ interaction with femtoscopic correlation functions
• The baryo-quarkonium picture for hidden-charm and bottom pentaquarks and LHCb $P_{\mathrm{c}}(4380)$ and $P_{\mathrm{c}}(4450)$ states
• Molecular states from $D^{(\ast )}{\bar{D}}^{(\ast )}/B^{(\ast )}{\bar{B}}^{(\ast )}$ and $D^{(\ast )}{D}^{(\ast )}/{\bar{B}}^{(\ast )}{\bar{B}}^{(\ast )}$ interactions
• Magnetic dipole moments of the $T_{cc}^{+}$ and $Z_V^{++}$ tetraquark states
• Spectrum of the Hidden-Bottom and the Hidden-Charm/Strange Exotics in the Dynamical Diquark Model
• A study of the decays of $S-$wave ${\bar{D}}^{\ast }{K}^{\ast }$ hadronic molecules: the scalar $X_0(2900)$ and its spin partners $X_{J(J=1,2)}$
• Systematic studies of charmonium-, bottomonium-, and $B_c$-like tetraquark states
• The $X_0(2900)$ and its heavy quark spin partners in molecular picture
• Spectrum and rearrangement decays of tetraquark states with four different flavors
• Doubly heavy tetraquarks in an extended chromomagnetic model
• Nucleon Resonances with Hidden Charm in $\gamma p$ reactions
• $P_c(4312{)}^{+}$, $P_c(4380{)}^{+}$, and $P_c(4457{)}^{+}$ as double triangle cusps
• Prediction of exotic doubly charmed baryons within chiral effective field theory
• A new look at the $P_{cs}$ states from a molecular perspective
• Heavy pentaquark spectroscopy in the diquark model
• Mass spectrum of the hidden-charm pentaquarks in the compact diquark model
• Nucleon-$J/\psi$ and nucleon-${\eta }_c$ scattering in $P_c$ pentaquark channels from LQCD
• Weak decays of the axial-vector tetraquark $T_{bb;\bar{u}\bar{d}}^{-}$
• Observation of the decay $X(3872)\to {\pi }^0{\chi }_{c1}(1P)$
• Weak Decays of Triply Heavy Baryons
• Investigation of magnetic moment of $P_{cs}(4338)$ and $P_{cs}(4459)$ pentaquark states
• The doubly charmed pseudoscalar tetraquarks $T_{cc;\bar{s}\bar{s}}^{++}$ and $T_{cc;\bar{d}\bar{s}}^{++}$
• Analysis of the hidden-charm tetraquark mass spectrum with the QCD sum rules
• Deciphering the recently discovered tetraquark candidates around 6.9 GeV
• The $\Omega (2012)$ as a hadronic molecule
• Production of $X(3872)$ at High Multiplicity
• Compositeness of S-wave weakly-bound states from next-to-leading order Weinberg's relations
• Molecular picture for $X_0(2900)$ and $X_1(2900)$
• Pentaquarks with hidden charm as hadroquarkonia
• Higher fully-charmed tetraquarks: Radial excitations and P-wave states
• $S$-wave fully charmed tetraquark resonant states
• Excited mesons, baryons, glueballs and tetraquarks: Predictions of the Holography Inspired Stringy Hadron model
• Landau equation and QCD sum rules for the tetraquark molecular states
• Exclusive radiative production of fully-charmed tetraquarks at $B$ Factory
• How to reveal the nature of three or more pentaquark states?
• Effective field theory for the nucleon-quarkonium interaction
• Spectroscopy of Exotic Hadrons Formed from Dynamical Diquarks
• Spectroscopy behavior of fully heavy tetraquarks
• A possible partner state of the $Y(2175)$
• Four-quark states from functional methods
• Four-quark states with charm quarks in a two-body Bethe-Salpeter approach
• Very heavy flavored dibaryons
• Doubly Heavy Tetraquark Resonant States
• Production of exotic tetraquarks $QQ\bar{q}\bar{q}$ in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC
• Pole determination of $P_{\psi s}^{\Lambda }(4338)$ and possible $P_{\psi s}^{\Lambda }(4255)$ in $B^{-}\to J/\psi \Lambda \bar{p}$
• Benchmark calculations of fully heavy compact and molecular tetraquark states
• One Born$-$Oppenheimer Effective Theory to rule them all: hybrids, tetraquarks, pentaquarks, doubly heavy baryons and quarkonium
• Tetraquarks in large-$N_c$ QCD
• Study the molecular nature of $\sigma$, $f_0(980)$, and $a_0(980)$ states
• $S$- and $P$-wave fully-strange tetraquark states from QCD sum rules
• Strange hadrocharmonium
• Fine Structure of Pentaquark Multiplets in the Dynamical Diquark Model
• Electromagnetic multipole moments of the $P_c^{+}(4380)$ pentaquark in light-cone QCD
• Excited $K$ meson, $K_c(4180)$, with hidden charm as a $D\bar{D}K$ bound state
• Tetraquark-adequate formulation of QCD sum rules
• Triangle Singularity in the Production of $T_{cc}^{+}$(3875) and a Soft Pion
• $X(3872)$ as a four-quark state in a Dyson-Schwinger/Bethe-Salpeter approach
• Doubly heavy tetraquark multiplets as heavy antiquark-diquark symmetry partners of heavy baryons
• Magnetic dipole moment of the $Z_{cs}(3985)$ state: diquark-antidiquark and molecular pictures
• Molecular ${\Omega }_b$ states
• Importance of meson-meson and of diquark-antidiquark creation operators for a $\bar{b}\bar{b}ud$ tetraquark
• Charmed-strange tetraquarks and their decays in a potential quark model
• The Spectrum of $P$-Wave Hidden-Charm Exotic Mesons in the Diquark Model
• Heavy Flavour Physics and CP Violation at LHCb: a Ten-Year Review
• Spectrum of the $uudc\bar{c}$ hidden charm pentaquark with an SU(4) flavor-spin hyperfine interaction
• Universal behavior of mass gaps existing in the single heavy baryon family
• Prediction of a narrow exotic hadronic state with quantum numbers $J^{PC}=0^{--}$
• Exploring the electromagnetic properties of the ${\Xi }_c^{(\prime ,\ast )}{\bar{D}}_s^{\ast }$ and ${\Omega }_c^{(\ast )}{\bar{D}}_s^{\ast }$ molecular states
• Nature of the $Y(4260)$: A light-quark perspective
• Analysis of the vector tetraquark states with P-waves between the diquarks and antidiquarks via the QCD sum rules
• Spectrum of $cc\bar{b}\bar{b}$, $bc\bar{c}\bar{c}$, and $bc\bar{b}\bar{b}$ Tetraquark States in the Dynamical Diquark Model
• The strong decay patterns of $Z_c$ and $Z_b$ states in the relativized quark model
• Tetraquark and two-meson states at large $N_{\mathrm{c}}$
• Mass spectra and decays of open-heavy tetraquark states
• Magnetic moments of the spin-1/2 singly charmed baryons in covariant baryon chiral perturbation theory
• The Dynamical Diquark Model: Fine Structure and Isospin
• Going in quest of potential tetraquark interpretations for the newly observed $T_{\psi \psi }$ states in light of the diquark-antidiquark scenarios
• Electromagnetic properties of doubly heavy pentaquark states
• Charm-meson Triangle Singularity in $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ Annihilation into $D^{\ast 0}{\bar{D}}^0+\gamma$
• Fully-heavy pentaquark states
• Exotic fully-heavy $Q\bar{Q}Q\bar{Q}$ tetraquark states in $8_{[Q\bar{Q}]}\otimes 8_{[Q\bar{Q}]}$ color configuration
• Hidden-charm pentaquark states through the current algebra: From their productions to decays
• Diquark properties from full QCD lattice simulations
• What can we learn about light-meson interactions at electron-positron colliders?
• Triangle Singularity in the Production of $X(3872)$ and a Photon in $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ Annihilation
• Pentaquark states with the $QQQq\bar{q}$ configuration in a simple model
• New Perspective on Hybrid Mesons
• Understanding the $0^{++}$ and $2^{++}$ charmonium(-like) states near 3.9 GeV
• Fully-charm and -bottom pentaquarks in a Lattice-QCD inspired quark model
• Fully-heavy tetraquark states and their evidences in the LHC observations
• Magnetic dipole moments of the $Z_c(4020{)}^{+}$, $Z_c(4200{)}^{+}$, $Z_{cs}(4000{)}^{+}$ and $Z_{cs}(4220{)}^{+}$ states in light-cone QCD
• Triply heavy tetraquark states
• Analysis of the fully-heavy pentaquark states via the QCD sum rules
• Production of $X(3872)$ Accompanied by a Pion in $B$ Meson Decay
• Decay behaviors of the fully-bottom and fully-charm tetraquark states
• Magnetic moments of the doubly charged axial-vector $T_{cc}^{++}$ states
• Heavy flavor pentaquarks with four heavy quarks
• The Scalar Hexaquark $uuddss$: a Candidate to Dark Matter?
• $\bar{K}\Lambda$ molecular explanation to the newly observed $\Xi (1620{)}^0$
• Revisiting $X(3872)\to D^0{\bar{D}}^0{\pi }^0$ in XEFT
• Masses and Magnetic Moments of Doubly Heavy Tetraquarks via Diffusion Monte Carlo Method
• Triply heavy $QQ\bar{Q}\bar{q}$ tetraquark states
• Triply-heavy tetraquarks in an extended relativized quark model
• Radiative decays of the spin-$2$ partner of $X(3872)$
• Electromagnetic form factors of the $B_c$-like tetraquarks: molecular and diquark-antidiquark pictures
• Magnetic dipole moment of $Z_b(10610)$ in light-cone QCD
• Investigation of the stability for fully-heavy $bc\bar{b}\bar{c}$ tetraquark states
• Decay properties of $P_c$ states through the Fierz rearrangement
• Radiative decays and magnetic moments of the predicted $B_c$-like molecules
• $D^{\pm }{D}^{\ast \mp }$ Hadronic Atom as a Key to Revealing the $X(3872)$ Mystery
• Galilean-Invariant XEFT at Next-to-Leading Order
• Spectroscopic parameters and decays of the resonance $Z_b(10610)$
• Doubly heavy tetraquark bound and resonant states
• Insights into $Z_b(10610)$ and $Z_b(10650)$ from dipion transitions from ${\rm Y}(10860)$
• Exploring the magnetic dipole moments of $T_{QQ\bar{q}\bar{s}}$ and $T_{QQ\bar{s}\bar{s}}$ states in the framework of QCD light-cone sum rules
• $Z_c(4100)$ and $Z_c(4200)$ as hadrocharmonium
• Remarks on the Heavy-Quark Flavour Symmetry for doubly heavy hadronic molecules
• Possibility of $T_{c\bar{s}}(2900)$ as the resonance-like structure induced by threshold effects
• Relativistic description of asymmetric fully heavy tetraquarks in the diquark-antidiquark model
• Tetraquark-adequate QCD sum rules for quark-exchange processes
• $X(3872)$ as virtual companion pole of the charm-anticharm state ${\chi }_{c1}(2P)$
• Hidden-flavour four-quark states in the charm and bottom region
• The $\varphi (2170)$ production in the process $\gamma p\to \eta \varphi p$
• Are there narrow flavor-exotic tetraquarks in large-$N_c$ QCD?
• Inclusive production of fully-charmed $1^{+-}$ tetraquark at $\mathbf{B}$ factory
• The X(3872) tetraquarks in B and B_s decays
• Triangle singularity appearing as an $X(3872)$-like peak in $B\to (J/\psi {\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-})K\pi$
• Study of three-flavored heavy dibaryons using lattice QCD
• QCD sum rule studies on the $ss\bar{s}\bar{s}$ tetraquark states of $J^{PC}=0^{-+}$
• Three-body molecules $\bar{D}{\bar{D}}^{\ast }{\Sigma }_c$- understanding the nature of $T_{cc}$, $P_c(4312)$, $P_c(4440)$ and $P_c(4457)$
• Quark structure of the ${\chi }_{\mathrm{c}}(3P)$ and $X(4274)$ resonances and their strong and radiative decays
• Manifestly exotic pentaquarks with a single heavy quark
• Axial Vector $cc$ and $bb$ Diquark Masses from QCD Laplace Sum-Rules
• Mass spectra of doubly heavy tetraquarks in diquark-antidiquark picture
• Precise determination of the pole position of the exotic $Z_c(3900)$
• Pentaquarks with anticharm or beauty revisited
• Revisiting hidden-charm pentaquarks from QCD sum rules
• Three-body model for $K(1460)$ resonance
• Weak Decays of Stable Open-bottom Tetraquark by SU(3) Symmetry Analysis
• Reanalysis of the newly observed ${\Omega }^{\ast }$ state in hadronic molecule model
• Heavy quark spin multiplet structure of $P_c$-like pentaquark as P-wave hadronic molecular state
• Measurements of $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to K_S^0{K}^{\pm }{\pi }^{\mp }{\pi }^0$ and $K_S^0{K}^{\pm }{\pi }^{\mp }\eta$ at center-of-mass energies from $3.90$ to $4.60\mathrm{GeV}$
• The structure of the X(3872) as explained by a Diffusion Monte Carlo calculation
• The interplay between compact and molecular structures in tetraquarks
• Global coupled-channel analysis of $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to c\bar{c}$ processes in $\sqrt{s}=3.75-4.7$ GeV
• $D_{s0}(2590)$ as a dominant $c\bar{s}$ state with a small $D^{\ast }K$ component
• Measurements of the branching fractions of ${\eta }_c\to K^{+}{K}^{-}{\pi }^0$, $K_S^0{K}^{\pm }{\pi }^{\mp }$,$2({\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}{\pi }^0)$, and $p\bar{p}$
• Production of the $Z_b^{(\prime )}$ states from the ${\rm Y}(5S,6S)$ decays
• ${\mathbf{\Omega }}_{\mathbf{b}}^{-}\to ({\mathbf{\Xi }}_{\mathbf{c}}^{+}{\mathbf{K}}^{-}){\mathbf{\pi }}^{-}$ and the ${\mathbf{\Omega }}_{\mathbf{c}}$ states
• The electromagnetic multipole moments of the charged open-flavor $Z_{\bar{c}q}$ states
• Doubly heavy tetraquarks: heavy quark bindings and chromomagnetically mixings
• Identify the hidden charm pentaquark signal from non-resonant background in electron-proton scattering
• Near-threshold Spectrum from Uniformized Mittag-Leffler Expansion -Pole Structure of $Z(3900)$-
• Light axial-vector and vector resonances $X(2100)$ and $X(2239)$
• Disentangling different structures in heavy-light four-quark states
• Cluster reducibility of multiquark operators
• Fully strange tetraquark resonant states as the cousins of $X(6900)$
• Estimates of the $X(3872)$ Cross Section at a Hadron Collider
• Searching for doubly charmed tetraquark candidates $T_{cc}$ and $T_{cc\bar{s}}$ in $B_c$ decays
• Investigation of $J/\psi \to \gamma {\pi }^0\eta ({\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-},{\pi }^0{\pi }^0)$ radiative decays including final-state interactions
• Displaced $B_c^{-}$ mesons as an inclusive signature of weakly decaying double beauty hadrons
• Looking for the exotic $X_0(2866)$ and its $J^P=1^{+}$ partner in the ${\bar{B}}^0\to D^{(\ast )+}{K}^{-}{K}^{(\ast )0}$ reactions
• Production of $Z_{cs}$ in $B$ and $B_s$ decay
• Production of $X(3872)$ Accompanied by a Soft Pion at Hadron Colliders
• Mass spectra of $N\Omega$ dibaryons in the ${}^3{S}_1$ and ${}^5{S}_2$ channels
• Radiative and pionic transitions $Z_c(4020{)}^0\to X(3872)\gamma$ and $Z_c(4020{)}^{\pm }\to X(3872){\pi }^{\pm }$
• Doubly-Charged $T_{cc}^{++}$ States in the Dynamical Diquark Model
• Charmed baryon$-$nucleon interaction
• Fully heavy tetraquark resonant states with different flavors
• Possible bound states with hidden bottom from ${\bar{K}}^{(\ast )}{B}^{(\ast )}{\bar{B}}^{(\ast )}$ systems
• Flavor Physics at the CEPC: a General Perspective
• Deciphering the $X(3872)$ via its polarization in prompt production at the CERN LHC
• Hidden charm pentaquark and $\Lambda (1405)$ in the ${\Lambda }_b^0\to {\eta }_c{K}^{-}p(\pi \Sigma )$ reaction
• Mass spectra for the $cc\bar{b}\bar{b}$/$bb\bar{c}\bar{c}$ tetraquark states
• $T_{bbb}$: a three $B-$meson bound state
• Production of the $X(4014)$ as the spin-2 partner of $X(3872)$ in $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ collisions
• The nature of ${\chi }_{c1}\left(3872\right)$ and $T_{cc}^{+}\left(3875\right)$
• Method to observe the $J^P=2^{+}$ partner of the $X_0(2866)$ in the $B^{+}\to D^{+}{D}^{-}{K}^{+}$ reaction
• ${\Xi }_{bb}$ and ${\Omega }_{bbb}$ molecular states
• Colloquium: Hadron Production in Open-charm Meson Pair at $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ Collider
• Decay $X(3872)\to {\pi }^0{\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}$ and $S$-wave $D^0{\bar{D}}^0\to {\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}$ scattering length
• Double Exotic States Productions in Pion and Kaon Induced Reactions
• Coupled-Channel-Induced $S-D$ mixing of Charmonia and Testing Possible Assignments for $Y(4260)$ and $Y(4360)$
• Production of hidden-charm and hidden-bottom pentaquark states in electron-proton collisions
• Cross section measurements of the $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to D^{\ast +}{D}^{\ast -}$ and $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to D^{\ast +}{D}^{-}$ processes at center-of-mass energies from 4.085 to 4.600 GeV
• Exotic $\Omega \Omega$ dibaryon states in a molecular picture
• $P$-wave charmonium contribution to hidden-charm states from reanalysis of lattice QCD data
• Are the XYZ states unconventional states or conventional states with unconventional properties?
• Decay modes of the scalar exotic meson $T_{bs;\overline{u}\overline{d}}^{-}$
• Reconciling the X(2240) with the Y(2175)
• On tetraquarks with hidden charm and strangeness as phi-psi(2S) hadrocharmonium
• Study of charmonium and charmonium-like contributions in $B^{+}\to J/\psi \eta K^{+}$ decays
• $J/\psi$ decay into $\varphi (\omega )$ and vector-vector molecular states
• Hadronic molecules with four charm or beauty quarks
• Exotic Hadrons from Scattering in the Diabatic Dynamical Diquark Model
• Hidden-flavor pentaquarks
• $\sigma$ exchange in the one-boson exchange model involving the ground state octet baryons
• Do near-threshold molecular states mix with neighbouring $\bar{Q}Q$ states?
• Towards a Stringy Description for the $Q\bar{Q}q\bar{q}$-Quark System
• Production of $X(3872)$ and a Photon in $e^{+}{e}^{-}$ Annihilation
• Tetraquarks, Pentaquarks and Dibaryons in the large $N$ QCD
• Covalent hadronic molecules induced by shared light quarks
• Decays of Pentaquarks in Hadrocharmonium and Molecular Pictures
• Spectroscopy and production of doubly charmed tetraquarks
• Investigations on the light hadron decays of $Z_b(10610)$ and $Z_b(10650)$
• Does the bottomonium counterpart of $X(3872)$ exist?
• Magnetic moments of the vector hidden-charmed tetraquark states
• Unwinding the rare $\Omega$ sector: Fragmentation of fully charmed baryons from HL-LHC to FCC
• Theoretical investigation of the molecular nature of $D_{s0}^{\ast }(2317)$ and $D_{s1}(2460)$ and the possibility of observing the $D\bar{D}K$ bound state $K_{c\bar{c}}(4180)$ in inclusive $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to c\bar{c}$ collisions
• Is two-poles' $\Lambda (1405)$ one state or two?
• Hadronic molecular states with the quark contents $bc\bar{s}\bar{q}$, $b\bar{c}s\bar{q}$, and $b\bar{c}\bar{s}q$
• Decay properties of the $X(3872)$ through the Fierz rearrangement
• Unravelling Pentaquarks with Born--Oppenheimer effective theory
• Baryons under Strong Magnetic Fields or in Theories with Space-dependent $\theta$-term
• Charmed baryons in nuclear matter
• Molecular pentaquark states with open charm and bottom flavors
• Radiative Transitions of Charmoniumlike Exotics in the Dynamical Diquark Model
• Triply-charmed hexaquark states with the QCD sum rules
• Three-particle formalism for multiple channels: the $\eta \pi \pi +K\overline{K}\pi$ system in isosymmetric QCD
• Properties of $Z_c(3900)$ tetraquark in a cold nuclear matter
• Decay patterns of low-lying $N_{s\bar{s}}$ states to the strangeness channels
• Models and Potentials in Hadron Spectroscopy
• Open charm and bottom meson-nucleon potentials à la nuclear force
• Triangle singularity in $B^0\to {\pi }^{-}{K}^{+}X(3872)$ via the $D_{s1}\bar{D}{D}^{\ast }$ loop and possible precise measurement of the $X(3872)$ mass
• Triply heavy tetraquark states in a mass-splitting model
• Two-pion exchange for coupled-channel scattering of two heavy mesons
• Perspectives and Outlook from HEP Window on the Universe
• Molecular states in $D_s^{(\ast )+}{\Xi }_c^{{(}^{\prime },\ast )}$ systems
• Prediction of five-flavored pentaquarks
• Magnetic and quadrupole moments of the $Z_c(4020{)}^{+}$, $Z_c(4050{)}^{+}$, and $Z_c(4600{)}^{+}$ states in the diquark-antidiquark picture
• Interaction and Identification of the Meson-Baryon molecules
• The electromagnetic multipole moments of the possible charm-strange pentaquarks in light-cone QCD
• Searching for fully-heavy tetraquark states in QCD moment sum rules
• Probing exotic $J^{PC}$ resonances from deeply bound charmoniumlike molecules: Insights for identifying exotic hadrons
• Weak-decay searches for $Qs\bar{u}\bar{d}$ tetraquarks
• Production of pentaquarks with hidden charm and double strangeness in ${\Xi }_b$ and ${\Omega }_b$ decays
• Mass Spectra of $qq\bar{q}\bar{q}$, $ss\bar{s}\bar{s}$ and $qq\bar{s}\bar{s}$ Tetraquarks using Regge Phenomenology
• Triply Heavy $\Omega$ Baryons with JETHAD: A High-Energy Viewpoint
• Modifications on parameters of $Z(4430)$ in a dense medium
• Systematics of fully heavy dibaryons
• Hunting for the prospective $T_{cc}$ family based on the diquark-antidiquark configuration
• Probing the structure of ${\chi }_{c1}(3872)$ with photon transition form factors
• Fully charmed P-wave tetraquark resonant states in the quark model
• Structure of open-flavour four-quark states in the charm and bottom region
• $P_c(4457)$ interpreted as a $J^P=1/2^{+}$ state by ${\bar{D}}^0{\Lambda }_c^{+}(2595)$-${\pi }^0{P}_c(4312)$ interaction
• Investigation of ${\Delta }^0{\Delta }^0$ dibaryon in QCD
• On the emergence of heavy quark spin symmetry breaking in heavy quarkonium decays
• Narrow exotic hadrons in the heavy quark limit of QCD
• Quark structure of the $X(4500)$, $X(4700)$ and ${\chi }_{\mathrm{c}}(4P,5P)$ states
• A diquark model for the d*(2380) dibaryon resonance?
• Tetraquark mass relations in quark and diquark models
• $J/\psi$ decay to $\varphi ,\omega ,K^{\ast 0}$ plus $f_0(1370)$, $f_0(1710)$, $K_0^{\ast }(1430)$, $f_2(1270)$, $f_2^{\prime }(1525)$ and $K_2^{\ast }(1430)$: role of the $D$-wave for tensor production
• The Pentaquark Spectrum from Fermi Statistics
• Mass Spectrum of Exotic X(5568) State via Artificial Neural Network
• Hidden and open heavy-flavor hadronic states
• Investigation of Mass and Decay Characteristics of the Light-Strange Tetraquark
• Elliptical flow coalescence to identify the $f_0$(980) content
• The ground states and first radial excitations of the vector tetraquark states with explicit P-waves via the QCD sum rules
• Mixing angles between the tetraquark states with two heavy quarks within QCD sum rules
• Spin and polarization analysis of $Z_{cs}$ state
• A Sum-Rules Analysis of Next-to-Leading-Order (NLO) QCD Perturbative Contributions to a $J^{PC}=0^{+-}$, $du\bar{d}\bar{u}$ Tetraquark Correlator
• Pole trajectories from $S$- and $P$-wave $D{\bar{D}}^{\ast }$ interactions
• Production of $1^{-+}$ exotic charmonium-like states in electron-positron collisions
• Photoproduction of the $X(3872)$ beyond vector meson dominance: the open-charm coupled-channel mechanism
• Electromagnetic properties of the $D{\bar{D}}^{\ast }K$ molecular hexaquark state
• Discovering an Unquenched Dynamics Mechanism for Charmonium Scattering
• Study of the $Y(4660)$ from a light-quark perspective
• $B_{s1}(5778)$ as a $B^{\ast }\bar{K}$ molecule in the Bethe-Salpeter equation approach
• An alternative way to decipher the nature of the doubly charmed tetraquark $T_{cc}(3875{)}^{+}$: its antiparticle $T_{\bar{c}\bar{c}}(3875{)}^{-}$ photoproduction off nuclei near threshold
• Pole analysis for the $D^{\ast }\bar{K}$-$D\overline{K^{\ast }}$ coupled-channel system
• Light tetraquark states with the exotic quantum number $J^{PC}=3^{-+}$
• Constituent Counting Rules and Exotic Hadrons
• Possible ${\Sigma }_c^{\ast }\bar{\Sigma }$ molecular states
• Cross section measurement of $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to \eta \psi (2S)$ and search for $e^{+}{e}^{-}\to \eta \tilde{X}(3872)$
• Multimodal Fragmentation of All-Heavy Pentaquarks: Uncertainty-Aware Predictions for Hadron Colliders
• Two nearby states in the $X(3872)$ region: Resolving the radiative-decay ratio tension with ${\eta }_{c2}$
• Quark spin structures of bottom-charmed threshold molecular states
• Cross sections of inclusive $\psi (2S)$ and $X(3872)$ production from $b$-hadron decays in $pp$ collisions and comparison with ATLAS and CMS data
• The $X(3872)\to J/\psi \pi \gamma$ and $X(3872)\to J/\psi \pi \pi \gamma$ decays
• $Z_c(3900)$ in a hadronic molecule and a triangle singularity approach at finite temperature
• Branching Fractions of the $X(3872)$
• $\lambda$ and $\rho$ Regge trajectories for the pentaquark $P_{cc\bar{c}bb}$ in the diquark-triquark picture
• Doubly-charmed pentaquark states in a mass splitting model
• Application of the Thomas Fermi Quark Model to Multiquark Mesons
• Hints of the $J^{PC}=0^{--}$ and $1^{--}$ $K^{\ast }{\bar{K}}_1(1270)$ Molecules in the $J/\psi \to \varphi \eta {\eta }^{\prime }$ Decay
• Exotic Heavy Hadrons
• Production of hidden-heavy and double-heavy hadronic molecules at the $Z$ factory of CEPC
• Study of conventional and non-conventional scalar and vector mesons
• Canonical interpretation of $Y(10750)$ and ${\rm Y}(10860)$ in the ${\rm Y}$ family
• A note on the tensor and vector exchange contributions to $K\bar{K}\to K\bar{K},D\bar{D}\to D\bar{D}$ and ${\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}\to {\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}$ reactions
• Chiral symmetry breaking generalizes in tensor theories
• Spectrum of Hidden-Charm, Open-Strange Exotics in the Dynamical Diquark Model
• Lattice spectroscopy with focus on exotics
• Investigating the two-pion exchange of the double charm $D{D}^{\ast }$ chiral interactions and $T_{cc}$
• Symmetries in subatomic multi-quark systems
• Role of $a_0(1710)$ in the $J/\psi \to {\rho }^{+}{\rho }^{-}\omega$ and $J/\psi \to \gamma {\rho }^0\omega$ reactions
• Exotic hadrons associated with $b$-quark
• Structural dissection of hadronic molecules: The $D^{(\ast )}{\bar{K}}^{(\ast )}$ family under QCD light-cone sum rules
• Analytic electromagnetic signatures of compact pentaquark structure: A multi-current QCD light-cone sum rules analysis of the $P_{\psi s}^{\Lambda }$ states
• $P_c(4312{)}^{+}$ and $P_c(4337{)}^{+}$ as interfering ${\Sigma }_c\bar{D}$ and ${\Lambda }_c{\bar{D}}^{\ast }$ threshold cusps
• Electromagnetic couplings of pentaquarks
• Heavy-flavor multimodal fragmentation to $S$-wave pentacharms at next-generation hadron colliders
• An analysis on doubly bottom molecular tetraquarks composed of $H_{(s)}$ and $T_{(s)}$ doublets
• Unified study of $B_s^0\to X(3872){\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}(K^{+}{K}^{-})$ and $B_s^0\to \psi (2S){\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}(K^{+}{K}^{-})$ processes
• Searching for a $P_{cs}(4200)$ state in the ${\Lambda }_b\to \varphi {\eta }_c\Lambda$ reaction
• Two-body strong decays of the pseudoscalar hidden-charm tetraquark states via the QCD sum rules
• Spectroscopy of the tetraquark $c\bar{c}$-$c\bar{c}$ in a non-relativistic approach using a phenomenological QCD model
• New Types of Hydrogenlike matter Composed of Electron(s) and Meson(s)
• Meson scattering and tetraquarks in two-dimensional QCD
• Large-$N_c$ QCD and tetraquarks
• Parametrically narrow tetraquark states containing one heavy quark and one heavy antiquark
• Charting doubly strange hidden-charm pentaquarks: An electromagnetic mapping of spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ and $\frac{3}{2}$ states