The pressure distribution and shear forces inside the proton

Abstract

The distributions of pressure and shear forces inside the proton are investigated using lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD) calculations of the energy momentum tensor, allowing the first model-independent determination of these fundamental aspects of proton structure. This is achieved by combining recent LQCD results for the gluon contributions to the energy momentum tensor with earlier calculations of the quark contributions. The utility of LQCD calculations in exploring, and supplementing, the assumptions in a recent extraction of the pressure distribution in the proton from deeply virtual Compton scattering experiments is also discussed. Based on this study, the target kinematics for experiments aiming to determine the pressure and shear distributions with greater precision at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility and a future Electron Ion Collider are investigated.

Units corrected on figure axes

References in corpus (4)

• Model independent extraction of the proton charge radius from electron scattering
• Gluon gravitational form factors of the nucleon and the pion from lattice QCD
• Chiral Perturbation Theory and the first moments of the Generalized Parton Distriputions in a Nucleon
• Leading Chiral Corrections to the Nucleon Generalized Parton Distributions

Cited by in corpus (82)

• Electron-Ion Collider in China
• Revisiting the mechanical properties of the nucleon
• Spin Hydrodynamics and Symmetric Energy-Momentum Tensors -- A current induced by the spin vorticity --
• Diffractive photoproduction of $J/\psi$ and ${\rm Y}$ using holographic QCD: gravitational form factors and GPD of gluons in the proton
• Gluon gravitational structure of hadrons of different spin
• QCD Analysis of Near-Threshold Photon-Proton Production of Heavy Quarkonium
• Gravitational form factors of the proton from lattice QCD
• Revisiting the proton mass decomposition
• Forces within hadrons on the light front
• Precision Studies of QCD in the Low Energy Domain of the EIC
• Nucleon mass radii and distribution: Holographic QCD, Lattice QCD and GlueX data
• Hadrons and Nuclei
• Nuclear matrix elements from lattice QCD for electroweak and beyond-Standard-Model processes
• Ambiguities in the definition of local spatial densities in light hadrons
• The Present and Future of QCD
• Near threshold $J/\psi$ and ${\rm Y}$ photo-production at JLab and RHIC
• Gravitational form factors and mechanical properties of proton in a light-front quark-diquark model
• Energy momentum tensor and the D-term in the bag model
• Unified formalism for electromagnetic and gravitational probes: densities
• Nucleon's energy-momentum tensor form factors in light-cone QCD
• A QCD analysis of near-threshold quarkonium leptoproduction at large photon virtualities
• Gluon Gravitational Form Factors at Large Momentum Transfer
• Perturbative Calculations of Gravitational Form Factors at Large Momentum Transfer
• Generalized parton distributions through universal moment parameterization: zero skewness case
• Low-energy Scattering and Effective Interactions of Two Baryons at $m_{\pi }\sim 450$ MeV from Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics
• Gravitational form factors of a baryon with spin-3/2
• Chiral theory of nucleons and pions in the presence of an external gravitational field
• Effects of long-range forces on the D-term and the energy-momentum structure
• Momentum-Current Gravitational Multipoles of Hadrons
• Strong force fields and stabilities of the nucleon and singly heavy baryon ${\Sigma }_c$
• $\varphi$-meson lepto-production near threshold and the strangeness $D$-term
• Proton Mass Decomposition and Hadron Cosmological Constant
• The gravitational form factor D(t) of the electron
• Gravitational form factors of the baryon octet with flavor SU(3) symmetry breaking
• Generalised parton distributions from the off-forward Compton amplitude in lattice QCD
• 2D energy-momentum tensor distributions of nucleon in a large-$N_c$ quark model from ultra-relativistic to non-relativistic limit
• Genuine empirical pressure within the proton
• Pion gravitational form factors in a relativistic theory of composite particles
• A bound on the nucleon Druck-term from chiral EFT in curved space-time and mechanical stability conditions
• The gravitational form factors of the electron in quantum electrodynamics
• Monopole and quadrupole contributions to the angular momentum density
• Lattice QCD constraints on the parton distribution functions of ${}^3\text{He}$
• Forces inside a strongly-coupled scalar nucleon
• Distribution of Energy-Momentum Tensor around a Static Quark in the Deconfined Phase of SU(3) Yang-Mills Theory
• A Study of Stress-Tensor Distribution around Flux Tube in Abelian-Higgs Model
• Gravitational transition form factors of $N\to \Delta$ via QCD light-cone sum rules
• Dispersive Determination of Nucleon Gravitational Form Factors
• Dominance of gluonic scale anomaly in confining pressure inside nucleon and D-term
• Determination of shear forces inside the proton
• Effect of the pion field on the distributions of pressure and shear in the proton
• Twist-four gravitational form factor at NNLO QCD from trace anomaly constraints
• Transverse force distributions in the proton from lattice QCD
• Quantum stresses in the hydrogen atom
• Gravitational form factors of the proton from near-threshold vector meson photoproduction
• Stress out of charmonia
• Gravitational form factor $D$ of charmonium from shear stress
• Gravitational form factors of the nucleon in the Skyrme model based on scale-invariant chiral perturbation theory
• Resummation for Lattice QCD Calculation of Generalized Parton Distributions at Nonzero Skewness
• Gluon gravitational form factors of protons from charmonium photoproduction
• A Journey of Seeking Pressure and Forces in the Nucleon
• Spin-orbit correlation and spatial distributions for spin-0 hadrons
• Energy-Momentum Tensor and D-term of Baryons in Top-down Holographic QCD
• Momentum Flow Mechanisms and Color-Lorentz Forces on Quarks in the Nucleon
• Gravitational form factors of pions, kaons and nucleons from dispersion relations
• Scale-anomaly-induced binding pressure in hadrons
• Deviations from the von Laue condition: Implications for the on-shell Lagrangian of particles and fluids
• Accessing Compton Form Factors at the Electron Ion Collider in China: An Impact study on $\text{Im}\mathcal{E}$
• Gravitational form factors in the perturbative limit
• Pseudogauge ambiguity in the distributions of energy density, pressure, and shear force inside the nucleon
• Off-shell quark bilinear operator Green's functions at two loops
• Energy-momentum tensor form factor D(t) of proton and neutron
• Mass sum rules of the electron in quantum electrodynamics
• Symmetric point flavour singlet axial vector current renormalization at two loops
• Quantum stress and torsion distributions in the deuteron
• Energy-momentum tensor in QCD: nucleon mass decomposition and mechanical equilibrium
• Late-time Cosmology without Dark Sector but with Closed String Massless Sector
• Visualization of internal forces inside the proton in a classical relativistic model
• Mechanical properties of the proton from a deformed AdS holographic model
• Energy-momentum tensor form factors and spin density distribution in the nucleon calculated in a quantized Skyrme model with vector mesons
• Recent results of nucleon structure & matrix element calculations
• Entanglement, Trace Anomaly and Confinement in QCD
• A `Third' Quantization Constructed for Gauge Theory of Gravity