Gaia Data Release 2: Mapping the Milky Way disc kinematics

Abstract

To illustrate the potential of GDR2, we provide a first look at the kinematics of the Milky Way disc, within a radius of several kiloparsecs around the Sun. We benefit for the first time from a sample of 6.4 million F-G-K stars with full 6D phase-space coordinates, precise parallaxes, and precise Galactic cylindrical velocities . From this sample, we extracted a sub-sample of 3.2 million giant stars to map the velocity field of the Galactic disc from $\sim$5~kpc to $\sim$13~kpc from the Galactic centre and up to 2~kpc above and below the plane. We also study the distribution of 0.3 million solar neighbourhood stars ($r<200$~pc), with median velocity uncertainties of 0.4~km/s, in velocity space and use the full sample to examine how the over-densities evolve in more distant regions. GDR2 allows us to draw 3D maps of the Galactocentric median velocities and velocity dispersions with unprecedented accuracy, precision, and spatial resolution. The maps show the complexity and richness of the velocity field of the galactic disc. We observe streaming motions in all the components of the velocities as well as patterns in the velocity dispersions. For example, we confirm the previously reported negative and positive galactocentric radial velocity gradients in the inner and outer disc, respectively. Here, we see them as part of a non-axisymmetric kinematic oscillation, and we map its azimuthal and vertical behaviour. We also witness a new global arrangement of stars in the velocity plane of the solar neighbourhood and in distant regions in which stars are organised in thin substructures with the shape of circular arches that are oriented approximately along the horizontal direction in the $U-V$ plane. Moreover, in distant regions, we see variations in the velocity substructures more clearly than ever before, in particular, variations in the velocity of the Hercules stream. (abridged)

Accepted for publication in A&A Gaia DR2 special issue

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• Our Galaxy's youngest disc
• Radial velocities in the outermost disk toward the anticenter
• Elemental abundances distributions in (R, $V_{\varphi }$) plane with LAMOST DR5 and Gaia DR2
• Dynamical Data Mining Captures Disc-Halo Couplings that Structure Galaxies
• The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury XX: The Disk of M31 is Thick
• Frequencies, chaos and resonances: a study of orbital parameters of nearby thick disc and halo stars
• Impact of bar resonances in the velocity-space distribution of the solar neighbourhood stars in a self-consistent $N$-body Galactic disc simulation
• Long-period eclipsing binaries: towards the true mass-luminosity relation. II. Absolute parameters of the NN Del system
• The pattern speeds of vertical breathing waves
• Vertical structure of Galactic disk kinematics from LAMOST K giants
• Spectroscopic study of four metal-poor carbon stars from the Hamburg/ESO Survey: On confirming the low-mass nature of their companions
• Nonaxisymmetric models of galaxy velocity maps
• Radial Wave in the Galactic Disk: New Clues to Discriminate Different Perturbations
• Inhomogeneity in the early Galactic chemical enrichment exposed by beryllium abundances in extremely metal-poor stars
• The peculiar abundances of HE 1005-1439. A carbon-enhanced extremely metal-poor star contaminated with products of both s-and i-process nucleosynthesis
• Differential rotation of the halo traced by the K-giant stars
• On the Origin of Metal-poor Stars in the Solar Neighborhood
• Gaussian Process Model for the Local Stellar Velocity Field from Gaia Data Release 2
• A new kinematic model of the Galaxy: analysis of the stellar velocity field from Gaia Data Release 3
• Spatial and velocity offsets of Galactic masers from the centers of spiral arms
• Influence of the Galactic bar on the kinematics of the disc stars with Gaia EDR3 data
• A deep study of an intermediate age open cluster SAI 35 (Juchert 20) using ground based imaging and Gaia EDR3 astrometry
• High-Drag Interstellar Objects And Galactic Dynamical Streams
• A Cold Stellar Stream in Pegasus
• How "cold" are the stellar discs of superthin galaxies?
• Five methods for determining pattern speeds in galaxies
• The velocity distribution of white dwarfs in Gaia EDR3
• Spectroscopic study of Ba and CEMP-s stars: Mass distribution of AGB progenitors
• Machine Learning the 6th Dimension: Stellar Radial Velocities from 5D Phase-Space Correlations
• Detecting Dark Compact Objects in Gaia DR4: A Data Analysis Pipeline for Transient Astrometric Lensing Searches
• The missing radial velocities of Gaia: blind predictions for DR3
• Radial and azimuthal gradients of the moving groups in Gaia DR3: The slow/fast bar degeneracy problem
• Rediscovering the Milky Way with orbit superposition approach and APOGEE data II. Chrono-chemo-kinematics of the disc
• Existence of the Metal-Rich Stellar Halo and High-velocity Thick Disk in the Galaxy
• Enrichment of the Galactic disc with neutron-capture elements: Gd, Dy, and Th
• KIC~8975515: a fast-rotating ($\gamma$ Dor - $\delta$ Sct) hybrid star with Rossby modes and a slower $\delta$ Sct companion in a long-period orbit
• Unbound stars hold the key to young star cluster history
• Evidence for Co-rotation Origin of Super Metal Rich Stars in LAMOST-Gaia: Multiple Ridges with a Similar Slope in phi versus Lz Plane
• Quantifying the influence of bars on action-based dynamical modelling of disc galaxies
• A non-axisymmetric potential for the Milky Way disk
• High-Resolution Chemical Abundances of the Nyx Stream
• V4142 Sgr: a Double Periodic Variable with an accretor surrounded by the accretion-disk's atmosphere
• Vertical stellar density distribution in a non-isothermal galactic disc
• Probing the nucleosynthetic contribution of low-metallicity, low-mass star companions of CEMP stars
• Element abundance analysis of the metal-rich stellar halo and high-velocitythick disk in the galaxy
• The formation history of the Milky Way disc with high-resolution cosmological simulations
• On the Migration Origin of the Hercules Moving Group with GAIA, LAMOST, APOGEE, and GALAH Surveys
• Measuring the Streaming motion in the Milky Way disc with Gaia EDR3 +
• Gaia DR2 white dwarfs in the Hercules stream
• VLA proper motion constraints on the origin, age, and potential magnetar future of PSR J1734$-$3333
• Formation of disks with long-lived spiral arms from violent gravitational dynamics
• Revisiting Pulsar Velocities Using Gaia Data Release 2
• A mass-velocity anisotropy relation in galactic stellar disks
• Dynamical Origin for the Collinder 132-Gulliver 21 Stream: A Mixture of three Co-Moving Populations with an Age Difference of 250 Myr
• Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• Investigating kinematics and dynamics of three open clusters towards Galactic anti-center
• Arm Tangents and the spiral structure of the Milky Way ; the Age Gradient
• A free-floating-planet microlensing event caused by a Saturn-mass object
• Dynamical streams in the local stellar halo
• The origin of ultramassive white dwarfs: hints from Gaia EDR3
• The Statistics of Extended Debris Disks Measured with Gaia and Planck
• Chemodynamical Ages of Small-Scale Kinematic Structures of the Galactic Disc in the Solar Neighborhood from ~250,000 K and M Dwarfs
• How Rare are TESS Free-Floating Planets?
• The missing radial velocities of Gaia: a catalogue of Bayesian estimates for DR3
• Anisotropy of random motions of gas in Messier 33
• Revealing the Milky Way's Most Recent Major Merger with a Gaia EDR3 Catalog of Machine-Learned Line-of-Sight Velocities
• EXP: a Python/C++ package for basis function expansion methods in galactic dynamics
• Two-point correlation function studies for the Milky Way: discovery of spatial clustering from disk excitations and substructure
• From moving groups to star formation in the Solar Neighborhood
• Kinematic-Chemical analysis and Time tagging for the Diagonal Ridge Structure of the Galactic Outer Disk with LAMOST Red Giant Branch Stars
• A study of full space motions of outer Galactic disk A and F stars in two deep pencil-beams
• Can radial motions in the stellar halo constrain the rate of change of mass in the Galaxy?
• Reconstructing the Milky Way chemical map with Galactic Chemical Evolution tool OMEGA+ from SDSS-MWM
• Kinematic origin of white dwarfs in the solar neighborhood
• Inferring Time-Dependent Distribution Functions from Kinematic Snapshots
• On Stellar Migration from Andromeda to the Milky Way
• Dynamics of tidal spiral arms: Machine learning-assisted identification of equations and application to the Milky Way
• A Search for variable stars in the four open star clusters
• FRA -- A new Fast, Robust and Automated pipeline for the detection and measurement of solar-like oscillations in time-series photometry of red-giant stars
• KIC 6951642: confirmed Kepler $\gamma$ Doradus-$\delta$ Scuti star with intermediate to fast rotation in a possible single-lined binary system
• Rediscovering the Milky Way with orbit superposition approach and APOGEE data III. Panoramic view of the bulge
• Partitioning the Galactic Halo with Gaussian Mixture Models
• LAMOST J045019.27+394758.7, with peculiar abundances of N, Na, V, Zn, is possibly a Sculptor dwarf galaxy escapee
• Disentanglement of the chemodynamical assembly: mapping the Milky Way disks
• Effects of a dark matter caustic passing through the Oort cloud
• Dissecting stellar populations with manifold learning I. Validation of the method on a synthetic Milky Way-like galaxy
• Quadrupole signature as a kinematic diagnostic to constrain bar properties : implications for the Milky Way
• Moving Groups in the Solar Neighborhood with Gaia, APOGEE, GALAH, and LAMOST: Dynamical Effects Gather Gas and the Ensuing Star Formation Plays an Important Role in Shaping the Stellar Velocity Distributions
• A new moving group in the Local Arm
• First large scale spatial and velocity patterns of local metal-rich stars in the Milky Way
• On the Origins of "Hostless'' Supernovae: Testing the Faint-end Galaxy Luminosity Function and Supernova Progenitors with Events in Dwarf Galaxies
• Orbital dynamics in galactic potentials under mass transfer
• Kinematics of the Milky way from the statistical analysis of the Gaia Data Release 3
• Neutron-capture elements record the ordered chemical evolution of the disc over time
• Perturbed distribution functions with accurate action estimates for the Galactic disc
• Planets Across Space and Time (PAST). II: Catalog and Analyses of the LAMOST-Gaia-Kepler Stellar Kinematic Properties
• Insights into the structure and kinematics of a Milky Way-like galaxy
• Spatially Dependent Photometric Activity of M dwarfs in the Solar Cylinder
• The disturbed outer Milky Way disc