Fermi-LAT Observations of the Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission: Implications for Cosmic Rays and the Interstellar Medium

Abstract

The gamma-ray sky >100 MeV is dominated by the diffuse emissions from interactions of cosmic rays with the interstellar gas and radiation fields of the Milky Way. Observations of these diffuse emissions provide a tool to study cosmic-ray origin and propagation, and the interstellar medium. We present measurements from the first 21 months of the Fermi-LAT mission and compare with models of the diffuse gamma-ray emission generated using the GALPROP code. The models are fitted to cosmic-ray data and incorporate astrophysical input for the distribution of cosmic-ray sources, interstellar gas and radiation fields. To assess uncertainties associated with the astrophysical input, a grid of models is created by varying within observational limits the distribution of cosmic-ray sources, the size of the cosmic-ray confinement volume (halo), and the distribution of interstellar gas. An all-sky maximum-likelihood fit is used to determine the Xco-factor, the ratio between integrated CO-line intensity and molecular hydrogen column density, the fluxes and spectra of the gamma-ray point sources from the first Fermi-LAT catalogue, and the intensity and spectrum of the isotropic background including residual cosmic rays that were misclassified as gamma rays, all of which have some dependency on the assumed diffuse emission model. The models are compared on the basis of their maximum likelihood ratios as well as spectra, longitude, and latitude profiles. We also provide residual maps for the data following subtraction of the diffuse emission models. The models are consistent with the data at high and intermediate latitudes but under-predict the data in the inner Galaxy for energies above a few GeV. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed, including the contribution by undetected point source populations and spectral variations of cosmic rays throughout the Galaxy. [Abridged]

88 pages, 37 figures. The Astrophysical Journal in press. Contact authors: Gudlaugur Johannesson, Troy A. Porter, and Andrew W. Strong. Online material available at: http://galprop.stanford.edu/PaperIISuppMaterial/

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• Mind the gap: The discrepancy between simulation and reality drives interpretations of the Galactic Center Excess
• Circinus Galaxy Revisted with 10 Years of Fermi-LAT Data
• Identifying Galactic Sources of High-Energy Neutrinos
• Pinpointing the knee of cosmic rays with diffuse PeV gamma-rays and neutrinos
• Indirect Detection Signatures for the Origin of Asymmetric Dark Matter
• Thermal and annihilation radiation in the quark nugget model of dark matter
• Shining ALP Dark Radiation
• Neutrinos and cosmic rays
• Confronting recent AMS-02 positron fraction and Fermi-LAT Extragalactic Gamma-Ray Background measurements with gravitino dark matter
• Suzaku Observation of the Fermi Cygnus Cocoon: Search for a Signature of Young Cosmic-Ray Electrons
• The consequence of a new ISRF model of the Milky Way on predictions for diffuse gamma-ray emission
• A common origin of multi-messenger spectral anomaly of galactic cosmic rays
• Unveiling the nature of galactic TeV sources with IceCube results
• Discovery prospects of dwarf spheroidal galaxies for indirect dark matter searches
• Quantifying the Interstellar Medium and Cosmic Rays in the MBM 53, 54, and 55 Molecular Clouds and the Pegasus Loop using Fermi-LAT Gamma-ray Observations
• The Milky Way shines in high-energy neutrinos
• Detection of gamma rays around SNR HB9 and its implication to the diffusive shock-acceleration history
• Constraining $U(1{)}_{L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }}$ charged dark matter model for muon $g-2$ anomaly with AMS-02 electron and positron data
• The cosmic-ray content of the Orion-Eridanus superbubble
• Probing the Galactic neutrino flux at neutrino energies above 200 TeV with the Baikal Gigaton Volume Detector
• On The {\it Fermi} -Lat Surplus of the Diffuse Galactic Gamma-Ray Emission
• Searching for High Energy Neutrino counterpart signals; The case of the Fermi Bubbles signal and of Dark Matter annihilation in the inner Galaxy
• High-energy gamma-ray emission from SNR G57.2+0.8 hosting SGR J1935+2154
• Supernova origin of cosmic rays from a gamma-ray signal in the Constellation III region of the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Diffuse Galactic Gamma-rays from star clusters
• Multi-Component Imaging of the Fermi Gamma-ray Sky in the Spatio-spectral Domain
• SIMP dark matter with gauged $Z_3$ symmetry
• A search for dark matter among Fermi-LAT unidentified sources with systematic features in Machine Learning
• Comparative study of gamma-ray emission from molecular clouds and star-forming galaxies
• Weighing the Local Interstellar Medium using Gamma Rays and Dust
• Continuous Flavor Symmetries and the Stability of Asymmetric Dark Matter
• A hard spectrum diffuse gamma-ray component associated with HII gas in the Galactic plane
• Non-adiabatic evolution of dark sector in the presence of $U(1{)}_{L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }}$ gauge symmetry
• GALPROP cosmic-ray propagation code: recent results and updates
• Energy dependence of the knee in the cosmic ray spectrum across the Milky Way
• Interpretation of the cosmic ray positron and electron excesses with an annihilating-decaying dark matter scenario
• A tale of cosmic rays narrated in gamma rays by Fermi
• The relation between mid-plane pressure and molecular hydrogen in galaxies: Environmental dependence
• Fermi-LAT measurement of the diffuse gamma-ray emission and constraints on the Galactic Dark Matter signal
• Cosmic Ray transport in turbulent magnetic field
• A multi-messenger study of the total galactic high-energy neutrino emission
• MeV Gamma-Ray Source Contribution to the Inner Galactic Diffuse Emission
• Diffuse flux of galactic neutrinos and gamma rays
• Detection of positron in-flight annihilation from the Galaxy
• Large- and Medium-Scale Anisotropies in the Arrival Directions of Cosmic Rays observed with KASCADE-Grande
• Indirect dark matter searches: towards a consistent top-bottom approach for studying the gamma-ray signals and associated backgrounds
• Resonant Assisted Annihilation
• Observing small-scale $\gamma$-ray anisotropies with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• The Detection of Fermi AGN above 100 GeV using Clustering Analysis
• The Origin of the Very-High-Energy Diffuse $\gamma$-Ray Emission: The Case for Galactic Source Cocoons
• Dark matter searches toward the Galactic Centre halo with H.E.S.S
• Cosmic Rays in the Milky Way and Beyond
• Extragalactic Gamma-ray Background from Star-forming Galaxies: Will Empirical Scalings Suffice?
• A New Perspective on the Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission Excess
• Signatures of Recent Cosmic-Ray Acceleration in the High-Latitude $\gamma$-Ray Sky
• Interpretation of astrophysical neutrinos observed by IceCube experiment by setting Galactic and extra-Galactic spectral components
• Possible detection of gamma rays from Epsilon Eridani
• Mapping the Cosmic-Ray Ionization Rate in the Local Galaxy with H${}_3^{+}$
• When Dark Matter interacts with Cosmic Rays or Interstellar Matter: A Morphological Study
• Constraints on the $e^{\pm }$ Pair Injection of Pulsar Halos: Implications from the Galactic Diffuse Multi-TeV Gamma-ray Emission
• Prospects of future MeV telescopes in probing weak-scale Dark Matter
• Consequences of Energetic Magnetar-Like Outbursts of Nearby Neutron Stars: ${}^{14}$C Events and the Cosmic Electron Spectrum
• Investigating the Fermi Large Area Telescope sensitivity of detecting the characteristics of the Galactic center excess
• Galactic Centre as an efficient source of cosmic rays
• Decaying Fermionic Dark Matter Search with CALET
• Probing local cosmic rays using Fermi-LAT observation of a mid-latitude region in the third Galactic quadrant
• Mapping large-scale diffuse gamma-ray emission in 10-100 TeV band with Cherenkov telescopes
• A discussion on the origin of the sub-PeV Galactic gamma-ray emission
• Gas and Cosmic-Ray Properties in the MBM 53, 54, and 55 Molecular Clouds and the Pegasus Loop as Revealed by HI Line Profiles, Dust, and Gamma-Ray Data
• Galactic diffuse emission from radio to ultra-high-energy gamma rays in light of up-to-date cosmic ray measurements
• Revealing a new region of gamma-ray emission in the vicinity of HESS J1825-137
• Search for Dark Matter Annihilation to gamma-rays from SPT-SZ selected Galaxy Clusters
• Astrophysical constraints from synchrotron emission on very massive decaying dark matter
• Prospects of newly detecting nearby star-forming galaxies by the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• CONGRuENTS (COsmic-ray, Neutrino, Gamma-ray and Radio Non-Thermal Spectra). I. A predictive model for galactic non-thermal emission
• The average GeV-band Emission from Gamma-Ray Bursts
• On the measurement of handedness in Fermi Large Area Telescope data
• Detecting and characterizing pulsar haloes with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Enhanced Gamma Ray Signals in Cosmic Proton-Wimp Collisions Due to Hadronization
• Sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array to a dark matter signal from the Galactic centre
• Testing spatial uniformity of the CR spectrum in the local ISM with gamma-ray observations
• Spectra of cosmic ray electrons and diffuse gamma rays with the constraints of AMS-02 and HESS data
• Very Local Impact on the Spectrum of Cosmic-Ray Nuclei below 100 TeV
• An updated view and perspectives on high-energy gamma-ray emission from SGR J1935+2154 and its environment
• Statistics for dark matter subhalo searches in gamma rays from a kinematically constrained population model: Fermi-LAT-like telescopes
• High Latitude, Translucent Molecular Clouds as Probes of Local Cosmic Rays
• Quiescent black hole X-ray binaries as multi-messenger sources
• Prospects on high-energy source searches based on pattern recognition: Object detection in the H.E.S.S. Galactic Plane Survey and catalogue cross-matches
• The Dark Matter Contribution to Galactic Diffuse Gamma Ray Emission
• Fermi bubbles as a source of cosmic rays above 10^{15} eV
• Results from the ANTARES Neutrino Telescope
• Stochastic modelling of cosmic ray sources for diffuse high-energy gamma-rays and neutrinos
• Study of the Cosmic Rays and Interstellar Medium in Local HI Clouds using Fermi-LAT Gamma-Ray Observations
• Quantitative constraint on the contribution of resolved gamma-ray sources to the sub-PeV Galactic diffuse gamma-ray flux measured by the Tibet ASγ experiment
• Search for GeV-scale Dark Matter from the Galactic Center with IceCube-DeepCore
• Optimal observing strategies for velocity-suppressed dark matter annihilation
• On the possible correlation of Galactic VHE source locations and enhancements of the surface density in the Galactic plane
• Gamma-ray detection toward the Coma cluster with Fermi-LAT: Implications for the cosmic ray content in the hadronic scenario
• Deep Learning Models of the Discrete Component of the Galactic Interstellar Gamma-Ray Emission
• The diffuse extragalactic gamma-ray background radiation: star-forming galaxies are not the dominant component
• Challenges for Cosmic-ray Experiments
• Estimatingthe Contribution of Galactic Neutrino Sources
• A study of Neural networks point source extraction on simulated Fermi/LAT Telescope images
• Constraints on the origins of the Galactic neutrino flux
• The Galactic Isotropic $\gamma$-ray Background and Implications for Dark Matter
• Massive Star Clusters as sources of high-energy gamma radiation
• Cosmic rays: interstellar gamma-ray and radio emission
• Multi-messenger Implications of Sub-PeV Diffuse Galactic Gamma-Ray Emission
• Interaction of escaping cosmic rays with molecular clouds
• Sources and Radiations of the Fermi Bubbles
• Cosmic Rays and Non-thermal Emission Induced by Accretion of Cool Gas onto the Galactic Disk
• Improved Modeling of the Discrete Component of the Galactic Interstellar Gamma-ray Emission and Implications for the Fermi-LAT Galactic Center Excess
• The GALPROP Cosmic-ray Propagation and Non-thermal Emissions Framework: Release v57
• Search for neutrino signals correlated with LHAASO diffuse Galactic emission
• Observations of the Fermi bubbles and the Galactic center excess with the DArk Matter Particle Explorer
• CONGRuENTS (COsmic-ray, Neutrino, Gamma-ray and Radio Non-Thermal Spectra). II. Population-level correlations between galactic infrared, radio, and γ-ray emission
• Probing lepton flavor violating dark matter scenarios via astrophysical photons and positrons
• Leptonic and hadronic models of high-energy nebula around V4641 Sgr
• Searches for beyond-standard-model physics with astroparticle physics instruments
• Are we really seeing dark matter signals from the Milky Way center?
• Probing the Dark Matter of Three-loop Radiative Neutrino Mass Generation Model with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• KiDS-Legacy: WIMP dark matter constraints from the cross-correlation of weak lensing and Fermi-LAT gamma rays
• Tracing the propagation of cosmic rays in the Milky Way halo with Fermi-LAT observations of high- and intermediate-velocity clouds
• On the Energy Distribution of the Galactic Center Excess' Sources
• An Interpretation of the Cosmic Ray $e^{+}+e^{-}$ Spectrum from 10 GeV to 3 TeV Measured by CALET on the ISS
• Cosmic rays from multiwavelength observations of the Galactic diffuse emission
• Origin of X-ray and gamma-ray emission from the Galactic central region
• Effect of cosmic rays and ionizing radiation on observational ultraviolet plasma diagnostics in the circumgalactic medium
• LHAASO Galactic Plane $\gamma$-rays Strongly Constrain Heavy Dark Matter
• The universality of the relation between magnetic fields and star formation in galaxies
• A GeV-TeV particle component and the barrier of cosmic-ray sea in the Central Molecular Zone
• Extended Higgs-portal dark matter and the Fermi-LAT Galactic Center Excess
• On the morphology of $\gamma -$ray emission induced by $e^{\pm }$ from annihilating self-interacting dark matter
• Uncovering neutrinos from cosmic ray factories: the Multi Point Source method
• Diffusive Origin of the Cosmic-Ray Spectral Hardening
• Measurement of High Energy Gamma Rays from 200 MeV to 1 TeV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station
• Search for Diffuse Galactic Neutrinos with the Full ANTARES Telescope Dataset
• Fermi-LAT View on Three Ultra-high-energy 1LHAASO Sources in the $52^{\circ }<l<55^{\circ }$ Region
• Measuring the smearing of the Galactic 511 keV signal: positron propagation or supernova kicks?
• Fenomenología de modelos supersimétricos: partículas y materia oscura
• Anisotropic diffusion modeling of cosmic-ray lepton propagation
• The Use Case of a New ISRF on Diffuse Gamma-ray Emission Models
• Common origin of the diffuse high energy backgrounds of gamma rays, neutrinos and cosmic ray positrons?
• Stochastic modelling of cosmic-ray sources for Galactic diffuse emissions
• Diffuse continuum emission and large extended sources at MeV energies
• Origin of Nonthermal Emission from the Fermi Bubbles and Mechanisms of Particle Acceleration There
• The influence of the 3D Galactic gas structure on cosmic-ray transport and $\gamma$-ray emission
• Long-Term Cyclicities in Phanerozoic Sea-Level Sedimentary Record and their Potential Drivers (Does the Phanerozoic sea level encode the motion of solar system in the Milky Way ?)
• TeV-PeV Gamma-ray and Neutrino Emission in the Galactic Plane
• Gamma-ray and neutrino diffuse emissions of the Galaxy above the TeV
• New limit on high Galactic latitude PeV gamma-ray flux from Tibet AS-gamma data
• Study of Galactic interactions and propagation properties of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays using the precision spectrum from the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Machine learning application to Fermi-LAT data: sharpening all-sky map and emphasizing variable sources
• Extragalactic Searches for Dark Matter Annihilation
• Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Density in the Spiral Arms toward Galactic Anticenter
• Constraining the cosmic ray propagation halo thickness using Fermi-LAT observations of high-latitude clouds