Theoretical Transmission Spectra During Extrasolar Giant Planet Transits

Abstract

The recent transit observation of HD 209458 b - an extrasolar planet orbiting a sun-like star - confirmed that it is a gas giant and determined that its orbital inclination is 85 degrees. This inclination makes possible investigations of the planet atmosphere. In this paper we discuss the planet transmission spectra during a transit. The basic tenet of the method is that the planet atmosphere absorption features will be superimposed on the stellar flux as the stellar flux passes through the planet atmosphere above the limb. The ratio of the planet's transparent atmosphere area to the star area is small, approximately 10^{-3} to 10^{-4}; for this method to work very strong planet spectral features are necessary. We use our models of close-in extrasolar giant planets to estimate promising absorption signatures: the alkali metal lines, in particular the Na I and K I resonance doublets, and the He I $2^{3}S$ - $2^{3}P$ triplet line at 1083.0 nm. If successful, observations will constrain the line-of-sight temperature, pressure, and density. The most important point is that observations will constrain the cloud depth, which in turn will distinguish between different atmosphere models. We also discuss the potential of this method for EGPs at different orbital distances and orbiting non-solar-type stars.

revised to agree with accepted paper, ApJ, in press. 12 pages

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• Connection between planetary He I $\lambda$10830 Å absorption and extreme-ultraviolet emission of planet-host stars
• LBT transmission spectroscopy of HAT-P-12b: confirmation of a cloudy atmosphere with no significant alkali features
• A comparative study of WASP-67b and HAT-P-38b from WFC3 data
• Measuring Elemental Abundances of JWST Target Stars for Exoplanet Characterization I. FGK Stars
• ACCESS: Ground-based Optical Transmission Spectroscopy of the Hot Jupiter WASP-4b
• A better characterization of the chemical composition of exoplanets atmospheres with ARIEL
• Physical properties of the HAT-P-23 and WASP-48 planetary systems from multi-colour photometry
• Modeling H$\alpha$ and He 10830 transmission spectrum of WASP-52b
• TOI-1728b: The Habitable-zone Planet Finder confirms a warm super Neptune orbiting an M dwarf host
• Investigating Trends in Atmospheric Compositions of Cool Gas Giant Planets Using Spitzer Secondary Eclipses
• More Evidence for Variable Helium Absorption from HD 189733b
• DREAM: III.A helium survey in exoplanets on the edge of the hot Neptune desert with GIANO-B@TNG
• TAU: A 1D radiative transfer code for transmission spectroscopy of extrasolar planet atmospheres
• Physical properties of the planetary systems WASP-45 and WASP-46 from simultaneous multi-band photometry
• Possible detection of a bimodal cloud distribution in the atmosphere of HAT-P-32\,A\,b from multi-band photometry
• Simulation of 10830 Å absorption with a 3D hydrodynamic model reveals the solar He abundance in upper atmosphere of WASP-107b
• On the origin of the non-detection of metastable HeI in the upper atmosphere of the hot Jupiter WASP-80b
• Assessing telluric correction methods for Na detections with high-resolution exoplanet transmission spectroscopy
• Probing the atmosphere of a sub-Jovian planet orbiting a cool dwarf
• Evidence of a Clear Atmosphere for WASP-62b: the Only Known Transiting Gas Giant in the JWST Continuous Viewing Zone
• Hubble WFC3 Spectroscopy of the Terrestrial Planets L~98-59~c \& d: No Evidence for a Clear Hydrogen Dominated Primary Atmosphere
• Evidence for chromium hydride in the atmosphere of Hot Jupiter WASP-31b
• LRG-BEASTS: Ground-based Detection of Sodium and a Steep Optical Slope in the Atmosphere of the Highly Inflated Hot-Saturn WASP-21b
• JWST-TST DREAMS: Secondary Atmosphere Constraints for the Habitable Zone Planet TRAPPIST-1 e
• On constraining a transiting exoplanet's rotation rate with its transit spectrum
• JWST-TST DREAMS: A Precise Water Abundance for Hot Jupiter WASP-17b from the NIRISS SOSS Transmission Spectrum
• ACCESS: Confirmation of a Clear Atmosphere for WASP-96b and a Comparison of Light Curve Detrending Techniques
• An enhanced slope in the transmission spectrum of the hot Jupiter WASP-104b
• WASP-147b, 160Bb, 164b and 165b: two hot Saturns and two Jupiters, including two planets with metal-rich hosts
• Detection of Close-In Extrasolar Giant Planets Using the Fourier-Kelvin Stellar Interferometer
• HATS-22b, HATS-23b and HATS-24b: Three new transiting Super-Jupiters from the HATSouth Project
• Probing atmospheric escape through metastable He I triplet lines in 15 exoplanets observed with SPIRou
• Kepler's Dark Worlds: a Low Albedo for an Ensemble of Neptunian and Terran Exoplanets
• Modeling synthetic spectra for transiting extrasolar giant planets: detectability of H${}_2$S and PH${}_3$ with JWST
• The GTC exoplanet transit spectroscopy survey VIII. Flat transmission spectrum for the warm gas giant WASP-80
• Transmission spectroscopy of WASP-52 b with JWST NIRISS: Water and helium atmospheric absorption, alongside prominent star-spot crossings
• Revisiting Radial Velocity Measurements of the K2-18 System with the Line-by-Line Framework
• ACCESS: Confirmation of no potassium in the atmosphere of WASP-31b
• Constraining Exoplanet Metallicities and Aerosols with ARIEL: An Independent Study by the Contribution to ARIEL Spectroscopy of Exoplanets (CASE) Team
• JexoSim: A time domain simulator of exoplanet transit spectroscopy with JWST
• Chemical modeling of exoplanet atmospheres
• The THOR+HELIOS general circulation model: multi-wavelength radiative transfer with accurate scattering by clouds/hazes
• A Comparison of Simulated JWST Observations Derived from Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium Chemistry Models of Giant Exoplanets
• SAGE: A tool to constrain impacts of stellar activity on transmission spectroscopy
• Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOT 'EM) Survey. I. Confirmation of an Eccentric, Cool Jupiter With an Interior Earth-sized Planet Orbiting Kepler-1514
• Raman Scattering by Molecular Hydrogen and Nitrogen in Exoplanetary Atmospheres
• Atmospheric carbon depletion as a tracer of water oceans and biomass on temperate terrestrial exoplanets
• Transmission spectroscopy with VLT FORS2: a featureless spectrum for the low-density transiting exoplanet WASP-88b
• How to Characterize the Atmosphere of a Transiting Exoplanet
• The Exosphere as a Boundary: Origin and Evolution of Airless Bodies in the Inner Solar System and Beyond Including Planets with Silicate Atmospheres
• Featureless transmission spectra of 12 giant exoplanets observed by GTC/OSIRIS
• Larger and faster: revised properties and a shorter orbital period for the WASP-57 planetary system from a pro-am collaboration
• Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOT 'EM) Survey. II. Discovery of a Failed Hot Jupiter on a 2.7 Year, Highly Eccentric Orbit
• The atmosphere of WASP-17b: Optical high-resolution transmission spectroscopy
• Alfnoor: assessing the information content of Ariel's low resolution spectra with planetary population studies
• Detection limits of exoplanetary atmospheres with 2-m class telescopes
• ExoSim: the Exoplanet Observation Simulator
• Exploring A Photospheric Radius Correction to Model Secondary Eclipse Spectra for Transiting Exoplanets
• JWST Transit Spectra II: Constraining Aerosol Species, Particle-size Distributions, Temperature, and Metallicity for Cloudy Exoplanets
• Helium in Exoplanet Exospheres: Orbital and Stellar Influences
• Non-detection of Helium in the Hot Jupiter WASP-48b
• Evidence for stellar contamination in the transmission spectra of HAT-P-12b
• Finding Mountains with Molehills: The Detectability of Exotopography
• Hazy with a chance of star spots: constraining the atmosphere of the young planet, K2-33b
• Prospects for Detecting Signs of Life on Exoplanets in the JWST Era
• Out-of-Transit Refracted Light in the Atmospheres of Transiting and Non-Transiting Exoplanets
• Detection of planetary signals by reflected light of the host star using the autocorrelation of spectra
• Absence of extended atmospheres in low-mass star radius-gap planets GJ 9827 b, GJ 9827 d and TOI-1235 b
• Testing the solar activity paradigm in the context of exoplanet transits
• Optical Transmission Spectra of Hot-Jupiters: Effects of Scattering
• Using near infra-red spectroscopy for characterization of transiting exoplanets
• Evolution of helium triplet transits of close-in gas giants orbiting K-dwarfs
• Revisiting equilibrium condensation and rocky planet compositions: Introducing the ECCOplanets code
• Revisiting the HD 21749 Planetary System with Stellar Activity Modeling
• The Transit Timing and Atmosphere of Hot Jupiter HAT-P-37b
• Radiative Transfer for Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Probing the atmosphere of HD189733b with the Na I and K I lines
• New approach for modeling of transiting exoplanets for arbitrary limb-darkening law
• CaRM: Exploring the chromatic Rossiter-McLaughlin effect. The cases of HD 189733b and WASP-127b
• Ground-Based Transmission Spectroscopy with VLT FORS2: Evidence for faculae and clouds in the optical spectrum of the warm Saturn WASP-110b
• WASP-35 and HAT-P-30/WASP-51: re-analysis using TESS and ground-based transit photometry
• Stratospheric Clouds Do Not Impede JWST Transit Spectroscopy for Exoplanets with Earth-Like Atmospheres
• Exoplanet Radio Transits as a Probe for Exoplanetary Magnetic Fields -- Time-dependent MHD Simulations
• Multi-band characterization of the hot Jupiters: WASP-5b, WASP-44b and WASP-46b
• Detecting the Wind-Driven Shapes of Extrasolar Giant Planets from Transit Photometry
• Enabling Robust Exoplanet Atmospheric Retrievals with Gaussian Processes
• HST PanCET program: Non-detection of atmospheric escape in the warm Saturn-sized planet WASP-29 b
• Refraction in exoplanet atmospheres: Photometric signatures, implications for transmission spectroscopy, and search in Kepler data
• Instrumentation prospects for rocky exoplanet atmospheres studies with high resolution spectroscopy
• A search for He I airglow emission from the hot Jupiter tau Boo b
• Prospects for detecting the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect of Earth-like planets: the test case of TRAPPIST-1b and c
• Constraining the Bulk Composition of Disintegrating Exoplanets Using Combined Transmission Spectra from JWST and SPICA
• Benchmark tests of transmission spectroscopy using transiting white dwarfs
• HD 183579b: A Warm Sub-Neptune Transiting a Solar Twin Detected by TESS
• A new view on exoplanet transits: Transit of Venus described using three-dimensional solar atmosphere Stagger-grid simulations
• NIGHT: a compact, near-infrared, high-resolution spectrograph to survey helium in exoplanet systems
• The extrasolar planet atmosphere and exosphere: Emission and transmission spectroscopy
• Hydride ion continuum hides absorption signatures in the NIRPS near-infrared transmission spectrum of the ultra-hot gas giant WASP-189b
• JexoSim 2.0: End-to-End JWST Simulator for Exoplanet Spectroscopy -- Implementation and Case Studies
• Detecting molecules in Ariel low resolution transmission spectra
• ARES VI: Viability of one-dimensional retrieval models for transmission spectroscopy characterization of exo-atmospheres in the era of JWST and Ariel
• Mysterious non-detection of HeI (23S) transit absorption of GJ436b
• The EXPLORE Project: A Deep Search for Transiting Extra-Solar Planets
• An extended low-density atmosphere around the Jupiter-sized planet WASP-193 b
• NIRPS detection of delayed atmospheric escape from the warm and misaligned Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-69b
• Computation of the transmitted and polarized scattered fluxes by the exoplanet HD 189733b in X-rays
• How do wavelength correlations affect transmission spectra? Application of a new fast and flexible 2D Gaussian process framework to transiting exoplanet spectroscopy
• Quantifying the Impact of Spectral Coverage on the Retrieval of Molecular Abundances from Exoplanet Transmission Spectra
• Simulations of starspot anomalies within TESS exoplanetary transit light curves -- II
• Simultaneous multicolour transit photometry of hot Jupiters HAT-P-19b, HAT-P-51b, HAT-P-55b, and HAT-P-65b
• A Detailed Investigation of HD 209458 b HST & JWST Transmission Spectra with SANSAR
• Helium escape signatures are generally strongest during younger ages but this age dependence is lost in the diversity of observed exoplanets
• The GAPS programme at TNG LXVI. A homogeneous search for Na i and its possible variability in ten gas giant exoplanets
• The Pandora SmallSat: Multiwavelength Characterization of Exoplanets and their Host Stars
• Methane present in an extrasolar planet atmosphere
• Atmospheric composition and structure of HD209458b
• Modelling helium in exoplanet atmospheres. A revised network with photoelectron-driven processes
• Spectrophotometry with a transmission grating for detecting faint occultations
• The ESPRESSO transmission spectrum of HD189733b : Extracting the planetary sodium and lithium signatures amid stellar contamination
• Illusion and Reality in the Atmospheres of Exoplanets
• A re-analysis of equilibrium chemistry in five hot Jupiters
• The Hubble Space Telescope's near-UV and optical transmission spectrum of Earth as an exoplanet
• Galactic planetary science
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) VIII. Nondetection of sodium in the atmosphere of the aligned planet KELT-10b
• A Transmission Spectrum Of HD 189733b From Multiple Broadband Filter Observations
• On the center-to-limb variations of the He I 10830 Å triplet
• Detection of Na in the atmosphere of the hot Jupiter HAT-P-55b
• Transverse Vector Decomposition Method for Analytical Inversion of Exoplanet Transit Spectra
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Variability of the He I line at 10830 Å
• Detectability of Emission from Exoplanet Outflows Calculated by pyTPCI, a New 1D Radiation-Hydrodynamic Code
• First on-sky results of a FIOS prototype, a Fabry Perot Based Instrument for Oxygen Searches
• Transmission spectroscopy of WASP-7 b with UVES -- Detection of Na I D${}_2$ and tentative D${}_1$ line absorption
• Exoplanets: Possible Biosignatures
• Orbital Refinement and Stellar Properties for the HD 9446, HD 43691, and HD 179079 Planetary Systems
• The contribution of the major planet search surveys to EChO target selection
• A new look at NICMOS transmission spectroscopy: no conclusive evidence for molecular features
• Diversity of Exoplanets
• Studying the variability of the He triplet to understand the detection limits of evaporating exoplanet atmospheres
• Ground-Based Reconnaissance Observations of 21 Exoplanet Atmospheres with the Exoplanet Transmission Spectroscopy Imager
• Where does the simplified Stellar Contamination Model fail in Exoplanet Transmission Spectroscopy?
• The DRAKE mission: finding the frequency of life in the Cosmos
• A Two-limb Explanation for the Optical-to-infrared Transmission Spectrum of the Hot Jupiter HAT-P-32Ab
• Theory and simulation of spectral line broadening by exoplanetary atmospheric haze
• Evidence for stellar contamination and water absorption in NGTS-5b's transmission spectra with GTC/OSIRIS
• A theory of transmission spectroscopy of hydrodynamic outflows from planetary atmospheres: Spectral-line saturation and limits on mass-loss constraints
• Revisiting the atmosphere of HAT-P-70b with CARMENES high-resolution transmission spectroscopy
• Deciphering transmission spectra by exploring the solar paradigm
• The Study of Climate on Alien Worlds
• Atmospheric asymmetries in WASP-121 b revealed by rotational transits detected with JWST
• Linking atmospheric chemistry of the hot Jupiter HD 209458b to its formation location through infrared transmission and emission spectra
• CARMENES detection of the CaII infrared triplet and possible evidence of HeI in the atmosphere of WASP-76b
• The Transits of Extrasolar Planets with Moons
• Asymmetry and Variability in the Transmission Spectra of Tidally Locked Habitable Planets
• A large sub-Neptune transiting the thick-disk M4V TOI-2406
• Non-detection of Helium in the upper atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1b, e and f
• Characterising the Atmospheres of Transiting Planets with a Dedicated Space Telescope
• All along the line of sight: a closer look at opening angles and absorption regions in the atmospheres of transiting exoplanets
• Investigation of the upper atmosphere in ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76 b with high-resolution spectroscopy
• TOI-333b: A Neptune Desert planet around a F7V star
• Using observations of escaping H/He to constrain the atmospheric composition of sub-Neptunes
• Analysing the flux stability of stellar calibrator candidates with TESS
• Low-resolution Transit Spectroscopy of Three Hot Jupiters Using the 2m Himalayan Chandra Telescope