Radio-Loudness of Active Galactic Nuclei: Observational Facts and Theoretical Implications

Abstract

We investigate how the total radio luminosity of AGN-powered radio sources depends on their accretion luminosity and the central black hole mass. Our studies cover about seven orders of magnitude in accretion luminosity and the full range of AGN black hole masses. We find that AGNs form two distinct and well separated sequences on the radio-loudness -- Eddington-ratio plane. The `upper' sequence is formed by radio selected AGNs, the `lower' sequence contains mainly optically selected objects. Whereas an apparent `gap' between the two sequences may be an artifact of selection effects, the sequences themselves mark the real upper bounds of radio-loudness of two distinct populations of AGNs: those hosted respectively by elliptical and disk galaxies. Both sequences show the same dependence of the radio-loudness on the Eddington ratio (an increase with decreasing Eddington ratio), which suggests that the normalization of this dependence is determined by the black hole spin. This implies that central black holes in giant elliptical galaxies have (on average) much larger spins than black holes in spiral/disc galaxies. This galaxy-morphology related radio-dichotomy breaks down at high accretion rates where the dominant fraction of luminous quasars hosted by elliptical galaxies is radio quiet. This led to speculations in the literature that formation of powerful jets at high accretion rates is intermittent and related to switches between two disk accretion modes, as directly observed in some BH X-ray binaries. We argue that such intermittency can be reconciled with the spin paradigm, provided that successful formation of relativistic jets by rotating black holes requires collimation by MHD outflows from accretion disks.

33 pages, 4 figures and 5 tables included. Final version, accepted for publication in ApJ

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• How does the radio enhancement of broad absorption line quasars relate to colour and accretion rate?
• Constraints on the composition, magnetization, and radiative efficiency in jet of blazar
• Reconciling AGN-star formation, the Soltan argument, and Meier's paradox
• Jets, black holes and disks in blazars
• Nuclear X-ray properties of the peculiar radio-loud hidden AGN 4C+29.30
• Link between radio-loud AGNs and host-galaxy shape
• The distribution and lifetime of powerful radio galaxies as a function of environment and redshift
• A radio structure resolved at the deca-parsec scale in radio-quiet quasar PDS 456 with an extremely powerful X-ray outflow
• Chandra Imaging of the Outer Accretion Flow onto the Black Hole at the Center of the Perseus Cluster
• Constraints on the radio loud/radio quiet dichotomy from the fundamental plane
• Fundamental Reference AGN Monitoring Experiment (FRAMEx) III: Radio Emission in the Immediate Vicinity of Radio Quiet AGNs
• The coronal temperature of NGC 4388 and NGC 2110 measured with INTEGRAL
• Low-mass Active Galactic Nuclei on the Fundamental Plane of Black Hole Activity
• Joint XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations of the reflection spectrum of III Zw 2
• Radio continuum and X-ray emission from the most extreme FIR-excess galaxy NGC 1377: An extremely obscured AGN revealed
• A two-sided but significantly beamed jet in the supercritical accretion quasar IRAS F11119+3257
• Spin of the M87 black hole
• Disentangling the AGN and Star-Formation Contributions to the Radio-X-ray Emission of Radio-Loud Quasars at 1<z<2
• eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): eFEDS X-ray view of WERGS Radio Galaxies selected by the Subaru/HSC and VLA/FIRST survey
• High-resolution observations of SDSS J080800.99+483807.7 in the optical and radio domains. A possible example of jet-triggered star formation
• Broadband Modeling of Low Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei Detected in Gamma Rays
• A strong negative correlation between radio loudness $R_{\mathrm{UV}}$ and optical-to-X-ray spectral index ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{ox}}$ in low-luminosity AGNs
• Covering factors of the dusty obscurers in radio-loud and radio-quiet quasars
• An Absence of Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei in Geometrically Flat Quiescent Galaxies: Implications for Maintenance-Mode Feedback Models
• Do gas clouds in narrow-line regions of Seyfert galaxies come from their nuclei?
• On the origin of radio-loudness in active galactic nuclei using far-infrared polarimetric observations
• Adaptive Optics: Observations and Prospects for Studies of Active Galactic Nuclei
• The peculiar WAT NGC 2329 with Seyfert/FR I-like radio lobes
• Scale-invariant jet suppression across the black hole mass scale
• Waveband Luminosity Correlations in Flux-Limited Multiwavelength Data
• Compact radio emission from z~0.2 X-ray bright AGN
• Evidence for cosmic evolution in the spin of the most massive black holes
• Powerful relativistic jets in spiral galaxies
• The changing ISM of massive elliptical galaxies and cosmic evolution of radio galaxies and quasars
• Tracking galaxy evolution through low frequency radio continuum observations using SKA and Citizen-science Research using Multi-wavelength data
• The jet-disc connection: evidence for a reinterpretation in radio loud and radio quiet active galactic nuclei
• A γ-ray emitting NLS1 galaxy SDSS J095909.51+460014.3 identified by multiwavelength contemporaneous brightening
• Radio-loudness of Active Galaxies and the Black Hole Evolution
• Resolving the radio loud/radio quiet dichotomy without thick disks
• The Compton-thick quasar at the heart of the high-redshift giant radio galaxy 6C 0905+39
• Radio Emission of Nearby Early-type Galaxies at Low and Very-Low Radio Luminosity Range
• Spectral variability studies in Active Galactic Nuclei: Exploring continuum and emission line regions in the age of LSST and JWST
• No AGN evidence in NGC1614 from deep radio VLBI observations
• MaNGA integral-field stellar kinematics of LoTSS radio galaxies: Luminous radio galaxies tend to be slow rotators
• The Jet-Disk Coupling of Seyfert Galaxies from a Complete Hard X-ray Sample
• Properties of Ultralight Bosons from Spins of Heavy Quasars via Superradiance
• Radio Dichotomy in Quasars with H$\beta$ FWHM greater than $15,000$ km\,s${}^{-1}$
• The optical luminosity function of LOFAR radio-selected quasars at $1.4\le z\le 5.0$ in the NDWFS-Boötes field
• Constraining Dynamical Dark Energy Models through the Abundance of High-Redshift Supermassive Black Holes
• Ultra high energy cosmic rays and possible signature of black strings
• Central accumulation of magnetic flux in massive Seyfert galaxies as a possible engine to trigger ultrahigh energy cosmic rays
• Exploring the links between quasar winds and radio emission along the Main Sequence at high redshift
• Multi-wavelength properties of changing-state active galactic nuclei: I. the evolution of soft excess and X-ray continuum
• Pair-matching of radio-loud and radio-quiet AGNs
• A Novel Method for Estimating the Ambient Medium Density Around Distant Radio Sources from Their Observed Radio Spectra
• Powerful Radio Emission From Low-mass Supermassive Black Holes Favors Disk-like Bulges
• Selected Chapters on Active Galactic Nuclei as Relativistic Systems
• Exploring the radio spectral energy distribution of the ultraluminous radio-quiet quasar SDSS J0100+2802 at redshift 6.3
• Studying the link between radio galaxies and AGN fuelling with relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of flickering jets
• Spatial variations of magnetic field along active galactic nuclei jets on sub-pc to Mpc scales
• Relativistic Jets: Open Problems and Challenges
• AGN dichotomy beyond radio loudness: a Gaussian Mixture Model analysis
• Relativistic jets in narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies. New discoveries and open questions
• Chandra View of the LINER-type Nucleus in the Radio-Loud Galaxy CGCG 292-057: Ionized Iron Line and Jet-ISM Interactions
• A cosmological distance measure using radio-loud quasars
• Broadband X-ray Spectral Study of Nuclear Structure in Local Obscured Radio Galaxies
• The Quasar 3C 47: Extreme Population B Jetted Source With Double-peaked Profile
• Shapes of galaxies hosting radio-loud AGNs with z \leq 1
• Radio signals from early direct collapse black holes
• Properties of Very Broad Line MgII Radio-Loud and Radio-Quiet Quasars
• From Nearby Low Luminosity AGN to High Redshift Radio Galaxies: Science Interests with SKA
• Is radio jet power linearly proportional to the product of central black hole mass and Eddington ratio in AGN?
• Evolution of massive black holes
• Intra-night optical variability and radio characteristics of extremely radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies
• Characteristics of Powerful Radio Galaxies
• Correlations of Disk and Jet Emission Deviating from the Fundamental Plane
• Time-domain Radio-loudness of Active Galactic Nuclei: Intermittency, Memory, and Jet Escape
• The disk-torus system in active galactic nuclei: possible evidence of highly spinning black holes
• Linking {\it Fermi} blazars and radio galaxies through accretion and jet radiation mechanisms
• The Radio Galaxy Environment Reference Survey (RAGERS): a submillimetre study of the environments of massive radio-quiet galaxies at $z=1-3$
• Spectral Energy Distribution Modeling of Broad Emission Line Quasars: From X-ray to Radio Wavelengths
• Explaining the 'outliers' track in Black Hole X-ray Binaries with the BZ-jet and inner-disk coupling
• Gamma-ray emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies. New discoveries and open questions
• A Panchromatic View of Relativistic Jets in Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• Extragalactic radio surveys in the pre-Square Kilometre Array era
• The dependence of the fraction of radio luminous quasars on redshift and its theoretical implications
• Revisit the fraction of radio-loud narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxies with LoTSS DR1
• The Nuclear Infrared Emission of Low-Luminosity AGN
• Radio properties of the quasi-periodic eruption source RXJ1301.9+2747 at parsec scales
• Relativistic Jets in Gamma-Ray-Emitting Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
• Radio galaxies - the TeV challenge
• Probing the Jet Turnover Frequency Dependence on Black Hole Mass and Mass Accretion Rate
• Powers and Magnetization of Blazar Jets
• Implications of the continuous radio-loudness distribution among AGNs in the local Universe