The MACHO Project: Microlensing Results from 5.7 Years of LMC Observations

Abstract

We report on our search for microlensing towards the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Analysis of 5.7 years of photometry on 11.9 million stars in the LMC reveals 13 - 17 microlensing events. This is significantly more than the $\sim$ 2 to 4 events expected from lensing by known stellar populations. The timescales ($\that$) of the events range from 34 to 230 days. We estimate the microlensing optical depth towards the LMC from events with $2 < \that < 400$ days to be 1.2 ^{+0.4}_ {-0.3} \ten{-7}$,withanadditional20$ 0.15 \msun$and$ 0.9 \msun$, depending on the halo model, and the total mass in MACHOs out to 50 kpc is found to be 9+4-3 10^{10} msun, independent of the halo model. These results are marginally consistent with our previous results, but are lower by about a factor of two. Besides a larger data set, this work also includes an improved efficiency determination, improved likelihood analysis, and more thorough testing of systematic errors, especially with respect to the treatment of potential backgrounds to microlensing, such as supernovae in galaxies behind the LMC. [Abridged]

53 pages, Latex with 12 postscript figures, submitted to ApJ

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• Primordial black holes: constraints, potential evidence and prospects
• Probing MACHOs by observation of M31 pixel lensing with the 1.5m Loiano telescope
• The dark halo of the main lens galaxy in QSO 0957+561
• Photometric Confirmation of MACHO Large Magellanic Cloud Microlensing Events
• Contamination in the MACHO dataset and the puzzle of LMC Microlensing
• The VMC Survey - XX. Identification of new Cepheids in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Dynamical History Of The Local Group In $\Lambda$CDM $\mathrm{II}$ $-$ Including External Perturbers In 3D
• Period Change Rates in Large Magellanic Cloud Cepheids Revisited
• Detectability of Primordial Black Hole Binaries at High Redshift
• Citizen ASAS-SN Data Release I: Variable Star Classification Using Citizen Science
• The effect of phased recurrent units in the classification of multiple catalogs of astronomical lightcurves
• Disk or Halo white dwarfs? Kinematic analysis of high proper motion surveys
• Primordial Black Hole Merger Rate in $f(R)$ Gravity
• A Search for Stellar Obscuration Events due to Dark Clouds
• The Dyer-Roeder distance-redshift relation in inhomogeneous universes
• Simulating a White Dwarf-dominated Galactic Halo
• Dark Matter Studies Entrain Nuclear Physics
• Does Transparent Hidden Matter Generate Optical Scintillation?
• Evidence of Systematic Errors in $Spitzer$ Microlens Parallax Measurements
• Transient Weak-Lensing by Cosmological Dark Matter Microhaloes
• A Common Origin of Neutralino Stars and Supermassive Black Holes
• Dissipative Dark Cosmology: From Early Matter Dominance to Delayed Compact Objects
• Unlocking the secrets of stellar haloes using combined star counts and surface photometry
• Predicting the Second Caustic Crossing in Binary Microlensing Events
• Searching for MACHOs in Galaxy Clusters
• MACHOs in dark matter haloes
• Influence of early dark matter halos on the primordial black holes merger rate
• Influence of magnification threshold on pixel lensing optical depth, event rate and time scale distributions towards M31
• Detection of M31 Binaries via High-Cadence Pixel-Lensing Surveys
• Are there MACHOs in the Milky Way halo?
• Dynamical limits on galactic winds, halo machos and intergalactic globular clusters
• Effect of a High-Precision Semi-Analytical Mass Function on the Merger Rate of Primordial Black Holes in Dark Matter Halos
• Lensing Effects on Gravitational Waves in a Clumpy Universe -Effects of Inhomogeneity on the Distance-Redshift Relation-
• The contribution of red dwarfs and white dwarfs to the halo dark matter
• On the detectability of a predicted mesolensing event associated with the high proper motion star VB 10
• The History of Primordial Black Holes
• Microlensing optical depth, event rate, and limits on compact objects in dark matter based on 20 yr of OGLE observations of the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Theory and practice of microlensing lightcurves around fold singularities
• Statistical Interpretation of LMC Microlensing Candidates
• Microlensing by the Halo MACHOs with Spatially Varying Mass Function
• CMB as a possible new tool to study the dark baryons in galaxies
• Millimagnitude Optical Photometry for the Transiting Planetary Candidate OGLE-TR-109
• Extending Gibbons-Werner method to bound orbits of massive particles
• Axion star condensation around primordial black holes and microlensing limits
• Primordial Black Hole-Neutron Star Merger Rate in Modified Gravity
• Detecting compact dark matter in galaxy clusters via gravitational microlensing: A2218 & A370
• On the Possibility of Stellar Lenses in the Black Hole Candidate Microlensing Events MACHO-96-BLG-5 and MACHO-98-BLG-6
• Probing Bosonic Stars with Atomic Clocks
• The observational legacy of preon stars - probing new physics beyond the LHC
• Reionization Constraints on the Contribution of Primordial Compact Objects to Dark Matter
• High-redshift microlensing and the spatial distribution of dark matter in the form of MACHOs
• Searching for Galactic hidden gas through interstellar scintillation: Results from a test with the NTT-SOFI detector
• A Novel, Fully Automated Pipeline for Period Estimation in the EROS 2 Data Set
• Empirical constraints on alternative gravity theories from gravitational lensing
• Proper Motion Objects in the Hubble Deep Field
• Removing the Microlensing Blending-Parallax Degeneracy Using Source Variability
• M31 Pixel Lensing PLAN Campaign: MACHO Lensing and Self Lensing Signals
• The Magellanic Stream in Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• Variability and stellar populations with deep optical-IR images of the Milky Way disk: matching VVV with VLT/VIMOS data
• The MEMO project: Combining all microlensing surveys to search for intermediate-mass Galactic black holes
• Finite source effect on the polarization degree induced by a single microlens
• Power spectrum of density fluctuations, halo abundances and clustering with primordial black holes
• Detecting Dark Compact Objects in Gaia DR4: A Data Analysis Pipeline for Transient Astrometric Lensing Searches
• Resolving the Image of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows with Gravitational Microlensing
• Hunting gravitational wave black holes with microlensing
• The glow of primordial remnants
• Microlensing signature of a white dwarf population in the galactic halo
• Gravitomagnetic corrections to the lensing deflection angle for spiral galaxy models
• Solution of the dark matter riddle within standard model physics: From black holes, galaxies and clusters to cosmology
• Identification of the Microlens in Event MACHO-LMC-20
• Gravitational Microlensing of Gamma Ray Bursts at Medium Optical Depth
• The DECam Minute Cadence Survey I
• Weakly interacting massive particle cross section limits from LOFAR observations of dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• Constraining the vertical structure of the Milky Way rotation by microlensing in a finite-width global disk model
• Implications of the BOOMERANG and MAXIMA-I results for the Baryon Mass Fraction in Clusters of galaxies
• Cosmological Implications and Physical Properties of an X-Ray Flux-Limited Sample of Galaxy Clusters
• Strange quark matter as dark matter: 40 years later, a reappraisal
• Beasts in Lambda-CDM Zoo
• Photometric constraints on white dwarfs and the identification of extreme objects
• The contribution of Oxygen-Neon white dwarfs to the MACHO content of the Galactic Halo
• The Galactic Halo from Microlensing
• Origin of the Chemical Elements
• 60 Microlensing Events from the Three Years of Zwicky Transient Facility Phase One
• Exoplanetary Microlensing
• Microlensing of Circumstellar Disks
• Primordial black-hole formation and heavy r-process element synthesis from the cosmological QCD transition. Two aspects of an inhomogeneous early Universe
• Ground-based variability surveys towards Centaurus A: worthwhile or not?
• Compact Binary Merger Rate with Modified Gravity in Dark-Matter Spikes
• Constraining Galactic Models Through Parallax and Astrometry of Microlensing Events
• Can LISA Resolve Distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud?
• HST Imaging of MEGA Microlensing Candidates in M31
• From (p)reheating to nucleosynthesis
• A critical analysis of the recent OGLE limits on stellar mass primordial black holes in the halo of the Milky Way
• Are the red halos of galaxies made of low-mass stars? Constraints from subdwarf star counts in the Milky Way halo
• Simulation of a strategy for the pixel lensing of M87 using the Hubble Space Telescope
• On the Origin and Nature of Dark Matter
• Fitting Photometry of Blended Microlensing Events
• Evidence for microlensing by primordial black holes in quasar broad emission lines
• Detecting unresolved moving sources in a diffuse background
• Online classification for time-domain astronomy
• Number and Entropy of Halo Black Holes
• Bose-Einstein Condensate Dark Matter Halos confronted with galactic rotation curves
• Gravitational Microlensing Event Statistics for the Zwicky Transient Facility
• Early formed astrophysical objects and cosmological antimatter
• Detecting sublunar-mass primordial black holes with the Earth-Moon binary system
• Using Optical and Near-IR Photometry to Test MACHO Lens Candidates
• Deep census of variable stars in a VLT/VIMOS field in Carina
• Static spherically symmetric solutions of Einstein field equations with radial dark matter
• Non-radially pulsating stars as microlensing sources
• Microlensing of dark matter models in the Milky Way
• Disentangling the potential dark matter origin of LIGO's black holes
• Modified Dark Matter in Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters
• The Dark Side of the Universe
• Classical Cepheids, what else?
• Millinovae: A New Class of Transient Supersoft X-ray Sources without a Classical Nova Eruption
• Do micro brown dwarf detections explain the galactic dark matter?
• Optical Microlensing by Primordial Black Holes with IACTs
• Testing merging of Dark Exotic Stars from Gravitational Waves in the Multi-messenger approach
• A Model of Dark Matter and Energy
• Fundamental properties of the dark and the luminous matter from Low Surface Brightness discs
• Entropy of the Universe and Hierarchical Dark Matter
• White dwarfs with hydrogen-deficient atmospheres and the dark matter content of the Galaxy
• Possible galactic sources of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays and a strategy for their detection via gravitational lensing
• Looking for Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
• Constraints on Galaxy Structure and Evolution from the Light of Nearby Systems
• Model for common growth of supermassive black holes, bulges and globular star clusters: ripping off Jeans clusters
• Composite dark matter and direct-search experiments
• Confirmation of the Stellar Binary Microlensing Event, Macho 97-BLG-28
• Constraining the Location of Microlensing Objects towards the LMC through Parallax Measurement in EAGLE Observations
• Do the Herschel cold clouds in the Galactic halo embody its dark matter?
• Probing MACHOs Toward the Galactic Bulge
• Moving Objects in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• Post Main Sequence Orbital Circularization of Binary Stars in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds
• Cosmological nanolensing by dense gas clouds
• Elliptical (E) and ellicular (ES) galaxies in the M_bh-M_*,sph diagram, and a merger-driven explanation for the origin of ES galaxies, anti-truncated stellar discs in lenticular galaxies, and the Sersicification of E galaxy light profiles
• Astrophysical black holes
• Detecting Sub-lunar Mass Compact Objects toward the Local Group Galaxies
• The Brown Dwarf Mass Function from Pixel Microlensing
• Leveraging pre-trained vision Transformers for multi-band photometric light curve classification
• The Role of Strangeness in Astrophysics - an Odyssey through Strange Phases
• Uncertainty estimation for time series classification: Exploring predictive uncertainty in transformer-based models for variable stars
• Microlensing towards the LMC revisited by adopting a non-Gaussian velocity distribution for the sources
• EROS/MACHO Gravitational Microlensing Events Toward LMC in Evans Halo Model
• Probing the equation of state of neutron stars with captured primordial black holes
• Pixel lensing observations towards globular clusters
• GRAPE: Genetic Routine for Astronomical Period Estimation
• Photometric Properties of White Dwarf Dominated Halos
• Measuring Limb Darkening of Stars in high magnification Microlensing Events by the Finite Element Method
• Detecting dark objects with plasma microlensing by their gravitational wakes
• Hierarchical searches for subsolar-mass binaries and the third-generation gravitational wave detector era
• MSSM WIMPs-nucleon cross section for E${}_{\chi }<$ 500 GeV
• Microlensing Surveys of M31 in the Wide Field Imaging Era
• New Models for a Triaxial Milky Way Spheroid and Effect on the Microlensing Optical Depth to the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Constraining the environment of compact binary mergers with self-lensing signatures
• Luminosity limits on white dwarfs in a Galactic shroud
• Red Halos of Galaxies - Reservoirs of Baryonic Dark Matter?
• Modelling Gaia photometry signals of dark halos
• Angular Momentum of Dark Matter Black Holes
• Self-gravitating quantum stars with a globally relevant Bohm potential
• The VLT-FLAMES survey of massive stars. NGC2004#115: A triple system hosting a possible short period B+BH binary
• Desperately Seeking Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
• Gravitational lensing by point masses on regular grid points
• Theory of Dark Matter
• Astrometric Detection of Double Gravitational Microlensing Events
• An analytical model of surface mass densities of cold dark matter haloes - with an application to MACHO microlensing optical depths
• Scalar neutrino dark matter in BLMSSM
• Microlensing in phase space II: Correlations analysis
• Limits in late time conversion of cold dark matter into dark radiation
• Hawking--Unruh Radiation from the relics of the cosmic quark hadron phase transition
• Microlensing towards the Magellanic Clouds and M31: is the quest for MACHOs still open?
• The Dark Dimension, the Swampland, and the Dark Matter Fraction Composed of Primordial Black Holes
• Ultralight Axions Versus Primordial Black Holes
• Primordial Black Holes Formation Beyond the Standard Cosmic QCD Transition
• The Near-Infrared Sky Surveyor
• Maximum PBH Mass and Primordiality
• Primordial Intermediate Mass Black Holes as Dark Matter
• Primordial Black Hole Triggered Type Ia Supernovae II: Comparison with Supernova Remnants and Galactic Chemical Evolution
• Dust stars in the minimal exponential measure model
• Microlensing and Variability in the Bulge of M31
• MACHO 311.37557.169: A VY Scl star
• In-depth analysis of the clustering of dark matter particles around primordial black holes. Part III: CMB constraints
• From dense-dilute duality to self duality in high energy evolution
• The inverse problem in microlensing: from the optical depth to the galaxy models parameters
• Gravitational microlensing constraints on primordial black holes by Euclid
• Gravitational lensing of pulsars as a probe of dark matter halos
• NGC 2004 #115: a black hole imposter containing three luminous stars
• EROS light curve data base
• Dark Matter Gravity Waves at LIGO and LISA
• Remarks on Dark Matter Constituents with Many Solar Masses
• A partially occulting MACHO-microlensing event in the Twin Quasar Q0957+561
• Swampland Conjectures and Cosmological Expansion
• The Dark Side of the Moon: Listening to Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves
• Gravitational Microlensing Rates in Milky Way Globular Clusters
• Relics of Cosmic Quark- Hadron Phase Transition and Massive Compact Halo Objects
• Primordial black holes capture by stars and induced collapse to low-mass stellar black holes
• Has LIGO Detected Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter? -- Tidal Disruption in Binary Black Hole Formation
• Excess of substructure due to primordial black holes
• Angular Radii of Stars via Microlensing