Roadmap on Nanoscale Magnetic Resonance Imaging
arXiv:2312.08841 · doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ad4b23
Abstract
The field of nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (NanoMRI) was started 30 years ago. It was motivated by the desire to image single molecules and molecular assemblies, such as proteins and virus particles, with near-atomic spatial resolution and on a length scale of 100 nm. Over the years, the NanoMRI field has also expanded to include the goal of useful high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of molecules under ambient conditions, including samples up to the micron-scale. The realization of these goals requires the development of spin detection techniques that are many orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional NMR and MRI, capable of detecting and controlling nanoscale ensembles of spins. Over the years, a number of different technical approaches to NanoMRI have emerged, each possessing a distinct set of capabilities for basic and applied areas of science. The goal of this roadmap article is to report the current state of the art in NanoMRI technologies, outline the areas where they are poised to have impact, identify the challenges that lie ahead, and propose methods to meet these challenges. This roadmap also shows how developments in NanoMRI techniques can lead to breakthroughs in emerging quantum science and technology applications.
References in corpus (168)
- Cavity Optomechanics
- Quantum sensing
- High-sensitivity diamond magnetometer with nanoscale resolution
- Dynamical Decoupling of Open Quantum Systems
- Experimental long-lived entanglement of two macroscopic objects
- A robust, scanning quantum system for nanoscale sensing and imaging
- High-fidelity projective readout of a solid-state spin quantum register
- Probing condensed matter physics with magnetometry based on nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond
- Remote quantum entanglement between two micromechanical oscillators
- Entangled massive mechanical oscillators
- Probing magnetism in 2D materials at the nanoscale with single spin microscopy
- A 10-qubit solid-state spin register with quantum memory up to one minute
- High Resolution Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Using Solid-State Spins
- A hybrid on-chip opto-nanomechanical transducer for ultra-sensitive force measurements
- Quantum noise limited and entanglement-assisted magnetometry
- Reading and Writing Single-Atom Magnets
- Measurement-based quantum control of mechanical motion
- Nanoscale magnetic imaging of a single electron spin under ambient conditions
- Large-scale integration of near-indistinguishable artificial atoms in hybrid photonic circuits
- Ultra-coherent nanomechanical resonators via soft clamping and dissipation dilution
- Ultrasensitive force detection with a nanotube mechanical resonator
- Sub-millihertz magnetic spectroscopy with a nanoscale quantum sensor
- Optically addressable molecular spins for quantum information processing
- Detection and control of individual nuclear spins using a weakly coupled electron spin
- Dynamical decoupling noise spectroscopy
- High sensitivity magnetic imaging using an array of spins in diamond
- Atomic-scale imaging of a 27-nuclear-spin cluster using a single-spin quantum sensor
- Engineering shallow spins in diamond with nitrogen delta-doping
- Towards a large-scale quantum simulator on diamond surface at room temperature
- Phononic bandgap nano-acoustic cavity with ultralong phonon lifetime
- Sub-nanometer resolution in three-dimensional magnetic-resonance imaging of individual dark spins
- Quenching Spin Decoherence in Diamond through Spin Bath Polarization
- Mechanical spin control of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
- Damping of Nanomechanical Resonators
- Efficient readout of a single spin state in diamond via spin-to-charge conversion
- Nanotube mechanical resonators with quality factors of up to 5 million
- Scanned probe imaging of nanoscale magnetism at cryogenic temperatures with a single-spin quantum sensor
- Reinforcement Learning with Neural Networks for Quantum Feedback
- Quantum back action evading measurement of motion in a negative mass reference frame
- Probing surface noise with depth-calibrated spins in diamond
- Detecting and polarizing nuclear spins with double resonance on a single electron spin
- Origins of diamond surface noise probed by correlating single spin measurements with surface spectroscopy
- Hamiltonian Learning and Certification Using Quantum Resources
- Robust dynamical decoupling with concatenated continuous driving
- Sensing distant nuclear spins with a single electron spin
- Reaching the quantum limit of sensitivity in electron spin resonance
- An integrated nanophotonic quantum register based on silicon-vacancy spins in diamond
- Observation of a many-body-localized discrete time crystal with a programmable spin-based quantum simulator
- Nuclear spin pair coherence in diamond for atomic scale magnetometry
- Establishing EPR-channels between Nanomechanics and Atomic Ensembles
- Dynamical decoupling sequence construction as a filter-design problem
- CMOS-Integrated Diamond Nitrogen-Vacancy Quantum Sensor
- Optimized quantum sensing with a single electron spin using real-time adaptive measurements
- Controlling spin relaxation with a cavity
- Fabrication of all diamond scanning probes for nanoscale magnetometry
- Identifying and mitigating charge instabilities in shallow diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers
- Diamond magnetometer enhanced by ferrite flux concentrators
- Learning Quantum Systems
- Evading quantum mechanics
- Force-detected nuclear magnetic resonance: Recent advances and future challenges
- All-optical control of a solid-state spin using coherent dark states
- Ultralong Dephasing Times in Solid-State Spin Ensembles via Quantum Control
- Engineering the eigenstates of coupled spin-1/2 atoms on a surface
- Fourier Magnetic Imaging with Nanoscale Resolution and Compressed Sensing Speed-up using Electronic Spins in Diamond
- Nanoscale electrical conductivity imaging using a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond
- Scanning probe microscopy with chemical contrast by nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance
- Universal Vectorial and Ultrasensitive Nanomechanical Force Field Sensor
- Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with a microfluidic diamond quantum sensor
- Quantum Metrology with Strongly Interacting Spin Systems
- Robust Dynamic Hamiltonian Engineering of Many-Body Spin Systems
- Entanglement between Distant Macroscopic Mechanical and Spin Systems
- Two-mode back-action-evading measurements in cavity optomechanics
- Technical Review: Imaging weak magnetic field patterns on the nanometer-scale and its application to 2D materials
- Electron Spin Resonance at the Level of 10000 Spins Using Low Impedance Superconducting Resonators
- Detecting itinerant microwave photons with engineered non-linear dissipation
- Vectorial scanning force microscopy using a nanowire sensor
- Phononic band structure engineering for high-Q gigahertz surface acoustic wave resonators on lithium niobate
- Diamond surface engineering for molecular sensing with nitrogen-vacancy centers
- Efficient Extraction of Light from a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in a Diamond Parabolic Reflector
- Ferromagnetic resonance force spectroscopy of individual sub-micron size samples
- Single electron-spin-resonance detection by microwave photon counting
- Enhanced quantum coherence in exchange coupled spins via singlet-triplet transitions
- Inductive-detection electron-spin resonance spectroscopy with spins sensitivity
- High-resolution spectroscopy of single nuclear spins via sequential weak measurements
- Nanomechanical detection of nuclear magnetic resonance using a silicon nanowire oscillator
- Bidimensional nano-optomechanics and topological backaction in a non-conservative radiation force field
- Hyperpolarization-enhanced NMR spectroscopy with femtomole sensitivity using quantum defects in diamond
- Light-mediated strong coupling between a mechanical oscillator and atomic spins one meter apart
- Robust Dynamical Decoupling Sequences for Individual Nuclear Spin Addressing
- Detecting External Electron Spins Using Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Single Atoms
- Magnetic resonance with squeezed microwaves
- Atomic-scale nuclear spin imaging using quantum-assisted sensors in diamond
- Fast, low-power manipulation of spin ensembles in superconducting microresonators
- Composite-pulse magnetometry with a solid-state quantum sensor
- Biocompatible surface functionalization architecture for a diamond quantum sensor
- Overcoming the SQL in gravitational wave detectors using spin systems with negative effective mass
- Membrane-based scanning force microscopy
- Longitudinal and transverse electron paramagnetic resonance in a scanning tunneling microscope
- Learning models of quantum systems from experiments
- Harnessing the Quantum Behavior of Spins on Surfaces
- High-frequency and high-field optically detected magnetic resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
- Long Spin Coherence Times of Nitrogen Vacancy Centres in Milled Nanodiamonds
- Micron-scale SABRE-enhanced NV-NMR Spectroscopy
- Spin detection with a micromechanical trampoline: Towards magnetic resonance microscopy harnessing cavity optomechanics
- Quantifying the interplay between fine structure and geometry of an individual molecule on a surface
- Magnetic resonance studies of the fundamental spin-wave modes in individual submicron Cu/NiFe/Cu perpendicularly magnetized disks
- Trajectories without quantum uncertainties
- Spatially Resolving Electron Spin Resonance of -Radical in Single-molecule Magnet
- Neural-Network Heuristics for Adaptive Bayesian Quantum Estimation
- Nanoladder cantilevers made from diamond and silicon
- Microwave-assisted cross-polarization of nuclear spin ensembles from optically-pumped nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
- Electron Spin Resonance spectroscopy with femtoliter detection volume
- Magnetic-field-learning using a single electronic spin in diamond with one-photon-readout at room temperature
- Ultrasensitive mechanical detection of magnetic moment using a commercial disk drive write head
- Force sensing with nanowire cantilevers
- Electron paramagnetic resonance of alkali metal atoms and dimers on ultrathin MgO
- A cotunneling mechanism for all-electrical Electron Spin Resonance of single adsorbed atoms
- Positioning Nuclear Spins in Interacting Clusters for Quantum Technologies and Bio-imaging
- Gravitational wave detection beyond the standard quantum limit using a negative-mass spin system and virtual rigidity
- Back-action-free quantum optomechanics with negative-mass Bose-Einstein condensates
- Quantum Interpolation for High Resolution Sensing
- Resolving single molecule structures with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
- High-Field Magnetometry with Hyperpolarized Nuclear Spins
- Single Nitrogen-Vacancy-NMR of Amine-Functionalized Diamond Surfaces
- Coherence protection and decay mechanism in qubit ensembles under concatenated continuous driving
- Magnetic force sensing using a self-assembled nanowire
- Tuning high-Q superconducting resonators by magnetic field reorientation
- Engineering Effective Hamiltonians
- Robust and efficient control of spin probes in a complex (biological) environment. Towards sensing of fast temperature fluctuations
- High-Resolution Nanoscale Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Electric Control of Spin Transitions at the Atomic Scale
- Hyperpolarisation of external nuclear spins using nitrogen-vacancy centre ensembles
- A theoretical review on the single-impurity electron spin resonance on surfaces
- Electron-electron double resonance detected NMR spectroscopy using ensemble NV centers at 230 GHz and 8.3 Tesla
- Nanowire magnetic force sensors fabricated by focused electron beam induced deposition
- Low temperature photo-physics of single NV centers in diamond
- Deep learning enhanced individual nuclear-spin detection
- Anisotropic hyperfine interaction of surface-adsorbed single atoms
- (111)-oriented, single crystal diamond tips for nanoscale scanning probe imaging of out-of-plane magnetic fields
- Parallel detection and spatial mapping of large nuclear spin clusters
- Damping of Confined Modes in a Ferromagnetic Thin Insulating Film: Angular Momentum Transfer Across a Nanoscale Field-defined Interface
- Spin detection via parametric frequency conversion in a membrane resonator
- Scanning nitrogen-vacancy center magnetometry in large in-plane magnetic fields
- Radiative cooling of a spin ensemble
- Noncontact dissipation reveals critical central peak in SrTiO3
- Ultra-low dissipation patterned silicon nanowire arrays for scanning probe microscopy
- Two-dimensional spin systems in PECVD-grown diamond with tunable density and long coherence for enhanced quantum sensing and simulation
- Nano-NMR based flow meter
- Nuclear Quantum-Assisted Magnetometer
- Spatially resolved surface dissipation over metal and dielectric substrates
- Many-body non-equilibrium effects in all-electric electron spin resonance
- Experimental Determination of a Single Atom Ground State Orbital through Hyperfine Anisotropy
- Magnetic Resonance Force Detection using a Membrane Resonator
- High temperature annealing enhanced diamond 13C hyperpolarization at room temperature
- Enhancing Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy in Garnet Ferrimagnet by Interfacing with Few-Layer WTe2
- Using metal-organic frameworks to confine liquid samples for nanoscale NV-NMR
- Achieving the ultimate precision limit in quantum NMR spectroscopy
- Demonstration of NV-detected C NMR at 4.2 T
- Long-lived coherence in driven spin systems: from two to infinite spatial dimensions
- Spatially-resolved decoherence of donor spins in silicon strained by a metallic electrode
- Numerical Engineering of Robust Adiabatic Operations
- Force-detected Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Influenza Viruses in the Overcoupled Sensor Regime
- Spin orbit torque nano-oscillators by dipole field-localized spin wave modes
- Force-detected Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- Trajectories without quantum uncertainties in composite systems with disparate energy spectra
- Mapping single electron spins with magnetic tomography
- A silicon qubit platform for in situ single molecule structure determination
Cited by in corpus (10)
- Enhancing Membrane-Based Scanning Force Microscopy Through an Optical Cavity
- Improved Electron-Nuclear Quantum Gates for Spin Sensing and Control
- Nanoscale magnets embedded in a microstrip
- Pulsed magnetic field gradient on a tip for nanoscale imaging of spins
- Temperature mediated back-action in micro- and nanomechanical resonators
- On-Chip Frequency Noise Cancellation in Nanomechanical Resonators using Cavity Optomechanics
- Trans-dimensional Hamiltonian model selection and parameter estimation from sparse, noisy data
- Differential Magnetic Force Microscopy with a Switchable Tip
- Nanoscale magnetometry of a synthetic three-dimensional spin texture
- Efficient creation of shallow NV ensembles by high-angle ion implantation