Nanoscale electrical conductivity imaging using a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond

Abstract

The electrical conductivity of a material can feature subtle, nontrivial, and spatially-varying signatures with critical insight into the material's underlying physics. Here we demonstrate a conductivity imaging technique based on the atom-sized nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond that offers local, quantitative, and noninvasive conductivity imaging with nanoscale spatial resolution. We monitor the spin relaxation rate of a single NV center in a scanning probe geometry to quantitatively image the magnetic fluctuations produced by thermal electron motion in nanopatterned metallic conductors. We achieve 40-nm scale spatial resolution of the conductivity and realize a 25-fold increase in imaging speed by implementing spin-to-charge conversion readout of a shallow NV center. NV-based conductivity imaging can probe condensed-matter systems in a new regime, and as a model example, we project readily achievable imaging of nanoscale phase separation in complex oxides.

arXiv commentSupplementary information at end

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Cited by in corpus (64)

• Sensitivity Optimization for NV-Diamond Magnetometry
• Identifying and mitigating charge instabilities in shallow diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers
• Spin Readout Techniques of the Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in Diamond
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• Imaging non-collinear antiferromagnetic textures via single spin relaxometry
• Chirality as Generalized Spin-Orbit Interaction in Spintronics
• NV${}^{-}$ Diamond Laser
• Applications and Techniques for Fast Machine Learning in Science
• Observation of current whirlpools in graphene at room temperature
• Optically Enhanced Electric Field Sensing Using Nitrogen-Vacancy Ensembles
• Extending the Quantum Coherence of a Near-Surface Qubit by Coherently Driving the Paramagnetic Surface Environment
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• Optimized Planar Microwave Antenna for Nitrogen Vacancy Center based Sensing Applications
• Imaging graphene field-effect transistors on diamond using nitrogen-vacancy microscopy
• Collective effects in Casimir-Polder forces
• Observation of stacking engineered magnetic phase transitions within moiré supercells of twisted van der Waals magnets
• Improved quantum sensing with a single solid-state spin via spin-to-charge conversion
• Focus the electromagnetic field to $10^{-6}\lambda$ for ultra-high enhancement of field-matter interaction
• Sensing chiral magnetic noise via quantum impurity relaxometry
• Imaging ferroelectric domains with a single-spin scanning quantum sensor
• Quantitative study of the response of a single NV defect in diamond to magnetic noise
• Temperature-dependence of T1 spin relaxation of single NV centers in nanodiamonds
• Roadmap on Nanoscale Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Scanning nitrogen-vacancy center magnetometry in large in-plane magnetic fields
• Spin dynamics of a solid-state qubit in proximity to a superconductor
• Apparent delocalisation of the current flow in metallic wires observed with diamond nitrogen-vacancy magnetometry
• Robust Magnetometry with Single NV Centers via Two-step Optimization
• Unified characterization for higher-order topological phase transitions
• Probing the Quantum Noise of the Spinon Fermi Surface with NV Centers
• The universal shear conductivity of Fermi liquids and spinon Fermi surface states and its detection via spin qubit noise magnetometry
• Super-resolution diamond magnetic microscopy of superparamagnetic nanoparticles
• All-optical quantum sensing of rotational Brownian motion of magnetic molecules
• Fast relaxation on qutrit transitions of nitrogen-vacancy centers in nanodiamonds
• Nitrogen-Vacancy Magnetic Relaxometry of Nanoclustered Cytochrome C Proteins
• Programmable Quantum Processors based on Spin Qubits with Mechanically-Mediated Interactions and Transport
• Proposal to detect emergent gauge field and its Meissner effect in spin liquids using NV Centers
• Quantum magnetometry of transient signals with a time resolution of 1.1 nanoseconds
• Magnetic noise from ultra-thin abrasively deposited materials on diamond
• Spontaneous symmetry-breaking at surfaces of $d$-wave superconductors: influence of geometry and surface ruggedness
• Theory of spin center sensing of diffusion
• Interplay between charge and spin noise in the near-surface theory of decoherence and relaxation of $C_{3v}$ symmetry qutrit spin-1 centers
• Unveiling Higher-Order Topology via Polarized Topological Charges
• Computational Electromagnetics Meets Spin Qubits: Controlling Noise Effects in Quantum Sensing and Computing
• Room temperature relaxometry of single nitrogen-vacancy centers in proximity to $\alpha$-RuCl${}_3$ nanoflakes
• Enhancement of spin-to-charge conversion of diamond NV centers at ambient conditions using surface electrodes
• Flavors of Magnetic Noise in Quantum Materials
• Magnetic Noise from Metal Objects near Qubit Arrays
• Probing NV and SiV charge state dynamics using high-voltage nanosecond pulse and photoluminescence spectral analysis
• A Fully-integrated Diamond Nitrogen-Vacancy Magnetometer with Nanotesla Sensitivity
• Widefield quantum microscopy with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond: strengths, limitations, and prospects
• Flux channeling induced nano-confinement and enhancement of microwaves imaged by Rabi oscillation mapping
• Detection of the phase shift of an alternating-current magnetic field by quantum sensing with multiple-pulse decoupling sequences
• Visualizing dissipative charge carrier dynamics at the nanoscale with superconducting charge qubit microscopy
• Wideband covariance magnetometry below the diffraction limit
• Spin-lattice relaxation of NV centers in nanodiamonds adsorbed on conducting and non-conducting surfaces
• Quantum simulation of spin-1/2 XYZ model using solid-state spin centers
• High-Resolution Atomic Magnetometer-Based Imaging of Integrated Circuits and Batteries
• Intrinsic and induced quantum quenches for enhancing qubit-based quantum noise spectroscopy
• Large Numbers, the Chinese Remainder Theorem, and the Circle of Fifths
• Real-Time Charge Initialization of Diamond Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers for Enhanced Spin Readout
• Spin-qubit Noise Spectroscopy of Magnetic Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless Physics
• Electrostatic transfer of sub-micron magnetic particles onto cantilevers using a focused ion beam system
• Van der Waals Antiferromagnets: From Early Discoveries to Future Directions in the 2D Limit