Quantum repeaters: From quantum networks to the quantum internet
arXiv:2212.10820 · doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.95.045006
Abstract
A quantum internet is the holy grail of quantum information processing, enabling the deployment of a broad range of quantum technologies and protocols on a global scale. However, numerous challenges exist before the quantum internet can become a reality. Perhaps the most crucial of these is the realization of a quantum repeater, an essential component in the long-distance transmission of quantum information. As the analog of a classical repeater, extender, or booster, the quantum repeater works to overcome loss and noise in the quantum channels comprising a quantum network. Here, we review the conceptual frameworks and architectures for quantum repeaters, as well as the experimental progress towards their realization. We also discuss the various near-term proposals to overcome the limits to the communication rates set by point-to-point quantum communication. Finally, we overview how quantum repeaters fit within the broader challenge of designing and implementing a quantum internet.
arXiv comment75 pages, 23 figures
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- Design principles for >90% efficiency and >99% indistinguishability broadband quantum dot cavities
- Statistical analysis of Multipath Entanglement Purification in Quantum Networks
- Perspectives on epitaxial InGaP for quantum and nonlinear optics
- Distributed Symmetric Key Establishment: a Scalable Quantum-Safe Key Distribution Protocol
- Low-noise Optomechanical Single Phonon-photon Conversion for Quantum Networks
- Feedback-enhanced distant entanglement of magnon and phonon modes with atomic ensembles in coupled cavities
- Teleportation fidelity of quantum repeater networks
- Evaluating Variational Quantum Circuit Architectures for Distributed Quantum Computing
- Atom-mediated deterministic generation and stitching of photonic graph states
- Measurement-Based Entanglement Distillation and Constant-Rate Quantum Repeaters over Arbitrary Distances
- Interference in Quantum Mechanics
- Experimentally validated quantum-secure federated learning over a multi-user quantum network
- Two-photon interference between mutually-detuned resonance fluorescence signals scattered off a semiconductor quantum dot
- Efficient Pumping of Spectral Holes in a Tm: YAG Crystal for Broadband Quantum Optical Storage
- Feasibility of Logical Bell State Generation in Memory Assisted Quantum Networks
- Space-time Peer-to-Peer Distribution of Multi-party Entanglement for Any Quantum Network
- Quantum Advantage in Distributed Sensing with Noisy Quantum Networks
- Establishing Quantum-Secured Channels in Large-Scale Optical Networks
- Surrogate-guided optimization in quantum networks
- Exploiting Spatial Diversity in Earth-to-Satellite Quantum-Classical Communications
- Provable Optimality of the Square-Tooth Atomic Frequency Comb Quantum Memory
- Engineering of maximally entangled orbital angular momentum states via path identity
- Multiplexed Quantum Communication with Surface and Hypergraph Product Codes
- Hybrid satellite-fiber quantum network
- Boosting end-to-end entanglement fidelity in quantum repeater networks via hybridized strategies
- Memory-corrected quantum repeaters with adaptive syndrome identification
- Entanglement distribution via satellite: an evaluation of competing protocols assuming realistic free-space optical channels
- Efficient Generation of Multi-partite Entanglement between Non-local Superconducting Qubits using Classical Feedback
- On-Demand Microwave Single-Photon Source Based on Tantalum Thin Film
- Emulation of satellite up-link quantum communication with entangled photons
- Bayesian Optimization for Repeater Protocols
- Utility of noiseless linear amplification and attenuation in single-rail discrete-variable quantum communications
- Exploration of Design Alternatives for Reducing Idle Time in Shor's Algorithm: A Study on Monolithic and Distributed Quantum Systems
- A Hybrid Approach to Mitigate Errors in Linear Photonic Bell-State Measurement for Quantum Interconnects
- Light Storage in Light Cages: A Scalable Platform for Multiplexed Quantum Memories
- Highly integrated broadband entropy source for quantum random number generators based on vacuum fluctuations
- Self-Aligned Heterogeneous Quantum Photonic Integration
- Swapping of quantum correlations and the role of local filtering operations
- Interference between distinguishable photons
- Quantum interference with time-frequency modes and multiple-photons generated by a silicon nitride microresonator
- Continuous-Variable Multiplexed Quantum Repeater Networks
- Realistic Threat Models for Fiber and Free-Space Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution
- BIFROST: A First-Principles Model of Polarization Mode Dispersion in Optical Fiber
- Efficient Quantum Repeater with Single Atoms in Cavities
- Recovery of resources through sequential noisy measurements
- Hybrid classical-quantum communication networks
- Quantum Perspective on Digital Money: Towards a Quantum-Powered Financial System
- A resource- and computationally-efficient protocol for multipartite entanglement distribution in Bell-pair networks
- Entanglement boosting: Low-volume logical Bell pair preparation for distributed fault-tolerant quantum computation
- Quantum Neural Network Training of a Repeater Node
- Safeguarding Oscillators and Qudits with Distributed Two-Mode Squeezing
- Designing a compact cavity-enhanced source of entangled photons
- A global quantum network with ground-based single-atom memories in optical cavities and satellite links
- Selective Preparation of Collective States in Coupled Quantum Emitters Using the SUPER Excitation Scheme
- Channel-selective frequency up-conversion for frequency-multiplexed quantum network
- Optimising entanglement distribution policies under classical communication constraints assisted by reinforcement learning
- High-rate qutrit entanglement swapping with photon-number-basis
- Continuous variable quantum key distribution channel emulator for the SPOQC mission
- Routing Entanglement in Complex Quantum Networks Using GHZ States
- Entanglement concentration via measurement:- role of imaginarity
- Integrating Entanglement Purification into All-Photonic Quantum Repeaters
- Dynamic Entanglement Packet Scheduling for Quantum Networks
- Fidelity and efficiency analysis for heralded entanglement swapping in lossy channels: linear and nonlinear optical approaches
- Quantum state transfer and maximal entanglement between distant qubits using a minimal quasicrystal pump
- Local-available quantum correlation swapping in one-parameter X states
- Passive quantum interconnects: multiplexed remote entanglement generation with cavity-assisted photon scattering
- Photonic quantum information with time-bins: Principles and applications
- Dephasing-Induced Distribution of Entanglement in Tripartite Quantum Systems
- Phase-correlation-free quantum key distribution source operating at gigahertz rates
- Nonlocality in Continuous-Variable Quantum Networks
- Topology-Dependent Enhancement of Entanglement Extraction in Repeater Graph States
- Towards a Quantum-classical Augmented Network
- Capacity-Achieving Entanglement Purification Protocol for Pauli Dephasing Channel
- Telecom-Integrated Photonic Memory Operating Near the Mechanical Ground State
- Scalable quantum interference in integrated lithium niobate nanophotonics
- Entangling Quantum Memories at Channel Capacity
- Toward quantum interconnects featuring nanometer-to-picometer bandwidth compression and THz-range quantum frequency conversion
- General many-body entanglement swapping protocol: opportunities for distributed quantum computing
- Quantum-Aware Network Planning and Integration
- Noncooperative Quantum Networks
- Entanglement distribution in quantum networks via swapping of partially entangled pure states
- Measurement-based quantum computation utilizing the graph states of Bose-Einstein condensates and continuous variables
- Exploration of Evolving Quantum Key Distribution Network Architecture Using Model-Based Systems Engineering
- Quantum repeaters enhanced by vacuum beam guides
- Entanglement distribution modeling with quantum memories in a global and local clock system
- One-Way Quantum Repeater with Rare-Earth-Ions Doped in Solids
- Hierarchical Generation and Design of Tree-Codes for Resource-Efficient Loss-Tolerant Quantum Communications
- Software Framework for Optically Accessible Quantum Memory Using Group-IV Color Centers in Diamond
- Ultra-high-rate detection of entangled photon pairs
- Directional quantum scattering transducer in cooperative Rydberg metasurfaces
- Quantitative and Optimal Device-Independent Lower Bounds on Detection Efficiency
- Simulation of entanglement based quantum networks for performance characterization
- RELiQ: Scalable Entanglement Routing via Reinforcement Learning in Quantum Networks
- Spin-photon Qubits for Scalable Quantum Network
- Multipath entanglement purification strategies for quantum networks
- Principles of Optics in the Fock Space: Scalable Manipulation of Giant Quantum States
- Scalable and Highly Fault-Tolerant Circular Quantum Byzantine Agreement