Near-term quantum-repeater experiments with nitrogen-vacancy centers: Overcoming the limitations of direct transmission

Abstract

Quantum channels enable the implementation of communication tasks inaccessible to their classical counterparts. The most famous example is the distribution of secret key. However, in the absence of quantum repeaters, the rate at which these tasks can be performed is dictated by the losses in the quantum channel. In practice, channel losses have limited the reach of quantum protocols to short distances. Quantum repeaters have the potential to significantly increase the rates and reach beyond the limits of direct transmission. However, no experimental implementation has overcome the direct transmission threshold. Here, we propose three quantum repeater schemes and assess their ability to generate secret key when implemented on a setup using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond with near-term experimental parameters. We find that one of these schemes - the so-called single-photon scheme, requiring no quantum storage - has the ability to surpass the capacity - the highest secret-key rate achievable with direct transmission - by a factor of 7 for a distance of approximately 9.2 km with near-term parameters, establishing it as a prime candidate for the first experimental realization of a quantum repeater.

arXiv comment19+17 pages, 17 figures. v2: added "Discussion and future outlook" section and expanded introduction, published version

References in corpus (79)

• The Quantum Internet
• The Security of Practical Quantum Key Distribution
• Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics
• The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond
• Experimental loophole-free violation of a Bell inequality using entangled electron spins separated by 1.3 km
• Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution
• Fundamental Limits of Repeaterless Quantum Communications
• General Benchmarks for Quantum Repeaters
• Overcoming the rate-distance barrier of quantum key distribution without using quantum repeaters
• Heralded entanglement between solid-state qubits separated by 3 meters
• Optimal eavesdropping in quantum cryptography with six states
• Quantum repeaters based on entanglement purification
• High-fidelity projective readout of a solid-state spin quantum register
• Efficient high-fidelity quantum computation using matter qubits and linear optics
• Creation of entangled states of distant atoms by interference
• Quantum Repeaters with Photon Pair Sources and Multi-Mode Memories
• Measurement-Induced Entanglement for Excitation Stored in Remote Atomic Ensembles
• All photonic quantum repeaters
• Unconditional quantum teleportation between distant solid-state qubits
• Deterministic delivery of remote entanglement on a quantum network
• Quantum enhanced positioning and clock synchronization
• Fundamental rate-loss tradeoff for optical quantum key distribution
• Resonant enhancement of the zero-phonon emission from a color center in a diamond cavity
• Universal control and error correction in multi-qubit spin registers in diamond
• Fiber Fabry-Perot cavity with high finesse
• Coupling of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers to Photonic Crystal Cavities in Monocrystalline Diamond
• Entanglement Distillation between Solid-State Quantum Network Nodes
• Incoherent and Coherent Eavesdropping in the 6-state Protocol of Quantum Cryptography
• Quantum Clock Synchronization Based on Shared Prior Entanglement
• Deterministic coupling of a single nitrogen vacancy center to a photonic crystal cavity
• Generation of heralded entanglement between distant hole spins
• Quantum Repeater with Encoding
• One-second coherence for a single electron spin coupled to a multi-qubit nuclear-spin environment
• Ultrafast and Fault-Tolerant Quantum Communication across Long Distances
• Visible-to-telecom quantum frequency conversion of light from a single quantum emitter
• Quantum Interference of Photon Pairs from Two Trapped Atomic Ions
• Repeated quantum error correction on a continuously encoded qubit by real-time feedback
• Enhancement of the Zero Phonon Line emission from a Single NV-Center in a Nanodiamond via Coupling to a Photonic Crystal Cavity
• Phase-Matching Quantum Key Distribution
• From quantum fusiliers to high-performance networks
• Bosonic Quantum Codes for Amplitude Damping
• Coherent spin control of a nanocavity-enhanced qubit in diamond
• Phase-tuned entangled state generation between distant spin qubits
• Quantum Computation by Communication
• Deterministic enhancement of coherent photon generation from a nitrogen-vacancy center in ultrapure diamond
• Robust and Efficient Quantum Repeaters with Atomic Ensembles and Linear Optics
• Rate-distance tradeoff and resource costs for all-optical quantum repeaters
• Rate-loss analysis of an efficient quantum repeater architecture
• Operator-sum Representation for Bosonic Gaussian Channels
• Robust quantum-network memory using decoherence-protected subspaces of nuclear spins
• The squashed entanglement of a quantum channel
• Loophole-free Bell test using electron spins in diamond: second experiment and additional analysis
• Design and Analysis of Communication Protocols for Quantum Repeater Networks
• Deterministic nano-assembly of a coupled quantum emitter - photonic crystal cavity system
• A Fabry-Perot Microcavity for Diamond-Based Photonics
• Measurement based entanglement under conditions of extreme photon loss
• Dephasing mechanisms of diamond-based nuclear-spin memories for quantum networks
• Efficient extraction of zero-phonon-line photons from single nitrogen-vacancy centers in an integrated GaP-on-diamond platform
• Deterministic coupling of delta-doped NV centers to a nanobeam photonic crystal cavity
• Tunable cavity coupling of the zero phonon line of a nitrogen-vacancy defect in diamond
• Nanoimplantation and Purcell enhancement of single NV centers in photonic crystal cavities in diamond
• Hybrid nanocavities for resonant enhancement of color center emission in diamond
• Scaling laws of the cavity enhancement for nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond
• Parameter regimes for a single sequential quantum repeater
• Practical Quantum Repeaters with Parametric Down-Conversion Sources
• Overcoming lossy channel bounds using a single quantum repeater node
• Design and low-temperature characterization of a tunable microcavity for diamond-based quantum networks
• Bounding the energy-constrained quantum and private capacities of phase-insensitive bosonic Gaussian channels
• Squashing model for detectors and applications to quantum key distribution protocols
• Multiplexed entanglement generation over quantum networks using multi-qubit nodes
• Key rate of quantum key distribution with hashed two-way classical communication
• Assessing the performance of quantum repeaters for all phase-insensitive Gaussian bosonic channels
• Upper bounds on secret key agreement over lossy thermal bosonic channels
• Quantum Clock Synchronization: a Multi-Party Protocol
• Energy-constrained two-way assisted private and quantum capacities of quantum channels
• Finite-resource teleportation stretching for continuous-variable systems
• Hybrid quantum repeater with encoding
• Freely Scalable Quantum Technologies using Cells of 5-to-50 Qubits with Very Lossy and Noisy Photonic Links
• Practical long-distance quantum key distribution through concatenated entanglement swapping with parametric down-conversion sources

Cited by in corpus (72)

• Advances in Quantum Cryptography
• Quantum repeaters: From quantum networks to the quantum internet
• Micius quantum experiments in space
• Quantum networks based on color centers in diamond
• NetSquid, a NETwork Simulator for QUantum Information using Discrete events
• Towards real-world quantum networks: a review
• Nanofabricated and integrated colour centres in silicon carbide with high-coherence spin-optical properties
• Cavity quantum electrodynamics with color centers in diamond
• Designing a Quantum Network Protocol
• A telecom-wavelength quantum repeater node based on a trapped-ion processor
• Optically coherent nitrogen-vacancy centers in μm-thin etched diamond membranes
• Spin-controlled generation of indistinguishable and distinguishable photons from silicon vacancy centres in silicon carbide
• A Quantum Router Architecture for High-Fidelity Entanglement Flows in Quantum Networks
• Resonant Excitation and Purcell Enhancement of Coherent Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers Coupled to a Fabry-Pérot Micro-Cavity
• Practical figures of merit and thresholds for entanglement distribution in quantum networks
• Conference key agreement with single-photon interference
• Optimal entanglement swapping in quantum repeaters
• Analysis of Multipartite Entanglement Distribution using a Central Quantum-Network Node
• On the Stochastic Analysis of a Quantum Entanglement Switch
• Resource requirements for efficient quantum communication using all-photonic graph states generated from a few matter qubits
• Designing Quantum Networks Using Preexisting Infrastructure
• Quantum link bootstrapping using a RuleSet-based communication protocol
• Optimising repeater schemes for the quantum internet
• Optimal entanglement distribution policies in homogeneous repeater chains with cutoffs
• Field-deployable Quantum Memory for Quantum Networking
• Modeling of Measurement-based Quantum Network Coding on IBM Q Experience Devices
• Near-term performance of quantum repeaters with imperfect ensemble-based quantum memories
• Spectral Broadening and Ultrafast Dynamics of a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center Ensemble in Diamond
• Policies for elementary links in a quantum network
• Optimizing Entanglement Generation and Distribution Using Genetic Algorithms
• Requirements for a processing-node quantum repeater on a real-world fiber grid
• Key rates for quantum key distribution protocols with asymmetric noise
• Protocols for long-distance quantum communication with single ${}^{167}$Er ions
• Fast and reliable entanglement distribution with quantum repeaters: principles for improving protocols using reinforcement learning
• Spin Measurements of NV Centers Coupled to a Photonic Crystal Cavity
• A perspective on the pathway to a scalable quantum internet using rare-earth ions
• Quantum repeaters based on two species trapped ions
• All-photonic GKP-qubit repeater using analog-information-assisted multiplexed entanglement ranking
• Analyzing photon-count heralded entanglement generation between solid-state spin qubits by decomposing the master equation dynamics
• Thresholds for the distributed surface code in the presence of memory decoherence
• Quantum Broadcast Channels with Cooperating Decoders: An Information-Theoretic Perspective on Quantum Repeaters
• Performance metrics for the continuous distribution of entanglement in multi-user quantum networks
• Design of a Quantum-Repeater using Quantum-Circuits and benchmarking its performance on an IBM Quantum-Computer
• Memory-assisted long-distance phase-matching quantum key distribution
• Deep reinforcement learning for key distribution based on quantum repeaters
• Precise control of entanglement in multinuclear spin registers coupled to defects
• Connecting Quantum Cities: Simulation of a Satellite-Based Quantum Network
• A mechanically stable and tunable cryogenic Fabry-Perot microcavity
• On the design and analysis of near-term quantum network protocols using Markov decision processes
• A universal, plug-and-play synchronisation scheme for practical quantum networks
• Electric-Field Programmable Spin Arrays for Scalable Quantum Repeaters
• The NV centre coupled to an ultra-small mode volume cavity: a high efficiency source of indistinguishable photons at 200 K
• Simulation of a Dynamic, RuleSet-based Quantum Network
• Beating direct transmission bounds for quantum key distribution with a multiple quantum memory station
• Quantum repeaters with encoding on nitrogen-vacancy center platforms
• Aging and Reliability of Quantum Networks
• Proposal for distribution of multi-photon entanglement with optimal rate-distance scaling
• Reducing classical communication costs in multiplexed quantum repeaters using hardware-aware quasi-local policies
• On the Quantum Performance Evaluation of Two Distributed Quantum Architectures
• Entanglement generation using single-photon pulse reflection in realistic networks
• Quantum Repeater using Two-Mode Squeezed States and Atomic Noiseless Amplifiers
• Parameter regimes for surpassing the PLOB bound with error-corrected qudit repeaters
• Asymmetric node placement in fiber-based quantum networks
• On noise in swap ASAP repeater chains: exact analytics, distributions and tight approximations
• Composable Security for Multipartite Entanglement Verification
• Modular Architectures and Entanglement Schemes for Error-Corrected Distributed Quantum Computation
• Transfer of quantum states and stationary quantum correlations in a hybrid optomechanical network
• A Continuous Variable Quantum Switch
• Directional search for light dark matter with quantum sensors
• Optimal supplier of single-error-type entanglement via coherent-state transmission
• Instruction-Set Architecture for Programmable NV-Center Quantum Repeater Nodes
• Elastic Softening in Synthetic Diamonds