The chemical make-up of the Sun: A 2020 vision

Abstract

The chemical composition of the Sun is a fundamental yardstick in astronomy, relative to which essentially all cosmic objects are referenced. We reassess the solar abundances of all 83 long-lived elements, using highly realistic solar modelling and state-of-the-art spectroscopic analysis techniques coupled with the best available atomic data and observations. Our new improved analysis confirms the relatively low solar abundances of C, N, and O obtained in our previous 3D-based studies: $\log {\epsilon }_{\text{C}}=8.46\pm 0.04$, $\log {\epsilon }_{\text{N}}=7.83\pm 0.07$, and $\log {\epsilon }_{\text{O}}=8.69\pm 0.04$. The revised solar abundances for the other elements also typically agree well with our previously recommended values with just Li, F, Ne, Mg, Cl, Kr, Rb, Rh, Ba, W, Ir, and Pb differing by more than $0.05$ dex. The here advocated present-day photospheric metal mass fraction is only slightly higher than our previous value, mainly due to the revised Ne abundance from Genesis solar wind measurements: $X_{\mathrm{surface}}=0.7438\pm 0.0054$, $Y_{\mathrm{surface}}=0.2423\pm 0.0054$, $Z_{\mathrm{surface}}=0.0139\pm 0.0006$, and $Z_{\mathrm{surface}}/X_{\mathrm{surface}}=0.0187\pm 0.0009$. Overall the solar abundances agree well with those of CI chondritic meteorites but we identify a correlation with condensation temperature such that moderately volatile elements are enhanced by $\approx 0.04$ dex in the CI chondrites and refractory elements possibly depleted by $\approx 0.02$ dex, conflicting with conventional wisdom of the past half-century. Instead the solar chemical composition resembles more closely that of the fine-grained matrix of CM chondrites. The so-called solar modelling problem remains intact with our revised solar abundances, suggesting shortcomings with the computed opacities and/or treatment of mixing below the convection zone in existing standard solar models.

31 pages, arXiv abstract abridged; accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

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• The Wanderer: Charting WASP-77A b's Formation and Migration Using a System-Wide Inventory of Carbon and Oxygen Abundances
• Stellar CoRGI in MaNGA: Stellar Counterrotating Galaxies Identified in the MaNGA Survey
• MIRACLE II: Unveiling the multi-phase gas interplay in the circumnuclear region of NGC 1365 via multi-cloud modeling
• Stellar Characterization and a Chromospheric Activity Analysis of a K2 Sample of Planet-Hosting Stars
• The impact of the transport of chemicals and electronic screening on helioseismic and neutrino observations in solar models
• Atmospheric retrieval of Subaru/IRD high-resolution spectrum of the archetype T-type brown dwarf Gl 229 B
• On the Regulation of the Solar Wind Helium Abundance by the Hydrogen Compressibility
• The Opacity Project: R-Matrix Calculations for Opacities of High-Energy-Density Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas
• MARTA: The connection between chemical enrichment, feedback, and dust in a Wolf-Rayet galaxy at z$\sim$2
• The metal-poorest tail of the Galactic halo: hypothesis on its origin from precise spectral analysis
• Using Lithium and Beryllium to Study Structure and Evolution of Rotating Stars
• Nitrogen enhancement of GN-z11 by metal pollution from supermassive stars
• Helium Abundance of the Sun: A Spectroscopic Analysis
• 3D non-LTE Ca II line formation in metal-poor FGK stars. I. Abundance corrections, radial velocity corrections, and synthetic spectra
• Investigating chemical variations between interstellar gas clouds in the Solar neighbourhood
• Quantifying thermal water dissociation in the dayside photosphere of WASP-121 b using NIRPS
• How Internal Structure Shapes the Metallicity of Giant Exoplanets
• CECILIA: Ultra-Deep Rest-Optical Spectra of Faint Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
• CHIANTI -- an atomic database for emission lines -- Paper XVIII. Version 11, advanced ionization equilibrium models: density and charge transfer effects
• Nuclear astrophysics
• Methane on the temperate exo-Saturn TOI-199b
• Tracing nitrogen enrichment across cosmic time with JWST
• Transit distances and composition of low-velocity exocomets in the $\beta$ Pic system
• A chemical perspective on planet formation in reduced systems
• Icy Volatile Enhancements in Evolving Protoplanetary Disks
• Alkali Metallicity, Mineral Clouds, and Deep Atmospheric Variability on Jupiter
• Late gas released in the young Kuiper belt could have significantly contributed to the carbon enrichment of the atmospheres of Neptune and Uranus
• On the Dusty Proximate Damped Lyman-α System toward Q2310-3358 at z = 2.40
• Chemical Abundances of Eight Highly Extincted Milky Way Planetary Nebulae
• Active region upflows in various coronal structures and their coupling to the lower atmosphere
• The impact of incorrect dissociation energies on inferred photospheric abundances
• Probing the geological setting of exoplanets through atmospheric analysis: using Mars as a test case
• The EDIBLES survey. X. The 6196 Å diffuse interstellar band: Identification of side DIBs as an indication of a small carrier molecule
• Mapping the diffuse interstellar bands $\lambda$5780 and $\lambda$6284 in the luminous infrared galaxy merger NGC 6240
• Heavy Elements -- They came out of the blue
• The metallicity dependence of long-duration gamma-ray bursts
• Atomic Radiative Data for Oxygen and Nitrogen for Solar Photospheric Studies
• A data-driven estimate of the protosolar helium mass fraction
• Investigating the impact of Solar Fusion III reaction rates on helioseismic constraints and solar neutrino fluxes
• Gas chemistry in the dust depleted inner regions of protoplanetary disks. I. Near-IR spectra and overtones
• Impact of stellar rotation on type II supernova progenitor masses from pre-explosion imaging
• The solar carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen abundances from a 3D LTE analysis of molecular lines
• Collisional and magnetic effects on the polarization of the solar oxygen infrared triplet
• RR Lyrae stars in the newly discovered ultra-faint dwarf galaxy Centaurus I
• JWST high-contrast spectroscopy with speckle modelling: Atmospheric retrievals of the T dwarf companion HD 19467 B
• QSOFEED: Investigating warm molecular, low- and high-ionization atomic gas in six type-2 quasars with GTC/EMIR
• A Theoretical Study of the Structure and Elemental Abundances of HD 20794
• Noble gases Neon and argon: a role for the chemical patterns of multiple populations in globular clusters?
• SDSS-V LVM: Verifying what, and where, the 'Galactic Center' Lobe is
• Molecular Formation in Low-Metallicity Hot Cores
• Testing the 3-equation Kuhfuss Convection Model using the Sun
• A case study of ACV variables discovered in the Zwicky Transient Facility survey
• Unveiling the Variability and Chemical Composition of AL Col
• Does the solar oxygen abundance change over the solar cycle? An investigation into activity-induced variations of the O I infrared triplet
• Information content of JWST transmission spectroscopy of the exoplanet HAT-P-12b from the optical to the mid-infrared
• Imladris: a detailed and flexible model for galaxy simulations with individual stars
• When Stars Mimic Monsters: Spectral Evidence for an $\eta$ Carinae-like Giant Eruption in SBS 0335$-$052 E
• The contribution of stars, dust, neutral gas and supermassive black holes in galaxies to the cosmic baryon inventory
• Dynamics of Y Dwarf Atmospheres
• The Neutral Atomic Hydrogen in the solar neighborhood (NeAtHood) project I. Ghost in the shell: Neutral atomic hydrogen in the extended Orion nebula
• R-matrix calculations for opacities: V. Temperature-density dependence of photoabsorption cross sections and opacity spectra of oxygen ions O VI and O VII
• Chemistry of Dark Molecular Clouds
• Towards understanding stellar variability at the sub m/s level: granulation-induced variability across the optical spectrum
• The Quiet-Sun DEM Under Kappa: Diagnostic Degeneracy and the Failure of the Conductive Closure
• A comparative study of O, Ne, Cl, and Ar in Hii regions and PNe of the Galactic disk: Temporal evolution of radial gradients?
• Next-generation Exo-REM atmospheric models: application to VHS 1256 b to emulate patchy clouds
• A method to derive self-consistent NLTE astrophysical parameters for 4 million high-resolution 4MOST stellar spectra in half a day with invertible neural networks
• Discovery of the $\lambda$ Bootis phenomenon in an early B-type star
• Chemical fingerprints of binary mass transfer in massive stars
• Probing sulfur chemistry in oxygen-rich AGB stars with ALMA