SN 2021adxl: A luminous nearby interacting supernova in an extremely low metallicity environment
arXiv:2312.13280 · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202349036
Abstract
SN 2021adxl is a slowly evolving, luminous, Type IIn supernova with asymmetric emission line profiles, similar to the well-studied SN 2010jl. We present extensive optical, near-ultraviolet, and near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy covering ~1.5 years post discovery. SN 2021adxl occurred in an unusual environment, atop a vigorously star-forming region that is offset from its host galaxy core. The appearance of Ly-alpha, O II, as well as the compact core, would classify the host of SN 2021adxl as a Blueberry galaxy, analogous to the higher redshift Green Pea galaxies. Using several abundance indicators, we find a metallicity of the explosion environment of only 10% solar, the lowest reported metallicity for a Type IIn SN environment. SN 2021adxl reaches a peak magnitude of r ~ -20.2 mag and since discovery, SN 2021adxl has faded by only ~4 magnitudes in the r band with a cumulative radiated energy of ~1.5e50 erg over 18 months. SN 2021adxl shows strong signs of interaction with a complex circumstellar medium, seen by the detection of X-rays, revealed by the detection of coronal emission lines, and through multi-component hydrogen and helium profiles. In order to further understand this interaction, we model the Hα profile using a Monte-Carlo electron scattering code. The blueshifted high-velocity component is consistent with emission from a radially thin, spherical shell resulting in the broad emission components due to electron scattering. Using the velocity evolution of this emitting shell, we find that the SN ejecta collide with circumstellar material of at least 5 Msun, assuming a steady-state mass-loss rate of 4-6e-3 Msun per year for the first ~200 days of evolution. Continuing the observations of SN 2021adxl may reveal signatures of dust formation or an infrared excess, similar to that seen for SN 2010jl.
21 pages with 27 Figures. Accepted for publication to A&A. MC line scattering code can be found at https://github.com/Astro-Sean/escatter
References in corpus (50)
- Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Three Year Results: Implications for Cosmology
- Binary interaction dominates the evolution of massive stars
- The propagation of uncertainties in stellar population synthesis modeling I: The relevance of uncertain aspects of stellar evolution and the IMF to the derived physical properties of galaxies
- HI4PI: A full-sky HI survey based on EBHIS and GASS
- The Zwicky Transient Facility: Data Processing, Products, and Archive
- Physical Properties of Wolf-Rayet Stars
- Pre-Supernova Evolution of Massive Single and Binary Stars
- An online repository of Swift/XRT light curves of GRBs
- The Zwicky Transient Facility: Science Objectives
- Pulsational Pair-Instability Supernovae
- The chemical make-up of the Sun: A 2020 vision
- PyNeb: a new tool for analyzing emission lines. I. Code description and validation of results
- Understanding Galaxy Evolution through Emission Lines
- The Zwicky Transient Facility: Surveys and Scheduler
- unWISE: unblurred coadds of the WISE imaging
- The Zwicky Transient Facility: Observing System
- Fully-Automated Reduction of Longslit Spectroscopy with the Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer at Keck Observatory
- Spectroscopy of superluminous supernova host galaxies. A preference of hydrogen-poor events for extreme emission line galaxies
- Red supergiants as potential Type IIn supernova progenitors: Spatially resolved 4.6 micron CO emission around VY CMa and Betelgeuse
- Luminous Blue Variables and superluminous supernovae from binary mergers
- Type II supernova spectral diversity I: Observations, sample characterization and spectral line evolution
- A Fully Automated Integral Field Spectrograph Pipeline for the SEDMachine: pysedm
- Energetic eruptions leading to a peculiar hydrogen-rich explosion of a massive star
- A Massive Progenitor of the Luminous Type IIn Supernova 2010jl
- Numerical simulations of super-luminous supernovae of type IIn
- SN 2005 gj: Evidence for LBV supernovae progenitors?
- A data science platform to enable time-domain astronomy
- NTT, Spitzer and Chandra spectroscopy of SDSSJ095209.56+214313.3: the most luminous coronal-line supernova ever observed, or a stellar tidal disruption event ?
- Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium. IV. Transitional Type Ibn Supernovae
- SN 2009kn - the twin of the Type IIn supernova 1994W
- Palomar Gattini-IR: Survey overview, data processing system, on-sky performance and first results
- The Dual-Axis Circumstellar Environment of the Type IIn Supernova 1997eg
- Environments of interacting transients: Impostors and type IIn supernovae
- An extremely energetic supernova from a very massive star in a dense medium
- New Modules for the SEDMachine to Remove Contaminations from Cosmic Rays and Non-target Light: BYECR and CONTSEP
- A Type Ia supernova at the heart of superluminous transient SN 2006gy
- Optical and IR observations of SN 2013L, a Type IIn Supernova surrounded by asymmetric CSM
- Supernova ejecta interacting with a circumstellar disk. I. two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations
- SN 2018bsz: a Type I superluminous supernova with aspherical circumstellar material
- DBSP_DRP: A Python package for automated spectroscopic data reduction of DBSP data
- Photometric and spectroscopic evolution of the interacting transient AT 2016jbu (Gaia16cfr)
- A systematic reclassification of type IIn supernovae
- The Slow Demise of the Long-Lived SN 2005ip
- Strong [OIII]λ5007 emission line compact galaxies in LAMOST DR9: Blueberries, Green Peas and Purple Grapes
- Coronal emission from the shocked circumstellar ring of SN 1987A
- 3D Hydrodynamics of Pre-supernova Outbursts in Convective Red Supergiant Envelopes
- An H-alpha survey of the host environments of 77 type IIn supernovae within z<0.02
- Modeling of interactions between supernovae ejecta and aspherical circumstellar environments
- The infrared echo of SN2010jl and its implications for shock breakout characteristics
- Wind of presupernova IIn SN~1997eg
Cited by in corpus (7)
- Sample of hydrogen-rich superluminous supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility
- On the diversity of strongly-interacting Type IIn supernovae
- Observational diversity of bright long-lived Type II supernovae
- The bright long-lived Type II SN 2021irp powered by aspherical circumstellar material interaction (II): Estimating the CSM mass and geometry with polarimetry and light curve modeling
- Gamma-ray signature of superluminous supernovae: Fermi-LAT GeV detection of SN 2017egm and evidence of a central engine
- Eruptive mass loss less than a year before the explosion of superluminous supernovae. II. A systematic search for pre-explosion eruptions with VLT/X-shooter
- A study on late time UV-emission in core collapse supernovae and the implications for the peculiar transient AT2018cow