PyNeb: a new tool for analyzing emission lines. I. Code description and validation of results

Abstract

Analysis of emission lines in gaseous nebulae yields direct measures of physical conditions and chemical abundances and is the cornerstone of nebular astrophysics. Although the physical problem is conceptually simple, its practical complexity can be overwhelming since the amount of data to be analyzed steadily increases; furthermore, results depend crucially on the input atomic data, whose determination also improves each year. To address these challenges we created PyNeb, an innovative code for analyzing emission lines. PyNeb computes physical conditions and ionic and elemental abundances, and produces both theoretical and observational diagnostic plots. It is designed to be portable, modular, and largely customizable in aspects such as the atomic data used, the format of the observational data to be analyzed, and the graphical output. It gives full access to the intermediate quantities of the calculation, making it possible to write scripts tailored to the specific type of analysis one wants to carry out. In the case of collisionally excited lines, PyNeb works by solving the equilibrium equations for an n-level atom; in the case of recombination lines, it works by interpolation in emissivity tables. The code offers a choice of extinction laws and ionization correction factors, which can be complemented by user-provided recipes. It is entirely written in the python programming language and uses standard python libraries. It is fully vectorized, making it apt for analyzing huge amounts of data. The code is stable and has been benchmarked against IRAF/NEBULAR. It is public, fully documented, and has already been satisfactorily used in a number of published papers.

17 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. Typos and reference list corrected in this version

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• The JWST EXCELS Survey: gas-phase metallicity evolution at 2 < z < 8
• Physical conditions and chemical abundances in photoionized nebulae from optical spectra
• Planetary nebulae with Wolf-Rayet-type central stars -- IV. NGC 1501 and its mixing layer
• The morpho-kinematical structure and chemical abundances of the complex planetary nebula NGC 1514
• Abundance Discrepancy Factors in high density planetary nebulae
• Spatially-resolved properties of the ionized gas in the HII galaxy J084220+115000
• Confirmation of the planetary nebula nature of HaTr 5. Not the remnant of Nova Sco 1437
• The Central Star of NGC 2346 as a Clue to Binary Evolution through the Common Envelope Phase
• Low Metallicity Galaxies from the Dark Energy Survey
• The JWST/AURORA Survey: Multiple Balmer and Paschen Emission Lines for Individual Star-forming Galaxies at z=1.5-4.4. I. A Diversity of Nebular Attenuation Curves and Evidence for Non-Unity Dust Covering Fractions
• Ionized gas in quiescent galaxies: Temperature measurement and constraint on the ionization source
• On the computation of interstellar extinction in photoionized nebulae
• MARTA: Temperature-temperature relationships and strong-line metallicity calibrations from multiple auroral-line detections at cosmic noon
• IFU observations of the inner 200 pc of NGC 4546: gas rotation, non-circular motions and ionised outflows
• The five axes of the Turtle: symmetry and asymmetry in NGC 6210
• Spatially resolved direct method metallicity in a high-redshift analogue local galaxy: temperature structure impact on metallicity gradients
• AtomNeb: IDL Library and Python Package for Atomic Data of Ionized Nebulae
• Planetary nebulae with Wolf-Rayet-type central stars -- II. Dissecting the compact planetary nebula M2-31 with GTC MEGARA
• VALES VIII: Weak ionized gas outflows in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 0.15$ traced with VLT/MUSE
• Spatially resolved stellar populations and emission lines properties in nearby galaxies with J-PLUS -- I. Method and first results for the M101 group
• Abundance Analysis of the J4 Equatorial Knot of the Born-again Planetary Nebula A30
• Physical Conditions of the Ionized Superwind in NGC 253 with VLT/MUSE
• Chemical abundances in the dwarf galaxy NGC 4163 based on the nebular and auroral emission lines
• Compact planetary nebulae MaC 2-1 and Sp 4-1: Photoionization models and dust characteristics
• Rings and arcs around evolved stars -- III. Physical conditions of the ring-like structures in the planetary nebula IC 4406 revealed by MUSE
• Introducing PyCross: PyCloudy Rendering Of Shape Software for pseudo 3D ionisation modelling of nebulae
• New insights into the WR nebula M1-67 with SITELLE
• Nebular Dust Attenuation with the Balmer and Paschen Lines based on the MaNGA Survey
• Dissecting the Planetary Nebula NGC 4361 with MUSE
• On the N/O abundance ratio and the progenitor mass for the most luminous planetary nebulae of M 31
• Physical properties of circumnuclear ionising clusters. I. NGC 7742
• HeII emitters at cosmic noon and beyond. Characterising the HeII λ1640 emission with MUSE and JWST/NIRSpec
• Insights from the "Red devil" AT 2022fpx: A Dust-reddened Family of Tidal Disruption Events Excluded by Their Apparent Red Color?
• New clues on the extended HeII ionization in IZw18 from GTC/MEGARA and JWST/MIRI
• JADES Dark Horse: demonstrating high-multiplex observations with JWST/NIRSpec dense-shutter spectroscopy in the JADES Origins Field
• Cloudy with a chance of starshine: Possible photometric signatures of nebular-dominated emission in $1.5<z<8.5$ JADES galaxies
• Shedding the envelope: JWST reveals a kiloparsec-scale [OIII]-weak Balmer shell around a z=7.64 quasar
• Twenty years of observations of PM 1-188: Its chemical abundances and extraordinary kinematics
• SDSS-V LVM: Resolving Physical Conditions in the Trifid Nebula
• A precessing jet from an active galactic nucleus drives gas outflow from a disk galaxy
• Leonessa: An Extremely Metal-poor Galaxy Undergoing Secular Chemical Evolution
• Resolving the Nuclear Environments of Tidal Disruption Event Host Galaxies within 45 pc
• SOFIA FIFI-LS spectroscopy of DR21 Main: energetics of the spatially-resolved outflow from a high-mass protostar
• Investigating the asymmetry of young stellar outflows: Combined MUSE-X-shooter study of the Th 28 jet
• Optical observations of the Galactic SNR HB9 and H II region G159.2+3.3
• Interstellar extinction correction in ionised regions using HeI lines
• Photoionization of Rb${}^{2+}$ ions in the valence energy region 37 eV -- 44 eV
• Spectrum of the Yellow Symbiotic Star LT Delphini before, during, and after the 2017 Outburst
• A First-look at Spatially-resolved Infrared Supernova Remnants in M33 with JWST
• A comprehensive chemical abundance analysis of the extremely metal poor Leoncino Dwarf galaxy (AGC 198691)
• Morpho-kinematic and photoionization models of the multipolar structures in planetary nebula NGC 6572
• Cosmic-ray impact on optical and mid-infrared emission line diagnostics in NGC 5728
• Appraising the Necklace: A post-common-envelope carbon dwarf inside an apparently carbon-poor planetary nebula
• Kinematical analysis of PNe with high ADF: Hf 2-2 and M 1-42
• Physical properties of circumnuclear ionising clusters. II. NGC 7469
• The ionization structure and chemical history in isolated H II regions of dwarf galaxies with IFU I. The Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy
• Adjusting the bow-tie: A morpho-kinematic study of NGC40
• The Cliff: A Metal-Poor Little Red Dot Hosting an Overmassive Black Hole at $z=3.55$
• Plasma Diagnostics in the Era of Integral Field Spectroscopy
• Extended coronal line emission and new clues to a possible dual AGN in the merger J1356+1026
• Realistic Models for Filling and Abundance Discrepancy Factors in Photoionised Nebulae
• MIRACLE II: Unveiling the multi-phase gas interplay in the circumnuclear region of NGC 1365 via multi-cloud modeling
• Chemodynamic evidence of pristine gas accretion in the void galaxy VGS 12
• Long and short term variability of the possible nascent planetary nebula IRAS 22568+6141: A late thermal pulse?
• MUSE observations of V1425 Aql reveal an arc-shaped nova shell
• Temperature based radial metallicity gradients in nearby galaxies
• Shock shaping? Nebular Spectroscopy of Nova V906 Carinae
• Discovery of new N-emitters over a wide redshift range
• Planetary nebulae with Wolf-Rayet-type central stars -- III. A detailed view of NGC 6905 and its central star
• SDSS-V LVM: A spatially resolved study of the physical conditions and the chemical abundance discrepancy in the Lagoon Nebula (M 8)
• SIGNALS of Giant HII Regions: A Spatially Resolved Analysis of NGC 604
• First direct electron temperature measurement in [O II] zone in I Zw 18
• Chemical Abundances of Eight Highly Extincted Milky Way Planetary Nebulae
• The heart of NGC 5253 as seen with MUSE-NFM: nitrogen enrichment through stellar chemical feedback at parsec scales
• The Peekaboo galaxy: new SALT spectroscopy and implications of archive HST data
• A Comprehensive Multiwavelength Study of the OH Megamaser galaxy IRAS 09320+6134
• Electron density distribution in HII regions in IC10
• Spectral Evolution and Photo-ionization Analysis of Nova Cas 2020 (V1391 Cas)
• Digging deeper into NGC 6868 II: ionized gas and excitation mechanism
• Tracing nitrogen enrichment across cosmic time with JWST
• When Stars Mimic Monsters: Spectral Evidence for an $\eta$ Carinae-like Giant Eruption in SBS 0335$-$052 E
• Implication of a galaxy-scale negative feedback by one of the most powerful multi-phase outflows in a hyper-luminous infrared galaxy at the intermediate redshift
• Dissecting NGC 3132: Tracing the mass-loss history of the southern ring planetary nebula
• Intergalactic Medium Tomography with the Sunburst Arc
• Andromeda's tenuous veil: A likely Milky Way nebula projected toward M31
• Is the nitrogen-rich source PN K4-47 a true planetary nebula?
• Resolving dust and Lyα emission in a lensed galaxy at the epoch of reionization with JWST/CANUCS
• Nebular abundance gradient in the Cartwheel galaxy using MUSE data
• Direct Far-Infrared Metal Abundances (FIRA) I: M101
• The relationship between warm and hot gas-phase metallicity in massive elliptical galaxies and the influence of AGN feedback
• PHANGS-MUSE: the HII region luminosity function of local star-forming galaxies
• Beyond the [OIII]$\lambda$4363 auroral line: [NeIII]$\lambda$3868 as a direct tracer of electron temperature
• GA-NIFS: AGN activity in a Lyα emitter within a triple-AGN system anchored by a passive galaxy at z=3
• Fast, dust-poor outflows in the local candidate dual AGN MCG-03-34-64 observed with VLT/ERIS
• The ionization structure and chemical history in isolated H ii regions of dwarf galaxies with VIMOS/IFU II. The Leo A galaxy
• Pa$\beta$, H$\alpha$, and Attenuation in NGC 5194 and NGC 6946
• UV bright red-sequence galaxies: a comparative study between UV upturn and UV weak systems
• Quokka-based understanding of outflows (QED) -- IV. Limitations of H$\alpha$ as an outflow diagnostic
• SDSS-IV MaNGA: Data-Model Discrepancy in Temperature-sensitive Line Ratios for Star-forming Galaxies
• QSOFEED: Investigating warm molecular, low- and high-ionization atomic gas in six type-2 quasars with GTC/EMIR
• The accretion-ejection connection in the asymmetric Th 28 jet revealed by MUSE-NFM
• The Nature of Jets in Double-Peaked Emission Line AGN in the KISSR Sample
• Ionized Gas Outflows and Shock-Heated Emission in the Highly Inclined Active Galaxy CGCG 012-070
• Carbon Abundances in Compact Galactic Planetary Nebulae: An Ultraviolet spectroscopic study with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS)
• M^3D: Mosaicking M33 with MUSE datacubes I. Unveiling the diversity of HII regions in M33 with MUSE