Ionization Correction Factors for Planetary Nebulae: I- Using optical spectra

Abstract

We compute a large grid of photoionization models that covers a wide range of physical parameters and is representative of most of the observed PNe. Using this grid, we derive new formulae for the ionization correction factors (ICFs) of He, O, N, Ne, S, Ar, Cl, and C. Analytical expressions to estimate the uncertainties arising from our ICFs are also provided. This should be useful since these uncertainties are usually not considered when estimating the error bars in element abundances. Our ICFs are valid over a variety of assumptions such as the input metallicities, the spectral energy distribution of the ionizing source, the gas distribution, or the presence of dust grains. Besides, the ICFs are adequate both for large aperture observations and for pencil-beam observations in the central zones of the nebulae. We test our ICFs on a large sample of observed PNe that extends as far as possible in ionization, central star temperature, and metallicity, by checking that the Ne/O, S/O, Ar/O, and Cl/O ratios show no trend with the degree of ionization. Our ICFs lead to significant differences in the derived abundance ratios as compared with previous determinations, especially for N/O, Ne/O, and Ar/O.

19 pages, 22 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

References in corpus (3)

• Stellar Models and Yields of Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars
• Elemental abundances of Galactic bulge planetary nebulae from optical recombination lines
• Faint recombination lines in Galactic PNe with [WC] nucleus

Cited by in corpus (107)

• PyNeb: a new tool for analyzing emission lines. I. Code description and validation of results
• Nebular spectroscopy: A guide on H II regions and planetary nebulae
• Binarity and the abundance discrepancy problem in planetary nebulae
• Carbon and oxygen in HII regions of the Magellanic Clouds: abundance discrepancy and chemical evolution
• Confirmation of the link between central star binarity and extreme abundance discrepancy factors in planetary nebulae
• Planetary Nebulae: Sources of Enlightenment
• Oxygen enrichment in carbon-rich planetary nebulae
• NGC 6778: Strengthening the link between extreme abundance discrepancy factors and central star binarity in planetary nebulae
• Determination of the primordial helium abundance based on NGC 346 an HII region of the Small Magellanic Cloud
• The post-common envelope central stars of the planetary nebulae Henize 2-155 and Henize 2-161
• Metallicity gradients in Local Universe galaxies: time evolution and effects of radial migration
• On the radial abundance gradients of nitrogen and oxygen in the inner Galactic disc
• S-process enrichment in the planetary nebula NGC 3918. Results from deep echelle spectrophotometry
• Chemical abundances of Seyfert 2 AGNs I. Comparing oxygen abundances from distinct methods using SDSS
• Chemical abundances in 7 metal-poor HII regions and a determination of the primordial helium abundance
• RAMSES-RTZ: Non-Equilibrium Metal Chemistry and Cooling Coupled to On-The-Fly Radiation Hydrodynamics
• MUSE spectroscopy of planetary nebulae with high abundance discrepancies
• The Abundances of Light Neutron-Capture Elements in Planetary Nebulae III. The Impact of New Atomic Data on Nebular Selenium and Krypton Abundance Determinations
• On the Production of He, C and N by Low and Intermediate Mass Stars: A Comparison of Observed and Model-Predicted Planetary Nebula Abundances
• PHANGS-MUSE: Detection and Bayesian classification of ~40000 ionised nebulae in nearby spiral galaxies
• The radial abundance gradient of chlorine in the Milky Way
• Sulphur abundance determinations in star-forming regions-I: Ionization Correction Factor
• The Herschel Planetary Nebula Survey (HerPlaNS) - a comprehensive dusty photoionization model of NGC6781
• The chemical composition of Galactic ring nebulae around massive stars
• C/O ratios in planetary nebulae with dual-dust chemistry from faint optical recombination lines
• Neutron-Capture elements in planetary nebulae: first detections of near-Infrared [Te III] and [Br V] emission lines
• The survey of planetary nebulae in Andromeda (M 31) V. Chemical enrichment of the thin and thicker discs of Andromeda. Oxygen to argon abundance ratios for planetary nebulae and H II regions
• The Fe/Ni ratio in ionized nebulae: clues on dust depletion patterns
• The Cocoon Nebula and its ionizing star: do stellar and nebular abundances agree?
• The impact of atomic data selection on nebular abundance determinations
• The planetary nebula IC 4776 and its post-common-envelope binary central star
• Photoionized Herbig-Haro objects in the Orion Nebula through deep high-spectral resolution spectroscopy I: HH529II and III
• Chemical Abundances and Dust in the Halo Planetary Nebula K648 in M15: Its Origin and Evolution based on an Analysis of Multiwavelength Data
• The survey of planetary nebulae in Andromeda (M31). IV. Radial oxygen and argon abundance gradients of the thin and thicker disc
• Chemical abundances in Seyfert galaxies -IX. Helium abundance estimates
• PNe and H II regions in the starburst irregular galaxy NGC 4449 from LBT MODS data
• The MUSE view of the planetary nebula NGC 3132
• Exploring the differences of integrated and spatially resolved analysis using integral field unit data: The case of Abell 14
• An Imaging Spectroscopic Survey of the Planetary Nebula NGC 7009 with MUSE
• Helium abundances and its radial gradient from the spectra of HII regions and ring nebulae of the Milky Way
• The PNe and H II regions in NGC 6822 revisited. Clues to AGB nucleosynthesis
• Neutron-capture element abundances in the planetary nebula NGC 5315 from deep optical and near-infrared spectrophotometry
• Bi-abundance photoionization models of planetary nebulae: determining the amount of Oxygen in the metal rich component
• XSHOOTER spectroscopy of the enigmatic planetary nebula Lin49 in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• IFU spectroscopy of Southern Planetary Nebulae V: Low-ionization structures
• Chemical Abundances of Planetary Nebulae in the Substructures of M31 -- II. The Extended Sample and A Comparison Study with the Outer-disk Group
• Planetary nebulae with Wolf-Rayet-type central stars -- I. The case of the high-excitation NGC 2371
• The impact of spectra quality on nebular abundances
• Probing O-enrichment in C-rich dust planetary nebulae
• Characterisation of the Planetary Nebula Tc 1 Based on VLT X-Shooter Observations
• Spectroscopic Analysis Tool for intEgraL fieLd unIt daTacubEs (satellite): Case studies of NGC 7009 and NGC 6778 with MUSE
• The VLT-MUSE and ALMA view of the MACS 1931.8-2635 brightest cluster galaxy
• Neutron-Capture Element Abundances in Magellanic Cloud Planetary Nebulae
• Chemical abundances in Seyfert galaxies X. Sulphur abundance estimates
• The Trace of the CNO Cycle in the Ring Nebula NGC6888
• Physical properties of the fullerene C60-containing planetary nebula SaSt 2-3
• Low-ionization structures in planetary nebulae -- II. Densities, temperatures, abundances and excitation of 6 PNe
• Low-ionization structures in planetary nebulae -- III. The statistical analysis of physico-chemical parameters and excitation mechanisms
• Co-spatial UV-optical HST/STIS Spectra of Six Planetary Nebulae: Nebular and Stellar Properties
• MUSE spectroscopy of the high abundance discrepancy planetary nebula NGC 6153
• The population of planetary nebulae near the Galactic centre: chemical abundances
• First evidence of enhanced recombination in astrophysical environments and the implications for plasma diagnostics
• Neon, sulphur and argon abundances of planetary nebulae in the sub-solar metallicity Galactic anti-centre
• Physical properties of the very young PN Hen3-1357 (Stingray Nebula) based on multiwavelength observations
• Machine learning the gap between real and simulated nebulae: A domain-adaptation approach to classify ionised nebulae in nearby galaxies
• On the most luminous planetary nebulae of M31
• Morphology and ionization characteristics of planetary nebulae PB 1 and PC 19
• Spectroscopic Study of M33 with LAMOST survey. I. Chemical gradients from nebulae
• Chemistry in the dIrr galaxy Leo A
• Physical and chemical properties of Wolf-Rayet planetary nebulae
• Chemical abundances in Seyfert galaxies -- VIII. Argon abundance estimates
• Physical conditions and chemical abundances in PN M 2-36. Results from deep echelle observations
• Evolution of Hen\,3-1357, the Stingray Nebula
• Dust in RCW 58: clues to common envelope channel formation?
• Elemental abundances in the remnant of the ancient eruption of CK Vulpeculae
• The origin of the planetary nebula M 1-16. A morphokinematic and chemical analysis
• Bi-abundance ionization structure of the Wolf-Rayet planetary nebula PB 8
• Ionization correction factors for sodium, potassium, and calcium in planetary nebulae
• An Empirical Calibration of the Helium Abundance in HII Regions based in Literature and CALIFA Survey data
• Metallicity gradients in M31, M33, NGC 300 and the Milky Way using abundances of different elements
• Planetary nebulae with Wolf-Rayet-type central stars -- IV. NGC 1501 and its mixing layer
• Catching a grown-up starfish planetary nebula II. Plasma analysis and central star properties of PC 22
• Physical conditions and chemical abundances in photoionized nebulae from optical spectra
• The case of NGC 6302: The impact of shocks in the derivation of Nitrogen abundances
• Abundance Discrepancy Factors in high density planetary nebulae
• The five axes of the Turtle: symmetry and asymmetry in NGC 6210
• On the computation of interstellar extinction in photoionized nebulae
• Photoionization models of Planetary Nebulae
• Compact planetary nebulae MaC 2-1 and Sp 4-1: Photoionization models and dust characteristics
• Planetary nebulae with Wolf-Rayet-type central stars -- II. Dissecting the compact planetary nebula M2-31 with GTC MEGARA
• Dissecting the Planetary Nebula NGC 4361 with MUSE
• Classifying spectra of emission-line regions with neural networks -- An application to integral field spectroscopic data of M33
• On the N/O abundance ratio and the progenitor mass for the most luminous planetary nebulae of M 31
• Detailed studies of IPHAS sources -- I. The disrupted late bipolar IPHASX J193718.6+202102
• Twenty years of observations of PM 1-188: Its chemical abundances and extraordinary kinematics
• Appraising the Necklace: A post-common-envelope carbon dwarf inside an apparently carbon-poor planetary nebula
• Long and short term variability of the possible nascent planetary nebula IRAS 22568+6141: A late thermal pulse?
• Morpho-kinematic and photoionization models of the multipolar structures in planetary nebula NGC 6572
• Physical Conditions and Chemical Abundances of the Variable Planetary Nebula IC 4997
• Close binary central stars and the abundance discrepancy - new extreme objects
• Chemical Abundances of Eight Highly Extincted Milky Way Planetary Nebulae
• Planetary nebulae with Wolf-Rayet-type central stars -- III. A detailed view of NGC 6905 and its central star
• Atomic Data and Neutron-Capture Element Abundances in Planetary Nebulae
• Gaseous abundances in planetary nebulae: What have we learned in the past five years?
• A comparative study of O, Ne, Cl, and Ar in Hii regions and PNe of the Galactic disk: Temporal evolution of radial gradients?
• Chemical abundances in Seyfert galaxies -- VII. Direct abundance determination of neon based on optical and infrared emission lines
• Dissecting NGC 3132: Tracing the mass-loss history of the southern ring planetary nebula