A non-interacting Galactic black hole candidate in a binary system with a main-sequence star

Abstract

We describe the discovery of a solar neighborhood (d=468 pc) binary system with a main-sequence sunlike star and a massive non-interacting black hole candidate. The spectral energy distribution (SED) of the visible star is described by a single stellar model. We derive stellar parameters from a high signal-to-noise Magellan/MIKE spectrum, classifying the star as a main-sequence star with $T_{\mathrm{eff}}=5972\mathrm{K}$, $\log g=4.54$, and $M=0.91$ \msun. The spectrum shows no indication of a second luminous component. To determine the spectroscopic orbit of the binary, we measured radial velocities of this system with the Automated Planet Finder, Magellan, and Keck over four months. We show that the velocity data are consistent with the \textit{Gaia} astrometric orbit and provide independent evidence for a massive dark companion. From a combined fit of our spectroscopic data and the astrometry, we derive a companion mass of $11.39_{-1.31}^{+1.51}$\msun. We conclude that this binary system harbors a massive black hole on an eccentric $(e=0.46\pm 0.02)$, $185.4\pm 0.1$ d orbit. These conclusions are independent of \cite{ElBadry2022Disc}, who recently reported the discovery of the same system. A joint fit to all available data (including \cite{ElBadry2022Disc}'s) yields a comparable period solution, but a lower companion mass of $9.32_{-0.21}^{+0.22}{M}_{\odot }$. Radial velocity fits to all available data produce a unimodal solution for the period that is not possible with either data set alone. The combination of both data sets yields the most accurate orbit currently available.

arXiv comment30 pages, 17 figures, accepted to AAS journals (various changes in response to referee comments)

References in corpus (141)

• The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance
• The Gaia mission
• Correcting for the Effects of Interstellar Extinction
• MultiNest: an efficient and robust Bayesian inference tool for cosmology and particle physics
• MESA Isochrones and Stellar Tracks (MIST). I: Solar-Scaled Models
• The Galaxy Evolution Explorer: A Space Ultraviolet Survey Mission
• GWTC-2: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the First Half of the Third Observing Run
• A new extensive library of PHOENIX stellar atmospheres and synthetic spectra
• Multimodal nested sampling: an efficient and robust alternative to MCMC methods for astronomical data analysis
• X-ray spectral modelling of the AGN obscuring region in the CDFS: Bayesian model selection and catalogue
• galpy: A Python Library for Galactic Dynamics
• The Sixteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra
• Gaia Early Data Release 3: The astrometric solution
• Core-Collapse Supernovae from 9 to 120 Solar Masses Based on Neutrino-powered Explosions
• The Pan-STARRS1 Photometric System
• Gaia Early Data Release 3: Parallax bias versus magnitude, colour, and position
• The Kinematics of the Ultra-Faint Milky Way Satellites: Solving the Missing Satellite Problem
• Importance Nested Sampling and the MultiNest Algorithm
• The first gravitational-wave source from the isolated evolution of two 40-100 Msun stars
• Binary Black Hole Population Properties Inferred from the First and Second Observing Runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo
• Gaia Early Data Release 3: Photometric content and validation
• A standard stellar library for evolutionary synthesis: I. Calibration of theoretical spectra
• The DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey: Design, Observations, Data Reduction, and Redshifts
• The chemical make-up of the Sun: A 2020 vision
• The Black Hole Mass Distribution in the Galaxy
• Optimal Techniques in Two-dimensional Spectroscopy: Background Subtraction for the 21st Century
• The Pan-STARRS1 Database and Data Products
• A standard stellar library for evolutionary synthesis: II. The M dwarf extension
• GW150914: First results from the search for binary black hole coalescence with Advanced LIGO
• Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: Spectroscopy of Stars Earlier than M0 within 40 parsecs: The Northern Sample I
• Tertiary companions to close spectroscopic binaries
• The Composition Gradient in M101 Revisited. II. Electron Temperatures and Implications for the Nebular Abundance Scale
• BlackCAT: A catalogue of stellar-mass black holes in X-ray transients
• The Galactic Thick Disk Stellar Abundances
• The California Planet Survey I. Four New Giant Exoplanets
• Secular Dynamics in Hierarchical Three-Body Systems
• The chemically homogeneous evolutionary channel for binary black hole mergers: rates and properties of gravitational-wave events detectable by advanced LIGO
• SkyMapper Southern Survey: First Data Release (DR1)
• Merging black hole binaries in galactic nuclei: implications for advanced-LIGO detections
• Non-LTE calculations for neutral Na in late-type stars using improved atomic data
• Spectral Properties of Cool Stars: Extended Abundance Analysis of 1617 Planet Search Stars
• Radial Velocity Jitter in Stars from the California and Carnegie Planet Search at Keck Observatory
• 3D maps of the local ISM from inversion of individual color excess measurements
• Precision Stellar Characterization of FGKM Stars using an Empirical Spectral Library
• The Second APOKASC Catalog: The Empirical Approach
• The effect of the metallicity-specific star formation history on double compact object mergers
• Three-dimensional mapping of the local interstellar medium with composite data
• The origin of spin in binary black holes: Predicting the distributions of the main observables of Advanced LIGO
• The Close Binary Fraction of Solar-type Stars is Strongly Anti-correlated with Metallicity
• SkyMapper Southern Survey: Second Data Release (DR2)
• A Black Hole in the Superluminal source SAX J1819.3-2525 (V4641 Sgr)
• A detached stellar-mass black hole candidate in the globular cluster NGC 3201
• exoplanet: Gradient-based probabilistic inference for exoplanet data & other astronomical time series
• Forming short-period Wolf-Rayet X-ray binaries and double black holes through stable mass transfer
• 3D maps of interstellar dust in the Local Arm: using $Gaia$, 2MASS and APOGEE-DR14
• A Sun-like star orbiting a black hole
• A wide star-black-hole binary system from radial-velocity measurements
• Non-LTE line formation of Fe in late-type stars - III. 3D non-LTE analysis of metal-poor stars
• APF - The Lick Observatory Automated Planet Finder
• The role of mass transfer and common envelope evolution in the formation of merging binary black holes
• The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS). III. 142 additional O-type systems
• Gaia Data Release 2: The catalogue of radial velocity standard stars
• Gas Metallicities in the Extended Disks of NGC 1512 and NGC 3621. Chemical Signatures of Metal Mixing or Enriched Gas Accretion?
• A stellar census in globular clusters with MUSE: Binaries in NGC 3201
• Carbon, oxygen, and iron abundances in disk and halo stars. Implications of 3D non-LTE spectral line formation
• Eclipse Timing Variation Analyses of Eccentric Binaries with Close Tertiaries in the Kepler field
• A red giant orbiting a black hole
• CHAOS IV: Gas-Phase Abundance Trends From The First Four CHAOS Galaxies
• Formation of close binaries by disc fragmentation and migration, and its statistical modeling
• Exploring Halo Substructure with Giant Stars X. Extended Dark Matter or Tidal Disruption?: The Case for the Leo I Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
• An isolated mass gap black hole or neutron star detected with astrometric microlensing
• The Joker: A custom Monte Carlo sampler for binary-star and exoplanet radial velocity data
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of the Dwarf Galaxies Hydra II and Pisces II and the Globular Cluster Laevens 1
• A comparison of evolutionary tracks for single Galactic massive stars
• The 'hidden' companion in LB-1 unveiled by spectral disentangling
• ARIADNE: Measuring accurate and precise stellar parameters through SED fitting
• On the Perils of Hyperfine Splitting: A reanalysis of Mn and Sc Abundance Trends
• orvara: An Efficient Code to Fit Orbits using Radial Velocity, Absolute, and/or Relative Astrometry
• A Unicorn in Monoceros: the $3M_{\odot }$ dark companion to the bright, nearby red giant V723 Mon is a non-interacting, mass-gap black hole candidate
• Testing massive star evolution, star-formation history and feedback at low metallicity : Spectroscopic analysis of OB stars in the SMC Wing
• Nearest Neighbor: The Low-Mass Milky Way Satellite Tucana III
• The massive star binary fraction in young open clusters - II. NGC 6611 (Eagle Nebula)
• Is HR 6819 a triple system containing a black hole? -- An alternative explanation
• The GALAH Survey: Non-LTE departure coefficients for large spectroscopic surveys
• An X-ray quiet black hole born with a negligible kick in a massive binary within the Large Magellanic Cloud
• A naked-eye triple system with a nonaccreting black hole in the inner binary
• The solar silicon abundance based on 3D non-LTE calculations
• Revealing black holes with Gaia
• The Metallicity Dependence of the High-Mass X-ray Binary Luminosity Function
• Synthetic catalog of black holes in the Milky Way
• When and where did GW150914 form?
• Identifying quiescent compact objects in massive Galactic single-lined spectroscopic binaries
• Not so fast: LB-1 is unlikely to contain a 70 $M_{\odot }$ black hole
• Hunting Black Holes with Gaia
• No signature of the orbital motion of a putative 70 solar mass black hole in LB-1
• A stripped-companion origin for Be stars: clues from the putative black holes HR 6819 and LB-1
• Detailed Abundances in the Ultra-faint Magellanic Satellites Carina II and III
• Populations of stellar mass Black holes from binary systems
• Three Super-Earths Orbiting HD 7924
• The binarity of Milky Way F,G,K stars as a function of effective temperature and metallicity
• Detecting Black Hole Binaries by Gaia
• Eccentricity and Spin-Orbit Misalignment in Short-Period Stellar Binaries as a Signpost of Hidden Tertiary Companions
• Non-LTE analysis of K I in late-type stars
• Unicorns and Giraffes in the binary zoo: stripped giants with subgiant companions
• Triage of the Gaia DR3 astrometric orbits. I. A sample of binaries with probable compact companions
• A black hole detected in the young massive LMC cluster NGC 1850
• Search for a Black Hole Binary in Gaia DR3 Astrometric Binary Stars with Spectroscopic Data
• Gaia May Detect Hundreds of Well-characterised Stellar Black Holes
• Confronting Models of Massive Star Evolution and Explosions with Remnant Mass Measurements
• Population Synthesis of Black Hole Binaries with Normal-Star Companions: I. Detached Systems
• Magnetic braking saturates: evidence from the orbital period distribution of low-mass detached eclipsing binaries from ZTF
• Chemical Abundances of the Secondary Star in the Black Hole X-ray Binary XTE J1118+480
• A measurement of the Galactic plane mass density from binary pulsar accelerations
• Weighing in on black hole binaries with BPASS: LB-1 does not contain a 70M${}_{\odot }$ black hole
• The excess of cool supergiants from contemporary stellar evolution models defies the metallicity-independent Humphreys-Davidson limit
• Evidence that the Hot Jupiter WASP-77 A b Formed Beyond Its Parent Protoplanetary Disk's H2O Ice Line
• Dark Passengers in Stellar Surveys
• Uncovering astrometric black hole binaries with massive main-sequence companions with Gaia
• HIP 114328: a new refractory-poor and Li-poor solar twin
• Comment on "A non-interacting low-mass black hole -- giant star binary system"
• Multiple Star Systems in the Orion Nebula
• Non-interacting black hole binaries with Gaia and LAMOST
• What are the spectroscopic binaries with high mass functions near the Gaia DR3 main sequence?
• HR 6819 is a binary system with no black hole -- revisiting the source with infrared interferometry and optical integral field spectroscopy
• The Effectiveness of the Kozai Mechanism in the Galactic Centre
• Eclipse timing the Milky Way's gravitational potential
• Discovery of optical and infrared accretion disc wind signatures in the black hole candidate MAXI J1348-630
• Detectablity of Black Hole Binaries with Gaia: Dependence on Binary Evolution Models
• Evidences of extragalactic origin and planet engulfment in the metal-poor twin pair HD 134439/HD 134440
• The "Giraffe": Discovery of a stripped red giant in an interacting binary with a $\sim 2M_{\odot }$ lower giant
• Mergers prompted by dynamics in compact, multiple-star systems: a stellar-reduction case for the massive triple TIC 470710327
• The Chemical Composition of Extreme-Velocity Stars
• Chemical abundances of the secondary star in the Neutron star X-ray binary Cygnus X-2
• Probing the low-mass end of the companion mass function for O-type stars
• The Contribution Of Outer HI Disks To The Merging Binary Black Hole Population
• Cumulative Shift of Periastron Time of Binary Pulsar with Kozai-Lidov Oscillation
• The supernova rate beyond the optical radius
• Investigating the nature and properties of MAXI J1810-222 with radio and X-ray observations
• Astrometric mass measurement of compact companions in binary systems with Gaia
• Pairing function of visual binary stars
• Orbital Parameters and Binary Properties of 37 FGK stars in the Cores of Open Clusters NGC 2516 and NGC 2422

Cited by in corpus (41)

• Discovery of a dormant 33 solar-mass black hole in pre-release Gaia astrometry
• The Science of the Einstein Telescope
• Gravitational Wave Astronomy With TianQin
• Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): a spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC
• The Nearest Neutron Star Candidate in a Binary Revealed by Optical Time-domain Surveys
• ESPRESSO observations of Gaia BH1: high-precision orbital constraints and no evidence for an inner binary
• The boring history of Gaia BH3 from isolated binary evolution
• A Triple Scenario for the Formation of Wide Black Hole Binaries Such As Gaia BH1
• The Formation of Black Holes in Non-interacting, Isolated Binaries. Gaia Black Holes as Calibrators of Stellar Winds From Massive Stars
• Spectroscopic follow-up of black hole and neutron star candidates in ellipsoidal variables from Gaia DR3
• The Symbiotic X-ray Binary IGR J16194-2810: A Window on the Future Evolution of Wide Neutron Star Binaries From Gaia
• OGLE-2011-BLG-0462: An Isolated Stellar-Mass Black Hole Confirmed Using New HST Astrometry and Updated Photometry
• Simulating the tidal disruption of stars by stellar-mass black holes using moving-mesh hydrodynamics
• Uncovering the Invisible: A Study of Gaia18ajz, a Candidate Black Hole Revealed by Microlensing
• Whispering in the dark: Faint X-ray emission from black holes with OB star companions
• Gravitational-wave Observations Suggest Most Black Hole Mergers Form in Triples
• Disentangling the Black Hole Mass Spectrum with Photometric Microlensing Surveys
• Population demographics of white dwarf binaries with intermediate separations: Gaia constraints on post-AGB mass transfer
• Search for continuous gravitational wave signals from luminous dark photon superradiance clouds with LVK O3 observations
• The first massive compact companion in a wide orbit around a hot subdwarf star
• Dark lens candidates from Gaia Data Release 3
• Validation of Gaia DR3 orbital and acceleration solutions with hierarchical triples
• High mass function ellipsoidal variables in the Gaia Focused Product Release: searching for black hole candidates in the binary zoo
• Dormant black hole candidates from Gaia DR3 summary diagnostics
• Primordial black-hole formation and heavy r-process element synthesis from the cosmological QCD transition. Two aspects of an inhomogeneous early Universe
• Dynamical masses across the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
• An upper limit on the frequency of short-period black hole companions to Sun-like stars
• A possible formation scenario of the Gaia ID 3425577610762832384: inner binary merger inside a triple common envelope
• Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Bayesian inference of natal kicks from inert black hole binaries
• VLTI/GRAVITY upper limit on near-infrared emission from the nearby 33 Msun black hole Gaia BH3
• An interstellar mission to test astrophysical black holes
• Quiescent black hole X-ray binaries as multi-messenger sources
• Stellar-Mass Black Holes
• Population Synthesis of Gravitational Wave Sources
• Supernovae Origin for the Low-Latitude-Intermediate-Velocity Arch and the North-Celestial-Pole Loop
• Discovery of a compact hierarchical triple main-sequence star system while searching for binary stars with compact objects
• Two unseen massive white dwarf candidates in close binaries
• Modelling Gaia photometry signals of dark halos
• Testing General Relativity with Black Holes
• Where are Gaia's small black holes?
• Exciting Stellar Eccentricity in Gaia BH3 via a Hidden Black Hole Binary