A non-interacting Galactic black hole candidate in a binary system with a main-sequence star

Abstract

We describe the discovery of a solar neighborhood (d=468 pc) binary system with a main-sequence sunlike star and a massive non-interacting black hole candidate. The spectral energy distribution (SED) of the visible star is described by a single stellar model. We derive stellar parameters from a high signal-to-noise Magellan/MIKE spectrum, classifying the star as a main-sequence star with $T_{\mathrm{eff}}=5972\mathrm{K}$, $\log g=4.54$, and $M=0.91$ \msun. The spectrum shows no indication of a second luminous component. To determine the spectroscopic orbit of the binary, we measured radial velocities of this system with the Automated Planet Finder, Magellan, and Keck over four months. We show that the velocity data are consistent with the \textit{Gaia} astrometric orbit and provide independent evidence for a massive dark companion. From a combined fit of our spectroscopic data and the astrometry, we derive a companion mass of $11.39_{-1.31}^{+1.51}$\msun. We conclude that this binary system harbors a massive black hole on an eccentric $(e=0.46\pm 0.02)$, $185.4\pm 0.1$ d orbit. These conclusions are independent of \cite{ElBadry2022Disc}, who recently reported the discovery of the same system. A joint fit to all available data (including \cite{ElBadry2022Disc}'s) yields a comparable period solution, but a lower companion mass of $9.32_{-0.21}^{+0.22}{M}_{\odot }$. Radial velocity fits to all available data produce a unimodal solution for the period that is not possible with either data set alone. The combination of both data sets yields the most accurate orbit currently available.

30 pages, 17 figures, accepted to AAS journals (various changes in response to referee comments)

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